45
Views
84
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The Two Faces of Selenium - Can Selenophobia Be Cured?

&
Pages 467-514 | Published online: 26 Sep 2008

References

  • Nelson A. A., Fitzhugh O. G., Calveiy H. O. Livei tumois following cirrhosis caused by selenium in tats. Cancer Res. 1943; 3: 230
  • Fitzhugh O. G., Nelson A. A., Bliss C. I. The chronic oral toxicity of selenium. J. Pharmacol 1944; 80: 289
  • Cooper WC. Selenium toxicity in man. Symposium: Selenium in Biomedicine, O. H. Muth, J. E. Oldfield, P. H. Weswig. AVI, Westport, Conn. 1967; 185
  • Han J. R., Muth O. H. Selenium poisoning in domestic animals and its relationship to man. Clin. Toxicol 1972; 5: 175
  • Schwarz K. The nutritional significance of selenium - a symposium. Fed. Proc 1961; 20: 665
  • Muth O. H., Oldfield J. E., Weswig P. H. Symposium: Selenium in Biomedicine. AVI, Westport, Conn. 1967
  • Moore T. The history of selenium-vitamin E interrelationships. Proc. Nutr. Soc 1962; 21: 179
  • Thompson J. N., Scott M. L. Role of selenium in the nutrition of the chick. J. Nutr. 1969; 97: 335
  • Shamberger R. J., Frost D. V. Possible protective effect of selenium against human cancer. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 1969; 100: 682
  • Mickelsen O. Selenium and cancer. Nutr. Rev. 1970; 28: 75
  • Harr J. R., Bone J. F., Tinsley I. J., Weswig P. H., Yamomoto R. S. Symposium: Selenium in Biomedicine, O. H. Muth, J. E. Oldfield, P. H. Weswig. AVI, Westport, Conn. 1967; 153
  • Volgarev M. N., Tscherkes L. A. Further studies in tissue changes associated with sodium selenate. Symposium: Selenium in Biomedicine, O. H. Muth, J. E. Oldfield, P. H. Weswig. AVI, Westport, Conn. 1967; 170
  • Schioeder H. A., Mitchener M. Selenium and tellurium in rats: effect on growth, survival and tumors. J. Nutr. 1971; 101: 1531
  • Frost D. V. The case for selenite as a feed additive. Feedstuffs 1971; 43(31)12, 44(4), 8 1972
  • Bliznakov E. G. Antineoplastic activity of Coenzyme Q10. 6th Int. Meet Reticuloendothel. Soc, FreiburgGermany 1970; 16
  • Shamberger R. J. Relationship of selenium to cancer. 1. Inhibitory effect of selenium on carcinogenesis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1970; 44: 931
  • Edwin E. E., Diplock A. T., Bunyan J., Green I. Studies on vitamin E. 6. The distribution of vitamin E in the rat and the effect of alpha-tocopherol and dietary selenium on ubiquinone and ubichromenol in tissues. Biochem. J. 1971; 125: 407
  • Diplock A. T., Bunyan J., Edwin E. E., Green J. Tocopherol, selenium and ubiquinone in the turkey and the pigeon. Br. J. Nutr. 1962; 16: 109
  • Diplock A. T., Baum H., Lucy J. A. The effect of vitamin E on the oxidation state of selenium in rat liver. Biochem. J. 1971; 123: 721
  • Frost D. V. Selenium and poultry. Worlds Poult. Sci. J. 1965; 21: 139
  • Krehl W. A. Selenium, the maddening mineral. Nutr. Today 1970; 5: 26
  • Frost D. V. Arsenic and selenium in relation to the Food Additive Law of 1958. Nutr. Rev. 1960; 18: 129
  • Frost D. V. Arsenicals in biology - retrospect and prospect. Fed. Proc 1967; 26: 194
  • Frost D. V. Significance of the symposium. Symposium: Selenium in Biomedicine, O. H. Muth, J. E. Oldfield, P. H. Weswig. AVI, Westport, Conn. 1967; 7
  • Frost D. V. Selenium, a dramatic entree to nutrition. Food Nutr. News 1967; 39: 2
  • Trelease S. F., Beath O. A. Selenium. Champlain Printers, Burlington, Vt 1949
  • Moxon A. L. Alkali disease or selenium poisoning. S. Dakota Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull May, 1937; 311
  • Rosenfeld I., Beath O. A. Selenium: Geobotany, Biochemistry, Toxicity and Nutrition. Academic Press, New York 1964
  • Fikin E. M., Margrave J. L. Selenium and selenium compounds, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, N. Y. 1968; 17: 809
  • Chizhikov DM., Shchastlivyi V. P. Selenium and Selonides, E. M. Elkin. Collet's Pub., London 1968
  • Allaway W. H., Cary E. E., Ehlig C. F. The cycling of low levels of selenium in plants and animals. Symposium: Selenium in Biomedicine, O. H. Muth, J. E. Oldfield, P. H. Weswig. AVI, Westport, Conn. 1967; 273
  • Olson O. E. Soil, plant and animal cycling of excessive levels of selenium. Symposium: Selenium in Biomedicine, O. H. Muth, J. E. Oldfield, P. H. Weswig. AVI, Westport, Conn. 1967; 297
  • Lakin H. W. Selenium accumulation in soils and its absorption by plants and animals. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1972; 83: 181
  • Johnson C. M., Asher C. J., Broyer TC. Distribution of selenium in plants. Symposium: Selenium in Biomedicine, O. H. Muth, J. E. Oldfield, P. H. Weswig. AVI, Westport, Conn. 1967; 57
  • Martin J. L., Gerlach M. L. Selenium metabolism in animals. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1972; 192: 193
  • Shrift A. Microbial research with selenium. Symposium: Selenium in Biomedicine, O. H. Muth, J. E. Oldfield, P. H. Weswig. AVI, Westport, Conn. 1967; 241
