205
Views
324
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Sensory Irritation by Airborne Chemicals

Pages 299-363 | Published online: 26 Sep 2008

References

  • Abe M. Effects of mixed NO2-SO2 gas on human pulmonary functions. Bull. Tokyo Med. Dent. Univ. 1967; 14: 415
  • Adams D. R. Olfactory and non-olfactory epithelia in the nasal cavity of the mouse. Peromyscus, Am. J. Anat. 1972; 133: 37
  • Adams J. P., Fee N., Kenmore P. I. Tear gas injuries; clinical study of hand injuries and experimental study of its effects on peripheral nerves and skeletal muscles in rabbits. J. Bones Joint Surg. (Am.) 1966; 48A: 436
  • Alarie Y. Irritating properties of airborne chemicals, a method for detection and evaluation, Gordon Research Conferences on Toxicology and Safety Evaluation. August, 1965
  • Alarie Y. Screening method for the determination of irritating properties of airborne materials to the upper respiratory tract, plethysmographic method in mice. Edgewood Arsenal, Md. March, 1966, Research Report under Contract no. DA-18–035-AMC-145(A)
  • Alarie Y. Irritating properties of airborne materials to the upper respiratory tract. Arch. Environ. Health 1966; 13: 433
  • Alarie Y. Sensory irritation of the upper airways by airborne chemicals. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1973; 24: 279
  • Alarie Y., Keller L. W. Sensory irritation by capsaicin. Environ. Physiol. Biochem. 1973; 3, in press
  • Alarie Y., Wakisaka I., Oka S. Sensory irritation by sulfur dioxide and chlorobenzylidene malononitrile. Environ. Physiol. Biochem. 1973; 3: 53
  • Alarie Y., Wakisaka I., Oka S. Sensory irritation by sulfite aerosols. Environ. Physiol. Biochem. 1973; 3, in press
  • Alarie Y., Busey W. M., Krumm A. A., Ulrich C. E. Long-term continuous exposure to sulfuric acid mist in cynomolgxis monkeys and guinea-pigs. Arch. Environ. Health 1973; 27: 16
  • Alarie Y., Ulrich C. E., Busey W. E., Krumm A. A., MacFarland H. N. Long-term continuous exposure to sulfur dioxide in cynomolgus monkeys. Arch. Environ. Health 1972; 24: 115
  • Aldaya F. Les modifications réflexes de la respiration par l'excitation du nerf larynge supérieur. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 1936; 123: 104
  • Aldaya F. Le controle réflexe de la respiration par la sensibilité du larynx. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 1936; 123: 1001
  • Allen W. F. Effect on respiration, blood pressure, and carotid pulse of various inhaled and insufflated vapors when stimulating one cranial nerve and various combinations of cranial nerves, I. branches of the trigeminus affected by these stimulants. Am. J. Physiol 1928; 87: 319
  • Allen W. F. Effect on respiration, blood pressure and carotid pulse of various inhaled and insufflated vapors when stimulating one cranial nerve and various combinations of cranial nerves, II, vagus and vagotomy experiments. Am. J. Physiol. 1929; 87: 558
  • Allen W. F. Effect on respiration, blood pressure and carotid pulse of various inhaled and insufflated vapors when stimulating one cranial nerve and various combinations of cranial nerves, III, olfactory and trigeminal stimulated. Am. J. Physiol. 1929; 88: 117
  • Allen W. F. Effect of various inhaled vapors on respiration and blood pressure in anesthetized, unanesthetized, sleeping and anosmic subjects. Am. J. Physiol. 1929; 88: 620
  • Allen W. F. Studies on the level of anesthesia for the olfactory and trigeminal respiratory reflexes in dogs and rabbits. Am. J. Physiol. 1936; 115: 579
  • Allen W. F. A comparative study of the olfactory and trigeminal reflexes elicited by various vapors in different mammals. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 1936; 26: 466
  • Allen W. F. Olfactory and trigeminal conditioned reflexes in dogs. Am. J. Physiol. 1937; 118: 532
  • Alpert M. H., Flacke W. The peripheral effects of anesthetics. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. 1969; 9: 273
  • Alpert S. M., Lewis T. R. Unilateral pulmonary function study of ozone toxicity in rabbits. Arch. Environ. Health 1971; 23: 451
  • Alpert S. M., Lewis T. R. Ozone tolerance studies utilizing unilateral lung exposure. J. Appl. Physiol. 1971; 31: 243
  • Alpert S. M., Gardner D. E., Hurst D. J., Lewis T. R., Coffin D. L. Effects of exposure to ozone on defensive mechanisms of the lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 1971; 31: 247
  • Amdur M. O. The influence of aerosols upon the respiratory response of guinea pigs to sulfur dioxide. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1957; 18: 149
  • Amdur M. O. The respiratory response of guinea-pigs to sulfuric acid mist. Arch. Ind. Health 1958; 18: 407
  • Amdur M. O. The physiological response of guinea-pigs to atmospheric pollutants. Int. J. Air Pollut. 1959; 1: 170
  • Amdur M. O. The response of guinea-pigs to the inhalation of formaldehyde and formic acid alone and with sodium chloride aerosol. Int. J. Air. Pollut. 1960; 3: 201
  • Amdur M. O. The respiratory response of guinea-pigs to the inhalation of acetic acid vapor. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1961; 22: 1
  • Amdur M. O. The effect of high flow-resistance on the response of guinea-pigs to irritants. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1964; 25: 564
  • Amdur M. O. Respiratory absorption data and SO2 dose-response curves. Arch. Environ. Health 1966; 12: 729
  • Amdur M. O. The respiratory response of guinea-pigs to histamine aerosol. Arch. Environ. Health 1966; 13: 29
  • Amdur M. O. Toxicologic appraisal of particulate matter, oxides of sulfur, and sulfuric acid. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 1969; 19: 638
  • Amdur M. O. The impact of air pollutants on physiologic responses of the respiratory tract. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 1970; 114: 3
  • Amdur M. O. Aerosols formed by oxidation of sulfur dioxide. Arch. Environ. Health 1971; 23: 459
  • Amdur M. O., Corn M. The irritant potency of zinc ammonium sulfate of different particle sizes. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1963; 24: 326
  • Amdur M. O., Creasia D. A. The irritant potency of m-terphenyl of different particle sizes. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1966; 27: 349
  • Amdur M. O., Mead J. A method for studying the mechanical properties of the lungs of unanesthetized animals: application to the study of respiratory irritants. Proc. 3rd Natl Air Pollut. Symp., Pasadena, Calif., 1955, 150
  • Amdur M. O., Mead J. The respiratory response of guinea-pigs to inhalation of ethylene oxide. Arch. Ind. Health. 1956; 14: 553
