Chemically Induced Nephrotoxicity: Role of Metabolic Activation

References

• Miller E. C., Miller J. A. Mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis: nature of proximate carcinogens and interactions with macromolecules. Pharmacol. Rev. 1966; 18: 805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller J. A. Carcinogenesis by chemicals: an overview. G. H. A. Clowes Memorial Lecture. Cancer Res. 1970; 30: 559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller E. C. Some current perspectives on chemical carcinogenesis in humans and experimental animals: presidential address. Cancer Res. 1978; 38: 1479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodie B. B., Reid W. D., Cho A. K., Sipes G., Krishna G., Gillette J. R. Possible mechanism of liver necrosis caused by aromatic organic compounds. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1971; 68: 106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillette J. R., Mitchell J. R., Brodie B. B. Biochemical mechanisms of drug toxicity. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. 1974; 14: 271
   Google Scholar
• Gillette J. R. A perspective on the role of chemically reactive metabolites of foreign compounds in toxicity. I. Correlation of changes in covalent binding of reactive metabolites with changes in incidence and severity of toxicity. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1974; 23: 2785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillette J. R. A perspective on the role of chemically reactive metabolites on foreign compounds in toxicity. II. Alterations in the kinetics of covalent binding. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1974; 23: 2427
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson S. D., Boyd J. R., Mitchell J. R. Role of metabolic activation in chemical-induced tissue injury. Drug Metabolism Concepts, D. M. Jerina. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 1977, chap. 8
   Google Scholar
• Bonse G., Henschler D. Chemical reactivity, biotransformation and toxicity of polychlorinated aliphatic compounds. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1976; 4: 395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wislocki P. G., Miwa G. T., Lu A. Y. H. Reactions catalyzed by the cytochrome P-450 system. Enzymatic Basis of Detoxification, W. B. Jakoby. Academic Press, New York 1980; Vol. 1: 135
   Google Scholar
• Boyd M. R. Biochemical mechanisms of chemical-induced lung injury: roles of metabolic activation. CRC Rev. Toxicol. 1980; 7: 103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maher J. F. Toxic nephropathy. The Kidney, B. B. Brenner, F. C. Rector, Jr. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia 1976; 1355
   Google Scholar
• Venkatachalam M. A., Bernard D. B., Donahope J. F., Levinsky N. G. Ischemic damage and repair in the rat proximal tubule: differences among the S1, S2 and S3 segments. Kidney Int. 1978; 14: 31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grantham J. J., Irish J. Organic transport and fluid secretion in the pars recta (PST) of the proximal tubule. New Aspects of Renal Function, H. G. Vogel, K. J. Ullrica. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam 1978; 83
   Google Scholar
• Hook J. B. Mechanisms of renal toxicity. Organ-Directed Toxicity-Chemical Indices and Mechanisms, S. S. Brown, D. S. Davies. Pergamon Press, Oxford 1981; 45
   Google Scholar
• Valtin H. Renal Function: Mechanisms Preserving Fluid and Solute Balance in Health. Little, Brown, Boston 1973
   Google Scholar
• Litterst C. L., Mimnaugh E. G., Reagan R. L., Gram T. E. Comparison ofin vitro drug metabolism by lung, liver, and kidney of several common laboratory species. Drug Metab. Dispos. 1975; 3: 259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litterst C. L., Mimnaugh E. G., Gram T. E. Comparative alterations in extrahepatic drug metabolism by factors known to affect hepatic activity. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1977; 26: 749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fry J. R., Wiebkin P., Kao J., Jones C. A., Gwynn J., Bridges J. W. A comparison of drug-metabolizing capability in isolated viable rat hepatocytes and renal tubule fragments. Xenobiotica 1978; 8: 113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klingenberg M. Pigments of rat liver microsomes. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1958; 75: 376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garfinkel D. Studies on pig liver microsomes. I. Enzymatic and pigment composition of different microsomal fractions. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1958; 77: 493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omura T., Sato R. The carbon monoxide-binding pigment of liver microsomes. I. Evidence for its hemoprotein nature. J. Biol. Chem. 1964; 234: 2370
   Google Scholar
• Cooper D. Y., Levin S., Narasimhulu S., Rosenthal U., Estabrook R. W. Photochemical action spectrum of the terminal oxidase of mixed function oxidase systems. Science 1965; 147: 400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omura T., Sato R., Cooper D. Y., Rosenthal O., Estabrook R. W. Function of P-450 of microsomes. Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 1965; 24: 1181
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lu A. Y. H., West S. B. Multiplicity of mammalian microsomal cytochromes P-450. Pharmacol. Rev. 1980; 31: 277