  • Cummins L. M., Kimura E. T. Safety evaluation of selenium sulfide antidandruff shampoos. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1971; 20: 89
  • Cummins L. M., Martin J. L. Are selenocystine and selenomethionine synthesized in vivo from sodium selenite in mammals?. Biochemistry 1967; 6: 3162
  • Schwarz K., Porter L. A., Fredga A. Some regularities in the structure-function relationship of organoselenium compounds effective against dietary liver necrosis. Ann. NY Acad. Sci 1972; 192: 200
  • Fredga A. Organic selenium chemistry. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1972; 192: 1
  • Frost D. V. Recent advances in trace elements: emphasis on interrelationships. Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. 1967; 31
  • Obermeyer B. D., Palmer I. S., Olson O. E., Halverson A. W. Toxicity of trimethylselenonium chloride in the rat with and without arsenite. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1971; 20: 135
  • Gnadinger C. B. Selenium. Insecticide material for controlling red spider. Ind. Eng. Chem. 1933; 25: 633
  • Nelson E. M., Hurd-Karrer A. M., Robinson W. O. Selenium as an insecticide. Science 1933; 78: 124
  • Reed L. B., Bushland RC., Eddy G. W. Systemic insecticides after 100 years. Yearbook of Agriculture. U.S. G.P.O., Washington, D.C. 1962
  • Olson R. E. Interrelationships among vitamin E, Coenzyme Q and selenium. Introductory remarks. Fed. Proc 1965; 24: 55
  • Folkers K., Smith J. L., Moore H. W. On the significance of biological activities in the coenzyme Q and vitamin E groups. Fed. Proc 1965; 24: 79
  • Olson R. E. Anabolism of the coenzyme Q family and their biological activities. Fed. Proc 1965; 24: 85
  • Horwitt M. K. Role of vitamin E, selenium and polyunsaturated fatty acids in clinical and experimental muscle disease. Fed. Proc 1965; 24: 68
  • Tappel A. L. Free-radical lipid peroxidation damage and its inhibition by selenium and vitamin E. Fed. Proc 1965; 24: 73
  • Schwarz K. Role of vitamin E, selenium and related factors in experimental nutritional liver disease. Fed. Proc 1965; 24: 58
  • Heller J. H. New England Institute, Ridgefield, Conn. 1971, Report 1970–1971
  • Bliznakov E. G. Effect of reticuloendothelial system stimulation on resistance to Rous sarcoma virus infection in chicks by Restim,/nf. J. Cancer 1968; 3: 336
  • Bliznakov E. G., Casey AC., Premuzic EC., Oenzymes Q. stimulants of the phagocytic activity in rats and immune response in mice. Experientia 1970; 26: 953
  • Casey AC., Lee A., Colquhoun W. Coenzymes Q in lemon shark liver. Lipids 1970; 5: 856
  • Casey A. C., Bliznakov E. G. Effect and structure activity relationship of the coenzymes Q in the phagocytic rate of rats. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1972; 5: 1
  • Morton R. A. Biochemistry ofQuinones. Academic Press, New York, London 1965
  • Underwood E. J. Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition3rd ed. Academic Press, New York 1971
  • Thompson J. N., Scott M. L. Impaired Upid and vitamin E absorption related to atrophy of the pancreas in selenium-deficient chicks. J Nutr. 1970; 100: 797
  • Caygill P. J., Lucy J. A., Diplock A. T. The effect of vitamin E on the intracellular distribution of the different oxidation states of selenium in rat liver. Biochem. J. 1971; 125: 407
  • Olson R. E. The biosynthesis of ubiquinones in animals. Vitamins and Hormones. Academic Press, New York 1966; 551
  • Threlfall D. R. The biosynthesis of vitamin E, vitamin K and related compounds. Vitamins and Hormones. Academic Press, New York 1971; 153
  • Frost D. V., Van Poucke R. Selenium and ubiquinones in host-defense mechanisms, Trace Substances in Environmental Health- VI. University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo., in press
  • Frost D. V. Tolerances for arsenic and selenium: a psychodynamic problem. World Rev. Pest Contr. 1970; 9: 6
  • Patrick H., Voitle R. A., Hyre H. M., Martin W. G. Incorporation of phosphorus32 and selenium75 in cock sperm. Poult. Sci. 1965; 44: 587
  • Mason K. E., Young J. O. Effectiveness of selenium and zinc in protecting against cadmium-induced injury of the rat testis. Symposium: Selenium in Biomedicine, O. H. Muth, J. E. Oldfield, P. H. Weswig. AVI, Westport, Conn. 1967; 383
  • Gunn S. A., Gould TC., Anderson W. A. D. Specificity in protection against lethality and testicular toxicity from cadmium. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1968; 128: 591
  • Ganther H. E., Goudie C, Sunde M. L., Kopecky M. J., Wagner P., Oh S. H., Hoekstra W. G. Selenium: relation to decreased toxicity of mefhylmercury added to diets containing tuna. Science 1972; 175: 1122
  • Hill C. H. Interactions of mercury and selenium in chicks. Fed. Proc. 1972; 31(2)692, Abstr. 2690
  • Groth D. H., Vignati L., Lowry J., Mackay G., Stokinger H. E. Mutual antagonistic effects of inorganic selenium and mercury salts in chronic experiments. Trace Substances in Environmental Health-VI. University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo., in press