  • Amdur M. O., Mead J. Mechanics of respiration in unanesthetized guinea-pigs. Am. J. Physiol. 1958; 192: 364
  • Amdur M. O., Underhill D. The effect of various aerosols on the response of guinea-pigs to sulfur dioxide. Arch. Environ. Health. 1968; 16: 460
  • Amdur M. O., Underhill D. W. Response of guinea-pigs to a combination of sulfur dioxide and open heart dust. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 1970; 20: 31
  • Amdur M. O., Melvin W. W., Drinker P. Effects of inhalation of sulphur dioxide by man. Lancet 1953; 265: 758
  • Amdur M. O., Silverman L., Drinker P. Inhalation of sulfuric acid mist by human subjects. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occ. Med. 1952; 6: 305
  • Andersen H. T. Factors determining the circulatory adjustments to diving, I. Water immersion. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1963; 58: 173
  • Andersen H. T. The reflex nature of the physiological adjustments to diving, II, Asphyxia. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1963; 58: 186
  • Andersen H. T. The reflex nature of the physiological adjustments to diving and their afferent pathway. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1963; 58: 263
  • Andersen H. T. Physiological adaptations in diving vertebrates. Physiol. Rev. 1966; 46: 212
  • Anderson P. Inhibitory reflexes elicited from the trigeminal and olfactory nerves in rabbits. Acta Physiol Scand. 1953; 30: 137
  • Andrew B. L. Proprioception at the joint of the epiglottis of the rat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1954; 126: 507
  • Andrew B. L. A functional analysis of the myelinat'ed fibres of the superior laryngeal nerve of the rat. J. Physiol. (Land.) 1956; 133: 420
  • Ariens E. J. Pharmacology of bronchodilating and bronchoconstricting drugs. Bronchitis II, N. G. M. Orie, H. J. Sluiter. Royal Van Grocum Ltd., AssenNetherlands 1964; 209
  • Ash K. O. Chemical sensing: an approach to biological molecular mechanisms using difference spectroscopy. Science 1968; 162: 452
  • Pharmacology of the Lung, Proceedings of the First International Pharmacological Meeting, D. M. Aviado. MacMillan, New York 1963; Vol. 9: 97
  • Aviado D. M. The lung circulation. Vol. I. Physiology and Pharmacology. Pergamon Press, New York 1965
  • Aviado D. M. The lung circulation. Vol. 2. Pathologic Physiology and Therapy of Diseases. Pergamon Press, New York 1965
  • Aviado D. M., Samanek M. Bronchopulmonary effects of tobacco and related substances, II, Bronchocon-strictionand Bronchodilatation: Influence of lung denervation. Arch. Environ. Health 1965; 11: 141
  • Bacq Z. M. Substances thioloprives. Experientia (Basel) 1946; 2: 349
  • Bacq Z. M. Substances thioloprives. Experientia (Basel) 1946; 2: 385
  • Bacq Z. M., Fischer P. Reaction des groupes sulfhydriles de 1 'ovalbumine denaturéd avec les corps vésicants et lacrymogencs. Bull. Soc. R. Sci. Liège 1943; 7: 575
  • Balchum O. J., Dybicki J., Meneely G. R. The adsorption and distribution of S3 5O2, inhaled through the nose and mouth by dogs. Am. J. Physiol. 1959; 197: 1317
  • Balchum O. J., Dybicki J., Meneely G. R. Pulmonary resistance and compliance with concurrent radioactive sulphur distribution in dogs breathing S3 5 O2. J. Appl. Physiol. 1960; 15: 62
  • Ballantyne B., Callaway S. Inhalation toxicology and pathology of animals exposed to o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS). Med. Sci. Law 1972; 12: 43
  • Banister J., Fegler G., Hebb C. Initial respiratory responses to the intratracheal inhalation of phosgene and ammonia. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 1950; 35: 233
  • Barker R. Organic Chemistry of Biological Compounds. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J. 1971; 62
  • Beidler L. M. Physiology of olfaction and gustation. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol 1960; 69: 398
  • Beidler L. M. Taste receptor stimulation. Progr. Biophys. Biophys. Chem. 1962; 12: 107
  • Beidler L. M. Comparison of gustatory receptors, olfactory receptors, and free nerve endings. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, Sensory Receptors 1965; 30: 191
  • Beidler L. M., Tucker D. Response of nasal epithelium to odor stimulation. Science 1955; 122: 76
  • Benarie M., Menard T., Nonat A. Etude de la transformation de 1′anhydride sulfureux en acide sulfurique en relation avec les données climatologiques, dans un ensemble urbain a caractère industriel, Rouen. Atmos. Environ. 1973; 7: 403
  • Bennett A., Lockett M. F. Method for recording respiratory changes induced in guinea pigs by aerosols of histamine or of specific antigen, and for assessing drugs which antagonise bronchoconstriction. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1964; 16: 241
  • Bennett E. D., Jayson M. I. V., Rubenstein D., Campbell E. J. M. The ability of man to detect added nonelastic loads to breathing. Clin. Sci. 1962; 23: 155
  • Bert P. Des effets de l'excitation du nerf pneumogastrique, du nerf layrngé supérieur et du nerf nasal sur la respiration. Arch. Physiol. 1869; 2: 179
  • Bert P. Des effets de l'excitation du nerf pneumogastrique, du nerf layrngé supérieur et du nerf nasal sur la respiration. Arch. Physiol. 1869; 2: 322
  • Bickerman H. A., Barach A. L., Itkin S., Drimmer F. The experimental production of cough in human subjects induced by citric acid aerosols. Preliminary studies on the evaluation of antitussive agents. Am. J. Med. Sci. 1954; 228: 156
  • von Biebricher W., Reif E., Ulmer W. T. Untersuchungen der lungen resistance bei isolierter Staubreizung der oberen Luftwege. Med. Thorac. 1963; 20: 163
  • Binger M. W., Gaarde F. W., Markowitz J. A study of bronchial reflexes in the guinea-pigs. Am. J. Physiol. 1931; 96: 647
  • Biscoe T. J., Shephard R. J. Some responses to the intravascular injection of o-chlorobenzalmalononitrile in cats and dogs. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 1962; 138: 389
  • Booth B. H., Patterson R., Talbot C. H. Immediate type hypersensitivity in dogs: cutaneous, anaphylactic and respiratory responses to ascaris. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1970; 76: 181
  • Bouhuys A., Jönsson R., Lichtneckert S. E., Lundgreen C., Lundin G., Ringcguist T. R. Effects of histamine on pulmonary ventilation in man. Clin. Sci. 1960; 19: 79
  • Brian P. W., Gove J. F., McGowan J. C. Fungistatic activity of ethylenic and acetylenic compounds. Nature (Lond.) 1946; 158: 876
  • Brimblecombe R. W., Green D. M., Muir A. W. Pharmacology of o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS). Br. J. Pharmacol. 1972; 44: 561