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu A. Y. H., Coon M. J. Role of hemoprotein P-450 in fatty acid—hydroxylation in a soluble enzyme system from liver microsomes. J. Biol. Chem. 1968; 243: 1331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prough R. A., Ziegler D. M. The relative participation of liver microsomal amine oxidases and cytochrome P-450 in. N-demethylation reactions, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1977; 180: 363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke M. D., Prough R. A., Mayer R. T. Characteristics of a microsomal cytochrome P-448 mediated reaction: ethoxyresorufinO-deethylation. Drug Metab. Dispos. 1977; 5: 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer G. J., Fukushima H., Gayla J. L. Isolation purification and properties of a unique form of cytochrome P-450 in microsomes of isosofrole-treated rats. J. Biol. Chem. 1981; 9: 4388
   Google Scholar
• El Shourbazy N. A., Guzelian P. S. Separation, purification and characterization of a novel form of hepatic cytochrome P-450 from rats treated with pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile. J. Biol. Chem. 1980; 255: 1279
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Villenueve J. P., Mavier P., Joly J. G. Ethanol-induced cytochrome P-450 partial purification. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1976; 70: 723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wattenberg L. W., Leong J. L. Histochemical demonstration of reduced pyridine nucleotide dependent hydrocarbon metabolizing systems. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1962; 10: 412
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiebel F. J., Levitz J. C., Diamond L., Gelboin H. V. Aryl hydrocarbon (benzo(a)pyrene) hydroxylase in microsomes from rat tissues: differential inhibition and stimulation by benzoflavones and organic solvents. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1971; 144: 78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellin A., Jakobsson S. W., Schenkman J. B., Orreniusm S. Cytochrome P-450 of rat kidney cortex microsomes: its involvement in fatty acid and (1)-hydroxyation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1972; 64
   Google Scholar
• Jones D. P., Orrenius S., Jakobsson S. W. Cytochrome P-450 linked monooxygenase system in the kidney. Extrahepatic Metabolism of Drugs and Other Foreign Compounds, T. E. Gram. SP Medical and Scientific Books, New York 1980; 123
   Google Scholar
• Burke M. D., Orrenius S. Isolation and comparison of endoplasmic reticulum membranes and their mixed function oxidase activities from mammalian extrahepatic tissues. Pharmacol. Ther. 1979; 7: 549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orrenius S., Ellin A., Jakobsson S. V., Thor H., Cinti D. L., Schenkman J. B., Estabrook R. W. The cytochrome P-450 containing mono-oxygenase system of rat kidney cortex microsomes. Drug Metab. Dispos. 1973; 1: 350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okita R. T., Parkhill L. K., Yasukochi Y., Thoeharides A. D., Kupfer D., Masters B. S. S. The and (1)-hydroxylase activities of prostaglandins A1 and E1 and lauric acid by pig kidney microsomes and a purified kidney cytochrome P-450. J. Biol. Chem. 1981; 256: 5961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raftell M., Orrenius S. Preparation of antisera against cytochrome b5 and NADPH cytochrome c reductase from rat liver microsomes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1971; 233: 35
   Google Scholar
• Sasame H. A., Thorgeirsson S. S., Mitchell J. R., Gillette J. R. The possible involvement of cytochrome b5 in the oxidation of lauric acid by microsomes from kidney cortex and liver of rats. Life Sci. 1974; 14: 35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uehleke H., Greim H. Stimulierung des Oxydation von Fremdstoffen in nierenmikdrosomen durch Phenobarbital. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmakol. Exp. Pathol. 1968; 261: 151
   Google Scholar
• Kuo C-H, Rush G. F., Hook J. B. Renal cortical accumulation of phenobarbital in rats and rabbits: lack of correlation with induction of renal microsomal monooxygenases. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1982; 220: 547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zenser T. V., Mattammal M. B., Davis B. B. Differential distribution of the mixed function oxidase activities in rabbit kidney. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1978; 207: 719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler B. A., Hook G. E. R., Lucier G. W. Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induction of renal microsomal enzyme systems. Ultrastructural effects on pars recta (S2) proximal tubule cells of the rat kidney. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1977; 203: 712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masters B. S. S., Okita R. T., Dees J. H., Yasukochi J. H., Parkhill L. K., Theoharides A. D., Kupfer D. Biochemical characterization and morphological localization of a cytochrome P-450 in pig kidney cortex. 5th Int. Symp. on Microsomes and Drug Oxidations. 1982. 48: 1–48
   Google Scholar
• Rush G. F., Maita K., Sleight S., Hook J. B. Unpublished observation
   Google Scholar