  • Dennis D. G. The search for a solution to lead poisoning in waterfowl. Trans. 35th Fed.-Prov. Wildlife Conf., Toronto 1971
  • Sauer R. M., Zook BC. Selenium-vitamin E deficiency at the national zoological park. J. ZooAnim. Med. 1972; 3: 34
  • Rotruck J. T., Pope A. L., Ganther H. E., Hoekstra W. G. Prevention of oxidative damage to rat erythrocytes by dietary selenium. J. Nutr. 1972; 102(5)689
  • Ganther H., Corcoran C. Selenotrisulfides. II. Cross-linking of reduced pancreatic ribonuclease with selenium. Biochemistry 1969; 8: 2557
  • Jenkins H. J., Hidiriglou M., Ryan J. F. Intravascular transport of selenium by chick serum proteins. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol 1969; 47: 459
  • Jenkins H. J., Dickson RC., Hidiriglou M. Intramuscular transport of selenium in the chick. Trace Elem. Metab. Anim. Proc. WAAP (World Assoc. Anim. Prod.)/IBP (Int. Biol. Progr.) 1st Symp, C. F. Mills, 1969; 336
  • Burk R. F., Brown D. G., Seeley R. J., Scaieff S. D. Influence of dietary and injected selenium on whole body retention, route of excretion and tissue retention of7s SeO, in the rat. J. Nutr. 1972; 102: 1049
  • Slepyan A. H. Selenium disulfide suspension in treatment of seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp. A.M.A. Arch. Dermal Syph. 1952; 65: 228
  • Moxon AL., Rhian M. Selenium poisoning. Physiol. Rev. 1943; 23: 305
  • Cerwenka E. A., Jr., Cooper WC. Toxicology of selenium and tellurium and their compounds. Arch. Environ. Health 1961; 3: 189
  • Bowen H. J. M. Trace Elements in Biochemistry. Academic Press, London 1966
  • Palmer I. S., Fischer D. D., Halverson A. W., Olson O. E. Identification of a major selenium excretory product in rat urine. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1969; 177: 336
  • Byard J. L. Trimethyl selenide. A urinary metabolite of selenium. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1969; 130: 556
  • Levander OA. Metabolic interrelationships and adaptions in selenium toxicity. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1972; 192: 181
  • Levander O. A., Argrett L. E. Effects of arsenic in rats. Toxicol. Pharmacol 1969; 14: 308
  • Tunnicliffe F. W., Rosenheim O. Selenium compounds as factors in the recent beer-poisoning epidemic. Lancet 1901; 1: 318
  • Goldberg L. Trace chemical contaminants in food: potential for harm. Food. Cosmet. Toxicol 1971; 9: 65
  • Schroeder H. A., Nason A. Trace element analysis in clinical chemistry. Clin. Chem. 1971; 17: 461
  • Schroeder H. A., Mitchener M. Selenium and tellurium in mice. Effects on growth, survival and tumors. Arch. Environ. Health 1972; 24: 66
  • Schroeder H. A. Effects of selenate, selenite and tellurite on the growth and early survival of mice and rats. J. Nutr. 1972; 92(3)334
  • Schroeder H. A. Serum cholesterol levels in rats fed thirteen trace elements. J. Nutr. 1968; 94(4)475
  • Amor A. J., Pringle P. A review of selenium as an industrial hazard. Bull. Hyg. 1945; 20: 239
  • Glover J. R. Selenium and its industrial toxicology. Ind. Med. 1970; 39: 50
  • Glover J. R. Selenium in human urine: a tentative maximum allowable concentration for industrial and rural populations. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1969; 10: 3
  • American Congress of Governmental Hygienists (ACGIH), Threshold limit values of airborne contaminants. Federal Register May 29, 1971; 36(105)
  • Frost D. V. Cooperative agricultural research. Proc. 11th ARI Meet. NAS-NRC, Washington, D. C 1962; 131
  • Food Chemicals Codex. NAS-NRC, Washington, D.C. 1963, Pub. 1143, Natl. Acad. Sci.
  • Schroeder H. A., Frost D. V., Balassa J. J. Essential trace metals in man: selenium. J. Chron. Dis. 1970; 23: 227
  • Frost D. V. Letter to the editor. J. Nutr., in press
  • Frost D. V. Letter to the editor. Feedstuffs 1971; 43(15)10
  • Frost D. V. Letter to the editor. J. Chron. Dis. 1972; 25, in press
  • Hueper WC. Carcinogens in the human environment. Arch. Pathol 1961; 71: 237
  • Hueper WC. Environmental and occupational cancer hazards. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1962; 3: 776
  • Hueper WC. Environmental carcinogenesis in man and animals. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci 1963; 108: 963
  • Hueper W. C., Conway W. D. Chemical Carcinogenesis and Cancers. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, I11. 1964
  • Hueper WC. Potential Carcinogenic Hazards from Drugs, R. Truhaut. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1967; 95
  • Problems in the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Hazard from Use of Food Additives. NAS-NRC, Washington, D.C. 1961; 21: 429, also in Cancer Res., Pub. 749
  • World Health Organization, Evaluation of the carcinogenic hazards of food additives. Tech. Rep. Ser. GenevaSwitzerland 1961; 220–1
  • Miller J. A. Tumorigenic and carcinogenic natural products. Toxicants Occurring Naturally in Foods. NAS-NRC Pub., Washington, D.C. 1966; 24, 1354