  • Brodie T. G., Russel A. E. On reflex cardiac inhibition. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1900; 26: 92
  • Brown G. L., Gray J. A. B. Some effects of nicotine-like substances and their relation to sensory nerve endings. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1948; 107: 306
  • But V. I., Klimova-Cherkasova V. I. The study of afferentation from the upper respiratory tract (Br. nasales n. trigemini). Biu, Eksp. Biol. Med. 1967; 64: 13
  • Carson B. B., Stoughton R. W. Reaction of alpha, beta-unsaturated dinitriles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1928; 50: 2825
  • Carson S., Goldhamer R., Mackars A., Silson J. E. Effects of cigarette smoke on respiratory function. Arch. Environ. Health 1965; 11: 635
  • Casarett L. J. Toxicology: the respiratory tract. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. 1971; 11: 425
  • Cauna N. Light and electron microscopal structure of sensory end-organs in human skin. The Skin Senses, D. R. Kenshalo. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, Ill 1968; 15
  • Cauna N., Hinderer K. H., Wentges R. T. Sensory receptor organs of the human nasal respiratory mucosa. Am. J. Anat. 1969; 124: 187
  • Chassain A., Florentin E. Influence de l'inhalation d'air froid sur la ventilation pulmonaire chez l' homme. J. Physiol. (Paris) 1964; 58: 193
  • Cheney F. W., Butler J. The effects of ultrasonically produced aerosols on airway resistance in man. Anesthesiology 1968; 29: 1099
  • Clarke W. B., Bowsher D. Terminal distribution of primary afferent trigeminal fibers in the rat. Exp. Neurol. 1962; 6: 372
  • Colebatch H. J. H. The humoral regulation of alveolar ducts. Airway Dynamics, Physiology and Pharmacology, A. Bouhuys. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, Ill 1970; 169
  • Constantine H., Dautrebande L., Kaltreider N., Lovejoy F. W., Morrow P., Perkins P. Influence of carbachol and fine dust aerosols upon the breathing mechanics and the lung volumes of normal subjects and of patients with chronic respiratory disease before and after administering sympathomimetic aerosols. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 1959; 123: 239
  • Corn M., Kotsko N., Stanton D., Bell W., Thomas A. P. Response of cats to inhaled mixtures of SO2 and SO2-NaCl aerosol in air. Arch. Environ. Health 1972; 24: 248
  • Craigte H. E. The reflex produced by chemical stimulation of the deeper respiratory passages. Am. J. Physiol. 1922; 59: 346
  • Crozier W. J. Regarding the existence of the “common chemical sense” in vertebrates. J. Comp. Neurol. 1916; 26: 1
  • Dalhamn T., Rosengren A., Rylander R. Nasal absorption of organic matter in animal experiments: I. Experimental technique and tobacco smoke absorption. Arch. Environ. Health 1971; 22: 554
  • de Daly M. B., Mount L. E. The origin, course and nature of bronchomotor fibres in the cervical sympathetic nerve of the cat. J. Physiol. 1951; 113: 43
  • DaSilva A. M. T., Hamosh P. Effect of smoking a single cigarette on the the “small airways,”. J. Appl. Physiol. 1973; 34: 361
  • Dastoli F. R., Price S. Sweet sensitive protein from bovine taste buds: isolation and assay. Science 1966; 154: 905
  • Dastoli F. R., Lopiekes D. V., Doig A. R. Bitter sensitive protein from porcine taste buds. Nature (Lond.) 1968; 218: 884
  • Dautrebande L. La paralysie périphérique du système vasomoteur par le benzol. La syncope adrénalinobenzolique. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 1933; 44: 394
  • Dautrebande L. Microaerosols, Physiology, Pharmacology, Therapeutics. Academic Press, New York 1962
  • Davis T. R. A., Battista S. P., Kensler C. J. Mechanism of respiratory effects during exposure of guinea-pigs to irritants. Arch. Environ. Health 1967; 15: 412
  • Dawson W. W. Chemical stimulation of the peripheral trigeminal nerve. Nature (Lond.) 1962; 196: 341
  • DeGeus J. P., Heuting J. E., Visser P. The bradycardia reflex on local ammonia stimulation of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract in rabbits. Acta Physiol. Pharmacol. Neerl. 1956; 5: 216
  • Deichmann W. B., Keplinger M. L., Lanier G. E. Acute effects of nitro-olefins upon experimental animals. Arch. Ind. Health 1968; 18: 312
  • DeKock M. A. Mechanism of bronchial obstruction in man. Bronchitis III, Proceedings 3rd International Symposium on Bronchitis, N. G. M. Orie, R. Van Der Lende. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, Ill 1970; 300
  • Dennis M. W., Douglas J. S. Control of bronchomotor tone in spontaneously breathing, unanesthetized guinea-pigs. Airway Dynamics, Physiology and Pharmacology, A. Bouhuys. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, Ill 1970; 253
  • Dennis M. W., Douglas J. S., Casby J. U., Stolwijk J. A. J., Bouhuys A. On-line analog computer for dynamic lung compliance and pulmonary resistance. J. Appl. Physiol. 1969; 26: 248
  • Desoubry G., Magné H. Nouvelles expériences concernant la syncope primaire laryngo-réflexe au début de l'anesthésie. Bull. Soc. Ther. 1914; 16: 574
  • Desreux V., Fredericq E., Fischer P. Recherches sur les fonctions sulfurées des protéines. Bull. Soc. Chim. Biol. 1946; 28: 493
  • Dixon M. Reactions of lachrymators with enzymes and proteins. Symposium on the Biochemical Reactions of Chemical Warfare Agents, R. T. Williams. Cambridge University Press, 1948; 39, Biochemical Society Symposium No. 2
  • Dixon M., Needham D. M. Biochemical research on chemical warfare agents. Nature 1946; 158: 432
  • Dixon M., Webb E. C. Enzymes. Academic Press, New York 1964; 341
  • Dixon W. E., Brodie T. G. Contributions to the physiology of the lungs. Part I. The bronchial muscles, their innervation, and the action of drugs upon them. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1903; 29: 97
  • Dixon W. E., Ransom F. Broncho-dilator nerves. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1913; 45: 413
  • DuBois A. B., Dautrebande L. Acute effects of breathing inert dust particles and of carbachol on the mechanical characteristics of the lung in man. Changes in response after inhaling sympathomimetic aerosols. J. Clin. Invest. 1958; 37: 1746
  • DuBois A. B., Rogers R. M. Respiratory factors determining the tissue concentrations of inhaled toxic substances. Resp. Physiol. 1968; 5: 34
  • von Ebbecke U., Knuchel F. Uber den trigeminus-atem-, Schluck- und Herzreflex beir, Kaninchen. Arch. Gesamte Physiol. 1943; 247: 255
  • Egle J. L. Retention of inhaled formaldehyde propionaldehyde and acrolein in the dog. Arch. Environ. Health 1972; 25: 119
  • Elsberg C. A., Levy I., Brewer E. D. The sense of smell. VI. The trigeminal effects of odorous substances. Bull. N. Y. Neurol. Inst. 1935; 4: 270