• Dees J. H., Masters B. S. S., Moller-Berhard U., Johnson E. F. Effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlo-rodibenzo-p-dioxin and phenobarbital on the occurrence and distribution of four cytochrome P-450 isozymes in rabbit kidney, lung and liver. Cancer Res. 1982; 42: 1423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuelsson B., Granstrom E., Green K., Hamberg M., Hammarstrom S. Prostaglandins. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1975; 44: 669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nugteren D. H., Hazelhof E. Isolation and properties of intermediates in prostaglandin biosynthesis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1973; 326: 448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamberg M., Samuelsson B. Prostaglandin endoperoxides: novel transformation of arachidonic acid in human platelets. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1974; 71: 3400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christ E. J., Van Dorp D. A. Comparative aspects of prostaglandin biosynthesis in animal tissues. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1972; 270: 537
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus A. The role of lipids in platelet function: with particular reference to the arachidonic acid pathway. J. Lipid Res. 1978; 19: 793
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuelsson B., Goldyne M., Granstrom E., Hambery M., Hammarstion S., Malmsten C. Prostaglandin and thromboxanes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1978; 47: 997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyamoto T., Ogino N., Yamamoto S., Hayaishi O. Purification of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase from bovine vesicular gland microsomes. J. Biol. Chem. 1976; 251: 2629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marnett L., Wlodawer P., Samuelsson B. Co-oxidation of organic substrates by the prostaglandin synthetase of sheep vesicular gland. J. Biol. Chem. 1975; 250: 8510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zenser T. V., Mattammal M. B., Brown W. W., Davis B. B. Cooxygenation by prostaglandin cyclooxygenase from rabbit inner medulla. Kidney Int. 1979; 16: 688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marnett L. J. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon oxidation during prostaglandin biosynthesis. Life Sci. 1981; 29: 531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moldeus P., Rahimtula A. Metabolism of paracetamol to a glutathione conjugate catalyzed by prostaglandin synthetase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1980; 96: 469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapp N. S., Zenser T. V., Brown W. W., Davis B. B. Metabolism of benzidine by a prosta-glandin-mediated process in renal inner medullary slices. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1980; 215: 401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zenser T. V., Mattammal M. B., Armbrecht H. J., Davis B. B. Benzidine binding to nucleic acids mediated by the peroxidative activity of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase. Cancer Res. 1980; 40: 2839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zenset T. V., Mattammal M. B., Davis B. B. Mechanism of FANFT cooxidation by prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1980; 214: 312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marnett L. J., Bienkowski M. J., Pagels W. R. Oxygen 18 investigations of the prostaglandin synthestase-dependent co-oxidation of diphenylisobenzofuran. J. Biol. Chem. 1979; 254: 5077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zenser T. V., Mattammal M. B., Davis B. B. Demonstration of separate pathways for the metabolism of organic compounds in rabbit kidney. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1979; 208: 418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith W. L., Bell T. G. Immunohistochemical localization of the prostaglandin-forming cyclooxygenase in renal cortex. Am. J. Physiol. 1978; 235: F451
   Google Scholar
• Marnett L. J., Panthananickal A., Reed G. A. Metabolic activation of 7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene during prostaglandin biosynthesis. Drug. Metab. Rev. 1982; 13: 235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolton J. R. Biological Applications of Electron Spin Resonance, H. M. Swartz, J. R. Bolton, D. C. Borg. Wiley-Interscience, New York 1972; 11
   Google Scholar
• Mason R. P. Free-radical intermediates in the metabolism of toxic chemicals. Free Radicals in Biology. Academic Press, New York 1982; Vol. 5: 161
   Google Scholar
• Mason R. P., Chignell C. F. Free radicals in pharmacology and toxicology. Selected topics. Pharmacol. Rev. 1982; 33: 189
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dybing E., Nelson S. D., Mitchell J. R., Sasame H. A., Gillette J. R. Oxidation of α-methyldopa and other catechols by cytochrome P-450 generated superoxide anion: possible mechanism of methyldopa hepatitis. Mol. Pathol. 1976; 12: 911
   Google Scholar
• Gage J. C. The action of paraquat and diquat on the respiration of liver cell fractions. Biochem. J. 1968; 109: 757