  • Oldfield J. E., Allaway W. H., Draper H. H., Frost D. V., Jensen L. S., Scott M. L., Wright P. L. Selenium in Nutrition. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, Washington, D. C 1971
  • Shamberger R. J., Willis C. E. Selenium distribution and human cancer mortality. CRC Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci 1971; 2: 211
  • Wedderbum J. F. Selenium and cancer. N.Z. Vet. J. 1972; 20: 56
  • Shamberger R. J., Rudolph G. Protection against carcinogenesis by antioxidants. Experientia 1966; 22: 116
  • Shamberger R. J., Rudolph G. Increase in lysosomal enzymes in skin cancers. Nature (Lond.J 1967; 213: 617
  • Shamberger R. J. Lysosomal enzyme changes in growing and regressing mammary tumours. Biochem. J., Ill 1969; 375
  • Riley J. F. Mast cells, co-carcinogenesis and anti-carcinogenesis in the skin of mice. Experientia 1969; 24: 1237
  • Harr J. R., Exon J. H., Whanger P. D., Weswig P. H. Effect of dietary selenium on N-2-fluorenyl-acetamide (FFA) induced cancer in vitamin E supplemented selenium deficient rats. Clin. Toxicol 1972; 5: 187
  • Yang M. G., Su P., Sanger V. L., Mickelsen O., submitted for publication
  • Revici E. The control of cancer with lipids, Clin. Pathol. Conf.May. Beth David Hospital, New York 1955
  • Muth O. H., Weswig P. H., Whanger P. D., Oldfield J. E. Effect of feeding selenium-deficient ration to the subhuman primate (Saimiri sciureus). AM. J. Vet. Res. 1971; 32: 1903
  • Liebscher K., Smith H. Essential and non-essential trace elements - a method of determining whether an element is essential or non-essential in human tissue. Arch. Environ. Health 1968; 17: 881
  • Money D. F. L. Vitamin E and selenium deficiencies and their possible aetiological role in the sudden death in infants syndrome, AT. Z. Med. J. 1970; 71(452)32, also Br. Med. J. 4 559 1971
  • Tannenbaum A., Silverstone H. Nutrition in relation to cancer. Adv. Cancer Res. 1953; 1: 451
  • Hopps HC. Geography, geochemistry, and disease. Trace Substances in Environmental Health-V, D. D. Hemphill. University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. 1972; 475
  • Levander O. A. Present knowledge of selenium. Present Knowledge in Nutrition3rd ed. The Nutrition Foundation, New York 1967; 138
  • Scott M. L. Vitamin E and related factors in nutrition and metabolism. Proceedings of the Symposium on Fat-Soluble Vitamins, H. F. De Luca. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison 1969; 355
  • Roberts M. E. Anti-inflation studies. II. Anti-inflammatory properties of selenium anti-inflammatory action of Se in the granuloma-pouch assay in rats, later confirmed with suggestion of a synergistic effect of vitamin E (report to Burns Pharmaceutical Co. from Pasadena Foundation for Medical Research 1965. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1963; 5: 500
  • Colton N. W. Selenium-tocopherol treatment of chronic lameness in dogs. Mod. Vet. Pract. 1965; 46: 92
  • Desai I. D. Beneficial and ineffective levels of selenium for growth and muscular dystrophy. Br. J. Nutr. 1968; 22: 645
  • Sanders H. J. Special report - human aging: the enigma persists. Chem. Eng. News 1972; 50(30)13
  • Harman D. Prolongation of the normal lifespan and inhibition of spontaneous cancer by antioxidants. J. Gerontol. 1961; 247
  • Harman D. Prolongation of life. Role of free radical reaction in aging. J. Am. Gerontol. Soc 1969; 17: 721
  • Jukes T. H. Fact and fancy in nutrition and food science. J. Am. Diet. Assoc 1971; 59: 203
  • Tscherkes L. A., Aptekar S. G., Volgarev M. N. Hepatic tumors induced by selenium. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med 1936; 53: 313
  • Cannon H. L. 1968, personal communication
  • Shacklette H. T., Sauer H. I., Miesch A. T. Distribution of trace elements in the environment, and the occurrence of heart disease in Georgia. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1972–1977; 83
  • Voors A. W. Atherosclerotic heart disease and drinking water trace metals in N. Carolina. Trace Substances in Environmental Health-V, D. D. Hemphill. University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. 1971; 523
  • Marianen H. Possible causal relationship between the easily soluble amount of manganese on arable mineral soil and susceptibility to cancer in Finland. Ann. Agric. Fenn. 1969; 8: 326
  • Oksanen H. E., Sandholm M. The selenium content of Finnish forage crops. Maataloustieteellinen Aikak. 1970; 42: 250
  • Ku P. K., Ely W. T., Groce A. W., Ullrey D. E. Natural dietary selenium, alphatocopherol and effect of tissue selenium. J Anim. Sci 1972; 34: 208
  • Bergman A. B., Beckwith J. B., Ray C. G. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. University of Washington Press, Seattle 1970
  • Hartley W. J. Levels of selenium in animal tissues and methods of selenium administration. Symposium: Selenium in Biomedicine, D. H. Muth, J. E. Oldfleld, P. H. Weswig. AVI, Westpoit, Conn. 1967
  • Lee K. T., Lee W., Han J., Jarmolych J. Ventricular fibrillation and asystole in etherosclerotic swine: a model for study of sudden death syndrome. Fed. Proc 1972; 31(2)330, Abstr. 646