  • Fairchild E. J. II, Tolerance mechanisms. Arch. Environ. Health 1967; 14: 111
  • Farah A., Yamodis N. D., Pesah N. The relation of changes in sodium transport to protein bound disulfide and sulfhydryl groups in the toad bladder epithelium. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1969; 170: 132
  • Feniak G. The common chemical sense of the frog. Suffield Experimental Station, Ralston, AlbertaCanada 1966, Suffield Technical Paper No. 310
  • Feniak G. The common chemical sense of the frog, part III. Homologous series of irritants. Suffield Experimental Station, Ralston, AlbertaCanada 1966, Suffield Technical Paper No. 311
  • Feniak G., Reesor J. B. The common chemical sense of the frog, part II. On the mode of action of benzalmalononitriles and related compounds. Suffield Experimental Station, Ralston, AlbertaCanada 1966, Suffield Technical Paper No. 329
  • Fillenz M., Woods R. I. Sensory innervation of the airways. Breathing: Hering-Breuer Centenary Symposium, R. Porter. J. & A. Churchill, London 1970; 101
  • Fischer P. Inactivation de l'uréase par certains toxiques de guerre et vésicants. Bull. Soc. R. Sci. Liége 1943; 12: 235
  • Forster R. P., Nyboer J. Effects of induced apnea on cardiovascular renal functions in the rabbits. Am. J. Physiol. 1955; 183: 149
  • Franck F. Recherches expérimentales sur les effets cardiaques, vasculaires et respiratoires des excitations douloureuses. C. R. Acad. Sci. [D] (Paris) 1876; 83: 1109
  • Frank N. R. Studies on the effects of acute exposure to sulphur dioxide in human subjects. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 1964; 57: 1029
  • Frank N. R. The effects of inhaled pollutants on nasal and pulmonary flow resistance. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol 1970; 79: 540
  • Frank N. R., Speizer F. E. SO2 effects on the respiratory system in dogs. Changes in mechanical behavior at different levels of the respiratory system during acute exposure to the gas. Arch. Environ. Health 1965; 11: 624
  • Frank N. R., Amdur M. O., Whittenberger J. L. A comparison of the acute effects of SO2 administered alone or in combination with NaCl particles on the respiratory mechanics of healthy adults. Int. J. Air Water Pollut. 1964; 8: 125
  • Frank N. R., Mead J., Whittenberger J. L. Comparative sensitivity of four methods for measuring changes in respiratory flow resistance in man. J. Appl. Physiol. 1971; 31: 934
  • Frank N. R., Amdur M. O., Worcester J., Whittenberger J. L. Effects of acute controlled exposure to SO2 on respiratory mechanics in healthy male adults. J. Appl. Physiol. 1962; 17: 252
  • Frank N. R., Yoder R. E., Brain J. D., Yokoyama E. SO2 (3 5 S labeled) absorption by the nose and mouth under conditions of varying concentration and flow. Arch. Environ. Health 1969; 18: 315
  • Frankenhaeuser B., Lundervold A. A note on an inhibitory reflex from the nose on the rabbit. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1949; 18: 238
  • Gal E. M., Fung F. H., Greenberg D. M. Studies on the biological action of malononitriles. I. The effect of substituted malononitriles on the growth of transplanted tumors in mice. Cancer Res. 1962; 12: 565
  • Gaskins J. R., Hehir R. M., McCaulley D. F., Ligon W. E. Lacrimating agents (CS and CN) in rats and rabbits. Acute effects on mouth, eyes and skin. Arch. Environ. Health 1972; 24: 449
  • Gerard M. W. Afferent impulses of the trigeminal nerve. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr. 1923; 9: 306
  • Gerard R. W. Recent research on respiratory irritants. Advances in Military Medicine, Vol. II, Gilman, et al. Little Brown, Boston 1948; 565
  • Gilbert N. C., Fenn G. K., LeRoy G. V., Hobbs T. G. The role of “sympathetic inhibition” in the production of attacks of angina pectoris. Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians 1941; 56: 279
  • Gold W. M., Kessler G. F., Yu D. Y. C. Role of vagus nerves in experimental asthma in allergic dogs. J. Appl. Physiol. 1972; 33: 719
  • Gold W. M., Kessler G. F., Yu D. Y. C., Frick O. L. Pulmonary physiologic abnormalities in experimental asthma in dogs. J. Appl. Physiol. 1972; 33: 496
  • Green D. M., Tregear R. T. The action of sensory irritants on the cat's cornea. J. Physiol. (Lond) 1964; 175: 37P
  • Green J. D., DeGroot J., Sutin J. Trigeminobulbar reflex pathways. Am. J. Physiol. 1957; 189: 384
  • Gunnison A. F., Palmes E. D. Persistence of plasma S-Sulfonates following exposure of rabbits to sulfite and sulfur dioxide. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1973; 24: 266
  • Guz A., Noble M. I. M., Eisele J. H., Trenchard D. Experimental results of vagal block in cardiopulmonary disease. Breathing: Hering-Breuer Centenary Symposium, R. Porter. J. & A. Churchill, London 1970; 315
  • Guz A., Noble M. I. M., Widdicombe J. G., Trenchard D., Mushin W. W., Makey A. R. The role of vagal and glossopharyngeal afferent nerves in respiratory sensation, control of breathing and arterial pressure regulation in conscious man. Clin. Sci. 1966; 30: 161
  • Hainsworth R., Jacobs L., Comroe J. H., Jr. Afferent lung denervation by brief inhalation of steam. J. Appl. Physiol. 1973; 34: 708
  • Hansen K., Zipf H. F. Beziehungen zwischen bronchotonus und lungen-vagusafferenzen und ihre pharmakologische Beeinflussung. Arch. Pharmakol. Exp. Pathol. (Naunyn-Schmiedebergs) 1960; 240: 253
  • Harris A. S. Cardio-inhibitory and vasomotor reflexes from the nose and throat. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 1939; 48: 311
  • Hermann H., Emik L. O., Prindle R. A., Fischer W. M. Progress in medical research on air pollution. U.S. Public Health Sen. Radiol. Health Data Rep. 1958; 73: 1055
  • Henderson Y., Haggard H. W. Naxious Gases and the Principles of Respiration Influencing Their Action. Reinhold, New York 1943
  • Henkin R. I., Bradley D. F. Regulation of taste acuity by thiols and metal ions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1969; 62: 30
  • Hensel H., Kenshalo D. R. Warm receptors in the nasal region of cats. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1969; 204: 99
  • Heymans C. Action of drugs on carotid body and sinus. Pharmacol. Rev. 1955; 7: 119
  • Heymans C., Bouckaert J. J., Dauttebande L. Sinus carotidien et réflexes respiratoires, III. Sensibilité des sinus carotidiens aux substances chimiques. Action stimulante respiratoire réflexe du sulfure de sodium, du cyanure de potassium, de la nicotine et de la lobeline. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 1931; 40: 54