  • Leto C, Yiengst M., Barrows C. H., Jr. Effect of nutrition and age on serum albumin sulfhydryl content. Fed. Proc 1969; 28: 556
  • Ludwig T. G., Bibby B. G. Geographic variations in the prevalence of dental caries in the United States of America. Caries Res. 1969; 3: 32
  • Hadjimarkos D. M. The role of selenium in dental caries. Trace Substances in Environmental Health, D. D. Hemphill. University of Missouri. 1971; 301, also Arch. Environ. Health 10 893 1965
  • Henschler D., Kirschner U. Zur resorption and toxicitat von selensulfid. Arch. Toxicol. 1969; 24: 341
  • Shapiro J. R. Selenium and carcinogenesis: A review. Ann. NY Acad. Set 1972; 192: 215
  • Harrington J. S. The sulfhydryl group in carcinogenesis. Adv. Cancer Res. 1967; 10: 247
  • Olson O. E. Fluorimetric analysis of selenium in plants. J. Assoc. Official Agric. Chem. 1969; 52: 627
  • Challenger F. Aspects of the. Organic Chemistry of Sulfur. Butterworth's, London 1959; 162
  • Olson O. E., Frost D. V. Selenium in papers and tobaccos. Environ. Sci Technol. 1970; 4: 686
  • Johnson H. Determination of selenium in solid waste. Environ. Sci. Technol 1970; 4: 850
  • Frost D. V. Selenium accumulation in soils and its absorption by plants and animals: discussion. Geol. Soc. Am. 1972; 83: 191
  • Nadkami R. A., Ehmann W. D. Determination of trace elements in the reference cigarette tobacco by neutron activation analysis. Radiochem. Radioanal. Lett. 1969; 2: 161
  • Weiss H. V., Koide M., Goldberg E. D. Selenium and sulfur in a Greenland ice sheet: Relation to fossil fuel combustion. Science 1971; 172: 261
  • Kellogg W. W., Cadle R. D., Allen E. R., Lazrus A. L., Martell E. A. The sulfur cycle. Science 1972; 175: 587
  • Shrift A. A selenium cycle in nature. Nature 1964; 201: 1304
  • Allaway W. H., Moore DC., Oldfield J. E., Muth O. H. Movement of physiological levels of selenium from soils through plants to animals. J. Nutr. 1966; 88: 411
  • Gardiner M. R. Selenium in animal nutrition. Outlook Agric 1969; 6: 19
  • Gissel-Nielsen G. Influence of pH and texture of the soil on plant uptake of added selenium. Agric. Food Chem. 1971; 19(6)1165
  • Oldfield J. E. Selenium deficiency in soils and its effect on animal health. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1972; 83: 173
  • Furst A., Haro R. T. A surgery of metal carcinogenesis, in. Progress in Experimental Tumor Research 1969; 12: 102
  • Mead J. F. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids as potential toxic factors. Chem. Tech. February, 1972; 70–71
  • Williams R. I. Nutrition and ischemic heart disease. Borden Rev. Nutr. Res. 1971; 31(2)
  • Williams R. J. Nutrition Against Disease. Pitman Publishing Corp., New York 1971; 258
  • Tappel A. L., Caldwell K. A. Redox properties of selenium compounds related to biochemical function. Symposium: Selenium in Biomedicine, O. H. Muth, J. E. Oldfield, P. H. Weswig. AVI, Westport, Conn. 1967; 345
  • Hurt H. D., Cary E. E., Allaway W. H., Visek W. J. Effect of dietary selenium on the survival of rats exposed to chronic whole body radiation. J. Nutr. 1971; 101: 363
  • Shamberger R. J., Tytko S. M., Price T. W., Willis C. E. Concentrations of selenium in blood of normal and cancer patients. Clin. Chem. 1971; 17: 643
  • Schrauzer G. N., Rhead W. J. Interpretation of the methylene blue reduction test in human plasma and the possible cancer protecting effect of selenium. Experientia 1971; 27(9)1070
  • Shamberger R. J., Rukovena E. F., Willis C. E. Selenium in the blood of normal and cancer patients. Proc Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 1972; 13: 41
  • Godwin K. O., Handreck K. A., Fuss C. N. Identification of7s Se-selenomethionine in ewe milk protein following the intraruminal administration of Na275Se 03 as a single oral dose. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1971; 24: 1251
  • Watkinson J. H. Analytical method for selenium in biological materials. Symposium: Selenium in Biomedicine, O. H. Muth, J. E. Oldfield, P. H. Weswig. AVI, Westport, Conn. 1967; 97
  • Cummins L. M., Martin J. L., Moog G. W., Moog B. D. A rapid method for determination of selenium in biological material. Anal. Chem. 1964; 36: 382
  • Hoffman I., Westerley R. J., Hidiroglou M. Precise fluorometric microdetermination of selenium in agricultural materials. J. Assoc. Official Agric. Chem. 1968; 51: 1039
  • Redfearn E. G. Mode of action of ubiquinones (Coenzyme Q in electron transport systems). Vitamins and Hormones, E. S. Harris, I. G. Wool, J. A. Loraine. Academic Press, New York 1966
  • Lee D. J., Chiu M., Draper H. H. Effects of vitamin E deficiency on ubiquinones in rat and rabbit liver. Nature 1965; 205: 288
  • Green J., Diplock A. T., Bunyan J., Edwin E. E., McHale D. Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q) and the function of vitamin E. Nature (Lond.) 1961; 190: 318