  • Hilding A. C., Filipi A. N. A method of determining nasal filtration of cigarette smoke: application and results in guinea-pigs, anesthetized and soon after death. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 1966; 75: 714
  • Hitchcock M., Piscitelli D. M., Bouhuys A. Histamine release from human lung by a component of cotton bracts. Arch. Environ. Health. 1973; 26: 177
  • Holmes H. L. A theory for the action of benzalmalononitriles on nerve endings. Part V. Factors governing the addition of amines to benzalmalononitriles and related products. Oxidation products from model compounds. Suffield Experimental Station, Ralston, AlbertaCanada 1962, Suffield Technical Paper No. 234
  • Holmes O., Troquet J. Activité électrique de fibres vagales afférentes pendant l'intoxication á l'ozone. J. Physiol. (Paris) 1961; 53: 364
  • Hubbard Jones M. A study of the common chemical sense. Am. J. Physiol. 1954; 67: 696
  • Ivanoo I., Korpas J., Tomari Z. Ein Beitrag zur interozeption der Lufwege. Phyniol Bohemoslov. 1956; 5: 84
  • Jackson K. E. Sternutators. Chem. Rev. 1935; 17: 251
  • Jackson K. E., Jackson M. A. Lachrymators. Chem. Rev. 1935; 16: 195
  • Jancso N. Role of the nerve terminals in the mechanism of inflammatory reactions. Bull. Millard Fillmore Hosp. 1960; 7: 53
  • Jancso N. Desensitization with capsaicin and related acylamides as a tool for studying the function of pain receptors. Proc. 3rd Int. Pharmacol. Meeting, Vol. 9,Pharmacology of pain. Pergamon Press, New York 1968; 33
  • Jancso N., Jancso-Gabor A., Szolcsanyi J. Direct evidence for neurogenic inflammation and its prevention by denervation and by pretreatment with capsaicin. Br. J. Pharmacol Chemother. 1967; 31: 138
  • Jancso N., Jancso-Gaboi A., Szolcsanyi J. The role of sensory nerve endings in neurogenic inflammation induced in human skin and in the eye and paw of the rat. Br. J. Pharmacol Chemother. 1968; 33: 32
  • Jancso N., Jancso-Gabor A., Takats I. Pain and inflammation induced by nicotine, acetylcholine and structurally related compounds and their prevention by desensitizing agents. Acta Physiol. Acad. Scient. Hung. 1961; 19: 113
  • Jancso-Gaboi A., Szolcsanyi J., Jancso N. Irreversible impairment of thermoregulation induced by capsaicin and similar pungent substances in rats and guinea-pigs. J. Physiol. (Loud.) 1970; 206: 495
  • Karczewski W. The electrical activity of the vagus nerve in anaphylactic shock. Acta Allergol. (Kbh.) 1962; 17: 334
  • Karczewski W., Dautrebande L. New studies on aerosols, XXII. Electrical responses of pulmonary afferent vagal fibers to carbachol microaerosols administered before and after isoproterenol. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 1964; 148: 287
  • Kadin A., Winnik M. Reduction and specific alkylation of the receptor of acetylcholine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A. 1968; 60: 668
  • Karlin A., Prives J., Deal W., Winnik M. Counting acetylcholine receptors in the eiectroplax. Molecular Properties of Drug Receptors, R. Porter, M. O'Connor. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore 1970; 247
  • Katz S., Hones A. D. Medullary respiratory neuron response to pulmonary emboli and pneumothorax. J. Appl. Physiol. 1972; 33: 390
  • Katz B., Thesleff S. A study of the “desensitization” produced by acetylcholine at the motor end-plate. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1957; 138: 63
  • Kaufman J., Wright G. W. The effect of nasal and nasopharyngeal irritation on airway resistance in man. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 1969; 100: 626
  • Keele C. A. The common chemical sense and its receptors. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 1962; 139: 547
  • Kenshalo D. R., Hensel H., Gnziadei P., Fruhstorfer H. On the anatomy, physiology, and psychophysics of the cat's temperature-sensing system. Oral-facial Sensory and Motor Mechanisms, R. Dubner, Y. Kawamura. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York 1971; 23–43
  • Kice J. L. The sulfur-sulfur bond. Sulfur In Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1, A. Senning. Dekker, New York 1971; 153
  • King B., Elder J., Proctor D. F., Dripps R. D. Reflex circulatory responses to tracheal intubation performed under topical anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1954; 15: 231
  • King R. B., Barnett J. C. Studies of trigeminal nerve potentials. Overreaction to tactile facial stimulation in acute laboratory preparation. J. Neurosurg. 1957; 14: 617
  • King R. B., Meagher J. N. Studies of trigeminal nerve potentials. J. Neurosurg. 1955; 12: 393
  • King R. B., Meagher J. N., Barnett J. C. Studies of trigeminal nerve potentials, in normal compared to abnormal experimental preparations. J. Neurosurg. 1956; 13: 176
  • Kisch B. The heart rate and the electrocardiogram of small animals. Exper. Med. Surg. 1953; 11: 117
  • Kisch B., Yuceoglu Y. Z. Cardiac reflexes elicited from the respiratory tract. Exper. Med. Surg. 1955; 13: 378
  • Knoll P. Uber die Wirkung von chloroform und ather auf athmung und Blutkreislauf. Aca. Sci. Vienne, Sci: Med. 1879; 233
  • Koller E. A. Atmung und Kreislauf im anaphylaktischen Asthma bronchiale des meerschweinchens. Helv. Physiol. Acta 1968; 26: 153
  • Koller E. A., Ferrer P. Discharge patterns of the lung stretch receptors and activation of deflation fibres in anaphylactic bronchial asthma. Resp. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1973; 17: 113
  • Kratschmer F. Uber Reflexe von der Nasenschleimbaut auf ahtmung und Kreislauf. Akad. Wiss. Lit. Abh. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl (Mainz) 1870; v, 62: 147
  • Kruger L., Michell F. A morphological and somatotopic analysis of single unit activity in the trigeminal sensory complex of the cat. Exp. Neurol. 1962; 5: 139
  • Lampe K. F., Meude T. J., Deichmann W. B., Eye M. G., Palmer L. F. Evaluation of conjugated nitro-olefins as eye irritants in air pollution. Ind. Med. Surg. 1958; 27: 375
  • Laqueur E., Magnus R. Uber Kampfgasvergiftugen III. Experimentelle Pathologie des Phosgenvergiftung, Z. Gesamte Exp. Med. 1921; 13: 31
  • Larsell O., Burget G. E. The effects of mechanical and chemical stimulation of the tracheo-bronchial mucous membrane. Am. J. Physiol. 1924; 70: 311
  • Lawther P. J. Effects of inhalation of sulphur dioxide on respiration and pulse-rate in normal subjects. Lancet 1955; 269: 745
  • Lazarus J. Ueber reflexe von des Nasenschleimhaut auf die bronchiallumina. Arch. f.A.u. Physiol. Klin, Med. 1891; 15: 19
  • Lele P. P., Weddell G. Sensory nerves of the cornea and cutaneous sensibility. Exp. Neurol. 1959; 1: 334
  • Leong K. J., MacFarland H. N. Pulmonary dynamics and retention of toxic gases. I. Sulfur dioxide: concentration and duration effects in rat. Arch. Environ. Health 1965; 11: 555
  • Lough C. E., Currie D. J. The reaction of n-butyl-amine and benzylamine with some β-nitrostyrenes, diethyl benzalmalonates, and cinnamalmalononitriles. Can. J. Chem. 1966; 44: 1563
  • Macklem P. T. Airway obstruction and collateral ventilation. Physiol. Rev. 1971; 51: 368
  • Mackworth J. F. The inhibition of thiol enzymes by lachrymators. Biochem. J. 1948; 42: 82
  • Magne H., Mayer A., Plantefol L. Recherches sur les actions réflexes produites par l'irritation des voies respiratoires. Ann. Physiol. 1925; 1: 394
  • Magne H., Mayer A., Plantefol L. La mort par inhibition et l'irritation des premiéres voies respiratoires. Ann. Physiol. 1925; 1: 428
  • Makara G. B., Stark E., Mihaly K. Sites at which formalin and capsaicin act to stimulate corticotropin secretion. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1967; 45: 669
  • Massion J., Meulders M., Gijbels J. Etude des réflexes respiratoires provoqués par l'excitation de la muqueuse nasale. Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochem. 1954; 62: 127
  • McNally W. D. Treatment of eye burns produced by tear gas, (chloracetophenone). J. A. M. A. 1932; 98: 45
  • Melville G. N. Cold II: Nervous pathways in the respiratory response to facial cold. Environ. Physiol Biochem. 1972; 2: 179
  • Melville G. N., Morris D. Cold I: Effect on airway resistance in health and disease. Environ. Physiol. Biochem. 1972; 2: 107
  • Meyrick B., Reid L. Nerves in rat intra-acinar alveoli: an electron microscopic study. Resp. Physiol. 1971; 11: 367
  • Midtbo A. Eye injury from tear gas. Acta Ophthalmol. (Kbh) 1964; 42: 672
  • Mills J. E., Sellick H., Widdicombe J. G. Activity of lung irritant receptors in pulmonary microembolism, anaphylaxis and drug-induced bronchoconstrictions. J. Physiol (Lond) 1969; 203: 337
  • Mills J. E., Sellick H., Widdicombe J. G. Epithelial irritant receptors in the lungs. Breathing: Hering-Breur Centenary Symposium, R. Porter. J. & A. Churchill, London 1970; 77
  • Mitchell C. A., Gandevia B. Respiratory symptoms and skin reactivity in workers exposed to proteolytic enzymes in the detergent industry. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 1971; 104: 1
  • Miyamoto T., Reynolds L. B., Patterson R., Cugell D. W., Kettel L. J. Respiratory changes in passively sensitized dogs and monkeys as models of allergic asthma. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 1968; 97: 76
  • Molnar J. Die pharmakologischen Wirkungen des capsaisins, des scharf schmeckenden Wirkstoffes im paprika. Arzneim. Forsch. 1965; 7: 718
  • Molnar J. Effect of capsaicin on the cat's nictating membrane. Acta Physiol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 1966; 30: 183
  • Moncrief R. W. The Chemical Senses. Leonard Hill, London 1967; 298
  • Moulton D. G. The interrelations of the chemical senses. The Chemical Senses and Nutrition, M. R. Kare, O. Mailer. The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1967; 249
  • Murphy S. D., Ulrich C E. Multi-animal test system for measuring effects of irritant gases and vapors on respiratory function of guinea-pigs. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1964; 25: 28
  • Murphy S. D., Kingshirm D. A., Ulrich C. E. Respiratory response of guinea-pigs during acrolein inhalation and its modification by drugs. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1963; 141: 79
  • Murphy S. D., Ulrich C. E., Leng C. K. Altered function in animals inhaling conjugated nitro-olefins. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1963; 5: 319
  • Murphy S. D., Leng J. K., Ulrich C. E., Davis H. V. Effects on animals of exposure to auto exhaust. Arch. Environ. Health 1963; 7: 60
  • Murphy S. D., Ulrich C. E., Frankowitz S. H., Xintaras C. Altered function in animals inhaling low concentrations of ozone and nitrogen dioxide. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1964; 25: 246
  • Nadel J. A. Structure-function relationships in the airways: Bronchoconstriction mediated via vagus nerves or bronchial arteries; peripheral lung constriction mediated via pulmonary arteries. Med. Thorac. 1965; 22: 231
  • Nadel J. A., Widdicombe J. G. Reflex effects of upper airway irritation on total lung resistance and blood pressure. J. Appl. Physiol. 1962; 17: 861
  • Nadel J. A., Salem H., Tamplin B., Tokiwa Y. Mechanism of bronchoconstriction. During inhalation of sulfur dioxide, reflex involving vagus nerves. Arch. Environ. Health 1965; 10: 175
  • Nadel J. A., Salem H., Tamplin B., Tokiwa Y. Mechanism of bronchoconstriction during inhalation of sulfur dioxide. J. Appl. Physiol. 1965; 20: 164
  • Nagaishi C. Functional Anatomy and Histology of the Lung. University Park Press, Baltimore 1972
  • Nicholls P. J., Evans E., Valic F., Zuskin F. Histamine-releasing activity and bronchoconstricting effects of sisal. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1973; 30: 142
  • Noble M. I. M., Eisele J. H., Trenchard D., Guz A. Effect of selective peripheral nerve blocks on respiratory sensations. Breathing: Hering-Breuer Centenary Symposium, R. Porter. J. & A. Churchill, London 1970; 233
  • Paintal A. S. The location and excitation of pulmonary deflation receptors by chemical substances. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 1957; 42: 56
  • Paintal A. S. Vagal afferent fibres. Ergebn. Physiol. 1963; 52: 74–156
  • Paintal A. S. Mechanism of stimulation of type J pulmonary receptors. J. Physiol. (Land) 1969; 203: 511
  • Paintal A. S. The mechanism of excitation of type J receptors, and the J reflex. Breathing: Hering-Breuer Centenary Symposium, R. Porter. J. & A. Churchill, London 1970; 59
  • Paintal A. S. Vagal sensory receptors and their reflex effects. Physiol. Rev. 1973; 53: 159
  • P'an A. Y. S., Jegier Z. The effect of sulfur dioxide and ozone on acetylcholinesterase. Arch. Environ. Health 1970; 21: 498
  • Parker A. J., Kharasch N. The scission of the sulfur-sulfur bond. Chem. Rev. 1959; 59: 583
  • Parker G. H. The relation of Smell, Taste and the Common Chemical Sense in Vertebrates. J. Acad. Natl. Sci. Phila. 1912; 15: 219
  • Parker G. H. Smell, Taste and Allied Senses in the Vertebrates. J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia 1922; 102
  • Pepys J. Hypersensitivity disease of the lungs due to fungi and organic dusts. Monographs in Allergy, Vol. 4. Karger, New York 1969; 147
  • Peters J. M., Murphy R. L. H., Pagnotto L. D., Whittenberger J. L. Respiratory impairment in workers exposed to “safe” levels of toluene diisocyanate (TDI). Arch. Environ. Health 1970; 20: 364