  • Rotruck J. T., Hoekstra W. G., Pope A. L., Ganther H., Swanson A., Hafeman D. Relationship of selenium to reduced glutathione peroxidase (Abstr.). Fed. Proc 1972; 31: 591
  • Green J., McHale D. Ubiquinones related to vitamin E. Biochemistry of Quinones, R. A. Morton. Academic Press, New York 1965; 261
  • Kar A. B., Das R. P. The nature of the protective action of selenium on cadmium-induced degeneration of the rat testes. Proc. Natl. Inst. Sci India 1963; 29B: 297
  • Ganther H. E., Wagner P. A., Sunde M. L., Hoekstra W. G. Protective effects of selenium against heavy metal toxicities. Trace Substances in Environmental Health-VI, D. D. Hemphill. University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo., in press
  • Ganther H. E., Baumann C. A. Selenium metabolism. Effects of diet, arsenic and cadmium. J. Nutr. 1962; 77: 210
  • Parizek J., Benes D., Ostadalova I., Babicky A., Benes T., Lenar T. Metabolic interrelations of trace elements. The effect of some inorganic and organic compounds of selenium on the metabolism of cadmium and mercury in the rat. Physiol. Bohemoslov. 1969; 18: 95
  • Parizek J., Ostadalova J., Ralovskova J., Babicky A., Paulik L., Bibz R. Effect of mercuric compounds on the material transmission of selenium in the pregnant and lactating rat. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1971; 25: 57
  • Parizek J., Ostadalova J., Benes I., Babicky A. Pregnancy and trace elements: the protective effect of compounds of an essential trace element (selenium) against the peculiar toxic effects of cadmium during pregnancy. J. Reprod. Fertil 1968; 16: 507
  • Scott M. L., Cantor A. H. Tissue selenium levels in chicks receiving graded amounts of dietary selenium (Abstr.). Fed. Proc 1971; 30: 237
  • Millar K. R., Sheppard A. D. Alphatocopherol and selenium levels in human and cow's milk. N.Z. J. Sci 1972; 15: 3
  • Thompson A. W. S., Paul A. H. Vitamin E deficiency and cot deaths. Shearer, A. R., Gov't. Printer, Wellington, N.Z. 1971, Therapeutic Note, No. 104
  • Rhead W. J., Cary E. E., Allaway W. H., Saltstein S. L., Schrauzer G. N. The vitamin E and selenium status of infants and the sudden infant death syndrome. Biol. Inorganic Chem. 1972; 1: 289
  • Rhead W. J., Cary E. E., Allaway W. H., Saltstein S. L., Schrauzer G. N. Vitamin E Selenium, and the sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatr. 1972; 81(2)415
  • Burk R. F., Jr., Pearson W. N., Wood R. D., II, Viteri E. Blood Se levels and in vitro red blood cell uptake of75Sein kwashiorkor. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1967; 20: 723
  • Harris R. S. Influences of storage and processing on the retention of vitamin E in foods. Vitamins and Hormones. Academic Press, New York 1962; Vol. 20: 603
  • Oeriu S. Proteins in development and senescence. Advances in Gerontological Research. Academic Press, New York 1964; Vol. 1: 23
  • Harington J. S. The sulfhydryl group in carcinogenesis. Adv. Cancer Res. 1967; 10: 247
  • White J., White F. R., Mider G. B. Effects of diets deficient in certain amino acids on the induction of leukemia in dba mice. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1947; 7: 199
  • Robertson J. D. The structure of biological membranes. Arch. Intern. Med. 1972; 129: 202
  • Green D. E. Membrane structure and its biological applications. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1972; V195
  • Schafer J. A., Andreoli T. E. Water transport in biological and artificial membranes. Arch. Intern. Med. 1972; 129: 279
  • Levander O. A., Morris VC. Effects of vitamin E and selenium on cation fluxes in rat liver slices. Trace Substances in EnvironmentalHealth-V, D. D. Hemphill. University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. 1971; 227
  • Morris V. C., Levander O. A. Effects of dietary selenium, vitamin E, and crude diet on spontaneous, heavy-metal induced, or energy-linked swelling of rat liver mitochondria. Fed. Proc 1971; 31(2), 691 Abstr.
  • Levander O. A., Morris VC., Varma R. N. Effects of dietary selenium or vitamin E on the swelling of rat liver mitochondria induced by glutathione (GSH). Fed. Proc 1971; 31(2)691, Abstr.
  • Merishi J. N., Grassetti D. R. Sulfhydryl groups on the surface of intact Ehrlich tumour cells in human plasma and lymphocytes. Nature (Land.) 1969; 224: 563
  • Tannenbaum A., Silverstone H. Nutrition in relation to cancer. Ad v. Cancer Res. 1953; 1: 451
  • Rusch H. P. Nutrition and the cancer problem. Nutr. Rev. 1956; 14: 353
  • Baumann C. A. Diet and tumor development. J. Am. Diet. Assoc 1948; 24: 573
  • Smith M. I., Franke K. W., Westfall B. B. The selenium problem in relation to public health. Pub. Health Rep. 1936; 51: 1496
  • Hartley W. J., Grant A. B. A review of selenium responsive diseases of New Zealand livestock. Fed. Proc 1961; 20: 679
  • Quarterman J., Dalgarno AC. Observations on the development of periodontal disease on hill sheep and the effect of selenium injections. J. Res. Vet. Sci 1968; 9: 41
  • Cousins F. K., Cairney I. M. Aspects of selenium metabolism in sheep. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1961; 12: 927