  • Peters R. A. Biochemical Lesions and Lethal Synthesis. Pergamon Press, Oxford 1963
  • Porcelli R. J., Bergofsky E. H. Adrenergic receptors in pulmonary vasoconstrictor responses to gaseous and humoral agents. J. Appl. Physiol. 1973; 34: 483
  • Poulos D. A. Trigeminal temperature mechanisms. Oral-Facial Sensory and Motor Mechanisms, R. Dubner, Y. Kawamura. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York 1971; 47
  • Prosser C. L., Brown F. A. Comparative Animal Physiology. Saunders, Philadelphia 1962; 319
  • Pryor W. A. Mechanisms of Sulfur Reactions. McGraw Hill, New York 1962
  • Punte C. L., Owens E. J., Gutentag P. J. Exposures to ortho-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile, Controlled human exposures. Arch. Environ. Health 1963; 6: 366
  • Punte C. L., Gutentag P. J., Owens E. J., Gongwer L. E. Inhalation studies with chloracetophenone, diphenyl- aminochloroarsine and pelargonic morpholide, II, Human exposures. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1962; 23: 199
  • Punte C. L., Weimer J. T., Ballard T. A., Wilding J. L. Toxicologic studies on o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1962; 4: 656
  • Rall J. E., Gilbert N. C., Trump R. Certain aspects of the bronchial reflexes obtained by stimulation of the nasopharynx. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1945; 30: 953
  • Ramos J. G. On the integration of respiratory movements, III. The fifth nerve afferent. Acta Physiol. Lat. Am. 1959; 10: 104
  • Rang H. P., Ritter J. M. On the mechanism of desensitization at cholinergic receptors. Mol Pharmacol. 1970; 6: 357
  • Ranson S. W. Afferent paths for visceral reflexes. Physiol. Rev. 1921; 1: 477
  • Ratner B., Jackson H. C., Gruehl H. L. Respiratory anaphylaxis. Sensitization, shock, bronchial asthma and death induced in the guinea-pig by the nasal inhalation of dry horse dander. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1927; 34: 23
  • Read E. A. A contribution to the knowledge of the olfactory apparatus in dog, cat and man. Am. J. Anat. 1908; 8: 17
  • Reid L. C., Brace D. E. Irritation of the respiratory tract and its reflex effect upon the heart. Surg. Gynccol. Obstet. 1940; 70: 157
  • Reinhardt C. F., Azar A., Maxfield M. E., Smith P. E., Mullin L. S. Cardiac arrhythmias and aerosol “sniffing.”. Arch. Environ. Health 1971; 22: 265
  • Riddiford L. M. Antennal proteins of saturniid moths: their possible role in olfaction. J. Insect Physiol. 1970; 16: 653
  • Rijlant P. Le controle réflexe de la respiration par le nerf trijumeau. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 1941; 135: 398
  • Roberts J. D., Caserio M. C. Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry. W. A. Benjamin, New York 1965; 265
  • Robinson J. D. Interaction between protein sulfhydryl groups and lipid double bonds in biological membranes. Nature 1966; 212: 199
  • Rodarte J. R., Hyatt R. E. Effect of acute exposure to CO2 on lung mechanics in normal man. Resp. Physiol. 1973; 17: 135
  • Roldanus A. Sur l'influence de substances odorantes sur le coeur du lapin. Acta Biol. Neerl. 1948; 16: 15
  • Rossing R. G. Physiologic effects of chronic exposure to phosgene in dogs. Am. J. Physiol. 1964; 207: 265
  • Roy A. B., Trudinger P. A. The Biochemistry of Inorganic Compounds of Sulphur. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1970
  • Sakada S. Response of Golgi-Mazzoni corpuscles in the cat periostea to mechanical stimulation. Oral-facial Sensory and Motor Mechanism, R. Dubner, Y. Kawamura. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York 1971; 105
  • Sakai H. Quantitative microdetermination of total SH groups in proteins. Anal Biochem. 1968; 26: 269
  • Scherf D. Cardiac reflexes originating in the respiratory tract. N. Y. State J. Med. 1945; 45: 1647
  • Schneider D. Insect olfaction: Deciphering system for chemical messages. Science 1969; 163: 1031
  • Scholander P. F. The master switch of life. Am. Sci. 1963; 209: 92
  • Schroeter L. Sulfur dioxide. Applications in Food, Beverages, and Pharmaceuticals. Pergamon Press, New York 1966
  • Sedlak J., Lindsay R. H. Estimation of total, protein-bound, and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with Ellman's Reagent. Anal. Biochem. 1968; 25: 192
  • Linke W. F. Solubilities of Inorganic and Metal Organic Compounds. The American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C. 1965; Vol. 2: 1413, Seidell, revised by
  • Sellick H., Widdicombe J. G. The activity of lung irritant receptors during pneumothorax, hyperpnoea and pulmonary vascular congestion. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1969; 203: 359
  • Sellick H., Widdicombe J. G. Stimulation of lung irritant receptors by cigarette smoke, carbon dust and histamine aerosols. J. Appl. Physiol. 1971; 3: 15
  • Shaw R. K., Holmes H. L. The action of benzalmalononitriles on nerve endings, Part VII. Excitation of the frog flexor reflex as an index of sternutatory activity. Suffield Experimental Station, Ralston, AlbertaCanada 1963, Suffield Technical paper No. 233
  • Sim V. M., Pattle R. E. Effect of possible smog irritants on human subjects. J. A. M. A. 1957; 165: 1908
  • Simonsson B. G., Jacobs F. M., Nadel J. A. Role of autonomic nervous system and the cough reflex in the increased responsiveness of airways in patients with obstructive airways disease. J. Clin. Invest. 1967; 46: 1812
  • Sobrino J. A., Del Castillo G. Activation of the cholinergic end plate receptors by oxidizing reagents. Int. J. Neurosci. 1972; 3: 251
  • Speizer F. E., Frank N. R. The uptake and release of SO2 by the human nose. Arch. Environ. Health 1966; 12: 725
  • Speizer F. E., Frank N. R. A comparison of changes in pulmonary flow resistance in healthy volunteers acutely exposed to SO2 by mouth and by nose. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1966; 23: 75
  • Stein A. A., Kirwan W. E. Chloracetophenone (tear gas) poisoning: clinicopathologic report. J. Forensic Sci. 1964; 9: 374
  • Stein M., Schiavi R. C., Ottenberg P., Hamilton C. The mechanical properties of the lungs in experimental asthma in the guinea-pigs. J. Allergy 1961; 32: 8
  • Sterling G. M. The mechanism of decreased specific airway conductance in man during hypercapnia caused by inhalation of 7% CO2. Clin. Sci. 1969; 37: 539
  • Sterling G. M., Batten J. C. Effect of aerosol propellants and surfactants on airway resistance. Thorax 1969; 24: 228
  • Stone H., Carregal E. J. A., Williams B. The olfactory-trigeminal response to odorants. Life Sci. [1] 1966; 5: 2195