  • Butler G. W., Peterson P. J. Availability of selenium in forage to ruminants, Proc. 23rd Conf. N.Z. Soc. Anim. Prod. 1963
  • Abu-Erreish G. M., Whitehead E. I., Olson O. E. Evolution of volatile selenium from soils. Soil Sci. 1968; 106: 415
  • Hashimoto Y., Winchester J. W. Selenium in the atmosphere. Environ. Scu Technol. 1970; 1: 338
  • Bormann F. H., Likens G. E. The nutrient cycles of an ecocycle. Am. Sci. 1970; 223: 92
  • Oksanen H. E. Selenium deficiency: clinical aspects and physiological responses in farm animals. Symposium: Selenium in Biomedicine, O. H. Muth, J. E. Oldfield, P. H. Weswig. AVI, Westport, Conn. 1967; 215
  • Shrift A. Biochemical interrelations between sulfur and selenium in plants and animals. Fed. Proc 1961; 20: 695
  • Auaway W. H. Agronomic controls over the environmental cycling of trace elements. Adv. Agron. 1968; 20: 235, also, Sulfur-selenium relations in soils and plants, Sulfur Inst. J. 6 3 1970
  • Beeson W. M., Miller E. R., Ullrey D. E., Pope A., Hill C. H., Frost D. V. The nutritional significance of selenium. NFIA Proc, DesMoines, la. 1971; 41
  • Durbin C G. A look at selenium by the Food and Drug Administration. Symposium: Selenium in Biomedicine, O. H. Muth, J. E. Oldfield, P. H. Weswig. AVI, Westport, Conn. 1967; 417
  • Groce A. W., Miller E. R., Keahey K. K., Ullrey D. E., Ellis D. J. Selenium supplementation of practical diets for growing-finishing swine. J. Anim. Sci. 1971; 32: 905
  • Scott M. L., Thompson J. N. Selenium content of feeds and effects of dietary selenium levels upon tissue selenium in chicks and poults. Poult. Sci. 1971; 50: 1742
  • Hurt H. D., Cary E. E., Visek W. J. Growth, reproduction and tissue concentration of selenium in the selenium-depleted rat. J. Nutr. 1971; 101: 761
  • Buchanan-Smith J. G., Sharp B. A., Tillman A. D. Tissue selenium concentrations in sheep fed a purified diet. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol 1971; 49: 619
  • Arnold R. L., Olson O. E., Carlson C. W. Selenium withdrawal and egg selenium content. Poult. Sci. 1972; 51: 341
  • Billings C. E. Mercury emissions from coal combustion. Science 1972; 176: 1232
  • Smith W. H. Lead and mercury burden of urban wood plants. Science 1972; 176: 1237
  • Imbach A., Sternberg J. Metabolic studies with seleniated compounds. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Hot. 1967; 18: 545
  • Jenkins H. J. Evidence for the absence of selenocystine and selenomethionine in the serum protein of chicks administered selenite. Can. J. Biochem. 1968; 46: 1417
  • Painter E. P. The chemistry and toxicity of selenium with special reference to the selenium problem. Chem. Rev. 1941; 28: 179
  • McConnell K. M., Portman O. W. Toxicity of dimethyl selenide in the rat and mouse. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1952; 79: 230
  • Ganther H. E. Selenotrisulfides. Formation by the reaction of thiols with selenious acid. Biochemistry 1968; 7(5)2898, 1089, 1966
  • Ganther H. E., Corcoran C. Selenotrisulfides II. Cross-linking of reduced pancreatic ribonuclease with selenium. Biochemistry 1969; 10: 4089
  • Ganther H. E. Reduction of the selenotrisulfides derivative of glutathione to a persulfide analog by glutathione reductase. Biochemistry 1971; 10: 4089
  • Ganther H. E. Selenium: the biological effects of a highly active trace substance. Trace Substances in Environmental Health-IV, D. D. Hemphill. University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. 1970; 211
  • McCoy K. E., Weswig P. H. Some selenium responses in rats not related to vitamin E. J. Nutr. 1969; 98: 383
  • Muth O. H., Oldfield J. E. Sulfur in Nutrition. AVI, Westport, Conn. 1970
  • Kice J. L. Electrophilic and nucleophilic catalysis of the scission of the sulfur-sulfur bond. Accounts Chem. Res. 1968; 1: 58
  • Maag D. D., Glen M. W. Toxicity of selenium: farm animals. Symposium in Biomedicine, O. H. Muth, J. E. Oldfield, P. H. Weswig. AVI, Westport, Conn. 1967; 127
  • Muth O. H., Binns W. Selenium toxicity in domestic animals. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1964; 111: 583
  • Tsen C. C., Tappel A. L. Catalytic oxidation of glutathione and other sulfhydryl compounds by selenite. J Biol. Chem. 1958; 283: 1230
  • Eskelson C. D., Jacobi H. P. Effects of vitamin E, selenite and lipoic acid on in vitro cholesterol biosynthesis. Physiol. Chem. Phys. 1969; 1: 487
  • Martin J. L., Spallholz J. The effects of selenium toxicity on the metabolism of glutathione in chick liver. Fed. Proc 1970; 29: 499, Abstr.
  • Shamberger R. J. Is selenium a teratogen?. Lancet 1971; II: 1137
  • Gortner R. A., Jr. Chronic selenium poisoning of rats as influenced by dietary protein. J. Nutr. 1940; 19: 105
  • Wallach D. F. H. Generalized membrane defects in cancer, A'. Engl. J. Med. 1969; 2(80)761
  • Ku P. K., Miller E. R., Wahlstrom KC., Grace A. W., Ullrey D. E. Supplementation of naturally high Se diets. Anim. Sci 1972; 35: 218, Abstr.
  • Grover R. W. Diffuse hair loss associated with selenium (Selsun) sulfide shampoo. J.A.M.A. 1956; 160: 1397
  • Orentreich N., Berger R. A. Arch. Dermatol. 1964; 90: 76
  • Aviado D. M. Present status of the investigation of selenium and tocopherol in treatment of coronary heart disease, Unpublished
  • Czapek H., Weil J. Uber die wirkung des selens and tellurs auf den thierschen organismus. Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol 1893; 32: 438
  • Hove E. L., Hickman K., Harris P. L. The effect of tocopherol and of fat on the resistance of rats to anoxic anoxia. Arch. Biochem. 1945; 8: 395
  • Kamimura M., Takahashi S., Henmi I. On the influence of vitamin E on the low oxygen tolerance of mice. Sapporo Med. J. 1962; 21: 71
  • Scott M. L., Olson G., Krook L., Brown W. R. Selenium responsive myopathies of myocardium and smooth muscle in the young poult. J. Nutr. 1967; 91: 573
  • Godwin K. O., Fraser F. J. Abnormal electrocardiograms, blood pressure changes and some aspects of the histopathology of selenium deficiency in lambs. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 1966; 51: 94
  • Schute W. E., Schute E. V. Alpha Tocopherol/Vitamin E in Cardiovascular Disease. The Schute Foundation for Medical Research, LondonCanada 1954
  • Tolgyes S. F. Vitamin E in the treatment of congenital heart disease. Inst. Clin. Lab. Med. 1961; 13: 36
  • Pol G., Dolderup L. M., den Hartog C. Vitamin A, tocopherol and serum cholesterol in patients with angina pectoris. Int. Z. Vitaminforsch. 1963; 33: 448
  • Uskov F. N. Neuropharmacology of alphatocopherol. Farmakol. Toksikol. 1965; 28: 60
  • Jaffe W. G., Mondragon MC. Adaption of rats to selenium intake. J. Nutr. 1969; 97: 431
  • Lopez P. L., Prestom R. L., Pfander W. A. Whole body retention, tissue distribution, and excretion of selenium*75 after oral and intravenous administration in lambs of varying selenium intakes. J Nutr. 1969; 97: 123
  • Anderson M. S., Lakin H. W., Beeson KC., Smith F. F., Thacker E. Selenium in Agriculture. Agriculture Handbook. USDA, U.S.G.P.O., Washington 1961; 200
  • Salisbury R. M., Edmondson J., Poole W. S. H., Bobby FC., Birnie H. Exudative diathesis and white muscle disease in poultry in New Zealand. Proc. 12th World's Poult. Cong., Sydney, Aust. 1962; 379
  • Polliack A', Ben-Sasson Z. Increased incidence of Rous sarcoma in response to excess vitamin A. Nature 1971; 234: 547
  • Crawford P. J. Some legal aspects of the occupational cancer hazard. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1972; 15: 47
  • Sprinker L. H., Harr J. R., Newberne P. M., Whanger P. D., Weswig P. H. Selenium deficiency lesions in rats fed vitamin E supplemented rations. Nutr. Rep. Int. 1971; 4: 335
  • Steele R. H., Wilhelm D. L. The inflammatory reaction in chemical injury. H. Vascular permeability changes and necrosis induced by intracutaneous injection of various chemicals. Br. J. Exp. Pathol 1967; 48: 592
  • Fink H., Schlie I., Schwarz K. Nutrition-related liver necrosis and the selenium content of powdered milk from various sources. Z. Naturforsch. 1967; 22: 1144
  • Whanger P. D., Weswig P. H., Muth O. H., Oldfield J. E. Tissue lysosomal enzyme change in selenium-deficient myopathic lambs. J. Nutr. 1970; 100: 773
  • Kuchel R. E., Buckley R. A. The provision of selenium to sheep by means of heavy pellets. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1969; 20: 1099
  • Handreck K. A., Godwin K. O. Distribution in the sheep of selenium derived from 's Se-labeled ruminal pellets. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1970; 21: 71
  • Halverson A. W., Tsay D. T., Triebwasser KC., Whitehead E. I. Development of hemolytic anemia in rats' fed selenites. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 1970; 17: 151
  • Suchkov B. P. Selenium content in major foods consumed by the population of the Ukrainian SSR. Vopr. Pitan. 1971; 30: 75
  • Rotruck J. T., Pope A. L., Ganther H. E., Swanson A. B., Hafeman D. G., Hoekstra W. G. Selenium: Biochemical role as a component of glutathione peroxidase, in press
  • Isaacs J. P., Lamb JC., Minnich W. R., Brewster N. R., Jr., Schreiber G. B. Trace metals, vitamins, and hormones in long-term treatment of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease. Trace Substances in Environmental Health-V, D. D. Hemphill. University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. 1971; 313
  • Moriyama I. M., Krueger D. E., Stanker J. Cardiovascular Diseases in the United States. Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1971, APHA Vital and Health Statistics Monograph
  • Sauer H. I., Marienfeld C. J., Cartwright R. S., Jr. Methods of mapping mortality. Geographic Distribution of Disease in the United States. Proc. APHA Meet., Houston 1970, in press
  • Perry H. M., Jr. Hypertension and the geochemical environment. Geochemical Environment in Relation to Health and Disease, H. C. Hopps, H. L. Cannon. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1972; 194: 202
  • Correa P., Strong J. P. Atherosclerosis and the geochemical environment. Geochemical Environment in Relation to Health and Disease, H. C. Hopps, H. L. Cannon. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1972; 199: 217
  • Schwarz KV., Itamin E. trace elements and sulfhydryl groups in respiratory decline, in Vitam. Horm. 1962; 20: 463
  • Hopkins L. L., Jr., Majaj A. S. Selenium in human nutrition. Symposium: Selenium in Biomedicine, O. H. Muth, J. E. Oldfield, P. H. Weswig. AVI, Westport, Conn. 1967; 203
  • Folkers K. Summary and prospects, in Vitam. Horm. 1966; 24: 519
  • Hemming F. W., Pennock J. F. Vitamins and ubiquinone status in animals. Biochemistry of Quinones, R. A. Morton. Academic Press, New York 1966; 287
  • Kovalskii V. V., Ermakov V. V. The Biological Importance of Selenium, R. T. C Powell, S. J. Wilson. National Lending Library of Science and Technology, Balston Spa, YorkshireEngland 1970

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.