  • Stone H., Williams B., Carregal E. J. A. The role of the trigeminal nerve in olfaction. Exp. Neurol. 1968; 21: 11
  • Strandberg L. G. SO2, absorption in the respiratory tract. Arch. Environ. Health 1964; 9: 160
  • Swan J. M. Chemical modification of thiol and disulfide groups in proteins and peptides. Sulfur In Proteins. Academic Press, New York 1959; 3
  • Tatantino P. A., Sass S. Polarographic measurement of the reaction between o-chlorobenzalmalononitrile and 2-Diethyl aminoethyl Mercaptan (DEAEM). J. Electrochem. Soc. 1969; 116: 430
  • Tarantino P. A., Sass S. Structure activity relationships of some arylidenemalononitriles and β-nitro-styrenes as sensory irritants. Toxicol Appl. Pharmacol., (in press)
  • Tauc L. Transmission action on synaptic neuronal receptor membranes. Handbook of Sensory Physiology, Vol 1, Principles of receptor physiology, W. R. Loewenstein. Springer-Verlag, New York 1971; 103
  • Thompson R. H. S. The reactions of arsenicals in living tissues. Symposium on the Biochemical Reactions of Chemical Warfare Agents, Biochemical Society Symposium No. 2, R. T. Williams. Cambridge University Press. 1948; 28
  • Ton C. C., Lee T. S., Kiang A. K. The pharmacological actions of capsaicin and analogues. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1955; 10: 175
  • Tomori Z., Widdicombe J. G. Muscular, bronchomotor and cardiovascular reflexes elicited by mechanical stimulation of the respiratory tract. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1969; 200: 25
  • Torvik A. Afferent connections to the sensory trigeminal nuclei, the nucleus of the solitary tract and adjacent structures. J. Comp. Neurol. 1956; 106: 51
  • Tucker D. Olfactory, vomeronasal and trigeminal receptor responses to odorants. Proceedings First International Symposium on Olfaction and Taste, Stockholm, 1962, 45
  • Tucket D. Nonolfactory responses from the nasal cavity: Jacobson's organ and the trigeminal system. Handbook of Sensory Physiology, Vol. IV. Chemical Senses, Part I: Olfaction, L. M. Beidler. Springer-Verlag, New York 1971; 151
  • Ulrich C. E., Haddock M. P., Alarie Y. Airborne chemical irritants, role of the trigeminal nerve. Arch. Environ. Health 1972; 24: 37
  • Upshall D. G. Effects of o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) and the stress of aerosol inhalation upon rat and rabbit embryonic development. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1973; 24: 45
  • Vincent S., Cameron A. T. A note on an inhibitory respiratory reflex in the frog and other animals. J. Comp. Neural. 1920; 31: 283
  • Weigand D. A. Cutaneous reaction to the riot control agent CS. Milit. Med. 1969; 134: 437
  • Weill H., Waddel L. C., Ziskind M. A study of workers exposed to detergent enzymes. J. A. M. A. 1971; 217: 425
  • Wenzel B. M. Olfaction in birds. Handbook of Sensory Physiology, Vol IV, Chemical Senses Part I: Olfaction, L. M. Beidler. Springer-Verlag, New York 1971; 432
  • Whitear M. An electron microscope study of the cornea in mice, with special reference to the innervation. J. Anat. 1960; 94: 387
  • Whitteridge D. The action of phosgene on the stretch receptors of the lung. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1948; 107: 107
  • Whitteridge D. Effect of anaesthetics on mechanical receptors. Br. Med. Bull. 1958; 14: 5
  • Whitteridge D., Bulbring E. Changes in activity of pulmonary receptors in anesthesia and their influence on respiratory behaviour. J. Pharmacol. 1944; 81: 340
  • Widdicombe J. G. Respiratory reflexes from the trachea and bronchi of the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1954; 123: 55
  • Widdicombe J. G. Receptors in the trachea and bronchi of the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1954; 123: 71
  • Widdicombe J. G. Action potentials in vagal efferent nerve fibres to the lungs of the cat. Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharm. 1961; 241: 415
  • Widdicombe J. G. Respiratory reflexes in man and other mammalian species. Clin. Sci. 1961; 163
  • Widdicombe J. G. The activity of pulmonary stretch receptors during bronchoconstriction, pulmonary oedema, atelectasis and breathing against a resistance. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1961; 159: 436
  • Widdicombe J. G. Clinical significance of reflexes from the respiratory system. Anesthesiology 1962; 23: 434
  • Widdicombe J. G. Regulation of tracheobronchial smooth muscle. Physiol. Rev. 1963; 43: 1
  • Widdicombe J. G. Respiratory reflexes. Handbook of Physiology, Section 3: Respiration, Vol. I, W. O. Fenn, H. Rahn. American Physiological Society, Washington, D.C. 1964; 585
  • Widdicombe J. G. Action potentials in parasympathetic and sympathetic afferent fibres to the trachea and lungs of dogs and cats. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1966; 186: 56
  • Widdicombe J. G. Reflex mechanisms in bronchial obstruction. Bronchitis, III. Proceedings Third International Symposium on Bronchitis, N. G. M. Orie, R. Van Der Lende. Charles C Thomas, Philadelphia 1970; 288
  • Widdicombe J. G., Sterling G. M. The autonomic nervous system and breathing. Arch. Intern. Med. 1970; 126: 311
  • Widdicombe J. G., Kent D. C., Nadel J. A. Mechanism of bronchoconstriction during inhalation of dust. J. Appl. Physiol. 1962; 17: 613
  • Windle W. F. The distribution and probable significance of unmyelinated nerve fibers in the trigeminal nerve of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 1926; 41: 453
  • Woolcock A. J., Macklem P. T., Hogg J. C., Wilson M. J., Nadel J. A., Frank N. R., Brain J. Effect of vagal stimulation on central and peripheral airways in dogs. J. Appl. Physiol. 1969; 26: 806
  • Wyss O. A. M., Rivkin E. A. Les fibres afférentes du nerf vague participant aux réflexes respiratoires. Helv. Physiol. Acta 1950; 8: 87
  • Zagari J. Wirkung des chloroforms, des ammoniaks und des bromaethyls auf die athmung mit besonder Beziehung auf den durch die Kohlensaure bedingten inspiratorischen Reflex von Seiten der Hauptbronchien. Beitrag zur Lehre der dyspnoeformen. Arch. f.A.u. Physiol. 1891; 15: 37
  • Glogowska M., Widdicombe J. G. The role of vagal reflexes in experimental lung oedema, bronchoconstriction and inhalation of halothane. Resp. Physiol. 1973; 18: 116
  • Reynolds L. B., Jr. The function of the reflex deep breath in pulmonary congestion. Resp. Physiol. 1973; 18: 129
  • Szereda-Przestaszewska M., Widdicombe J. G. Reflex effects of chemical irritation of the upper airways on the laryngeal lumen in cats. Resp. Physiol. 1973; 18: 107

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.