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd M. R., Stiko A., Sasame H. A. Metabolic activation of nitrofurantoin: possible implications for carcinogenesis. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1979; 28: 601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livesay J. C., Anders M. W. In vitro metabolism of 1,2-dihaloethanes to ethylene. Drug Metab. Dispos. 1979; 7: 199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Bladeren P. J., Van der Gen A., Breimer D. D., Mohn G. R. Stereoselective activation of vicinal dihalogen compounds to mutagens by glutathione conjugation. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1979; 28: 2521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill D. L., Shih T.-W., Johnston T. P., Struck R. F. Macromolecular binding and metabolism of the carcinogen 1,2-dibromoethane. Cancer Res. 1978; 38: 2438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya R. K., Schultze M. O. Enzymes from bovine and turkey kidneys which cleaveS-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1967; 22: 723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson P. M., Schultze M. O. Cleavage ofS-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine by an enzyme of bovine origin. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1965; 111: 593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultze M. O., Klubes P., Perman V., Mizuno N. S., Bates F. W., Sautter J. H. Blood dyscrasia in calves induced byS-(dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine. Blood 1959; 14: 1015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gondolfi A. J., Nagle R. B., Soltis J. J., Plescia F. H. Nephrotoxicity of halogenated vinyl cysteine compounds. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 1981; 33: 249
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonhaus D. W., Gandolfi A. J. Conjugation and bioactivation of chlorotrifluoroethylene. Life Sci. 1981; 29: 2399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stonard M. D., Parker V. H. The metabolism ofS-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine by rat liver mitochondria. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1971; 20: 2429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tateishi M., Suzuki S., Shimizu H. Cysteine conjugate β-lyase in rat liver. J. Biol. Chem. 1978; 253: 8854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tateishi M., Shimizu H. Cysteine conjugate β-lyase. Enzymatic Basis of Detoxification, W. B. Jakoby. Academic Press, New York 1980; Vol. 2: 121
   Google Scholar
• Reed D. J., Beatty P. W. Biosynthesis and regulation of glutathione: toxicological implications. Reviews in Biochemical Toxicology, E. Hodgson, J. R. Bend, R. M. Philpot. Elsevier/North-Holland, New York 1980; Vol. 2: 213
   Google Scholar
• Dohn D. R., Anders M. W. Assay of cysteine conjugate β-lyase activity withS-(2-benzothiazo-lyl)cysteine as the substrate. Anal. Biochem. 1982; 120: 379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffe D., Hassll C. D., Brendel K., Gandolfi A. J. In vivo andin vitro nephrotoxicity of the cysteine conjugate of hexachlorobutadiene. Pharmacologist 1982; 24: 107
   Google Scholar
• Lock E. A., Nash J. A., Green T., Wolf R. C. Hexachloro-1:3-butadiene mediated glutathione depletion: the role of rat liver microsomal and cytosolic-S-transferase. Pharmacologist 1982; 24: 136
   Google Scholar
• Guengerich F. P., Crawford W. M., Jr., Domoradzki J. Y., MacDonald T. L., Watanabe P. G. In vitro activation of 1,2-dichloroethane by microsomal and cytosolic enzymes. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1980; 55: 303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Bladeren P. J., Breimer D. D., Rotteveel-Smijs G. M. T., De Jong R. A. W., Buijs W., Van der Gen A., Mohn G. R. The role of glutathione conjugation in the mutagenicity of 1,2-dibrom-oethane. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1982; 29: 2975
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Bladeren P. J., Breimer D. D., Rotteveel-Smijs G. M. T., De Knijff P., Mohn G. R., Van Meeteren-Walchli B., Buijs W., Van der Gen A. The relation between the structure of vicinal dihalogen compounds and their mutagenic activation via conjugation to glutathione. Carcinogenesis 1981; 2: 499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rannug U., Sundvall A., Ramel C. The mutagenic effect of 1,2-dichloroethane onSalmonella typhimurium. I. Activation through conjugation with glutathione. in vitro, Chem. Biol. Interact. 1978; 20: 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih T. W., Hill D. L. Metabolic activation of 1,2-dibromoethane by glutathione transferase and by microsomal mixed function oxidase: further evidence for formation of two reactive metabolities. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 1981; 33: 449
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Livesey J. C., Anders M. W., Langvardt P. W., Putzig C. L., Reitz R. H. Stereochemistry of the glutathione-dependent biotransformation of vicinal-dihaloalkanes to alkenes. Drug. Metab. Dispos. 1982; 10: 201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nachtomi E. The metabolism of ethylene dibromide in the rat. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1970; 19: 2853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rannug U., Beije B. The mutagenic effect of 1,2-dichloroethane onSalmonella typhimurium. II. Activation by the isolated perfused rat liver. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1979; 24: 265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Chloroform as an ingredient of human drug and cosmetic production. Fed. Regist. 1976; 41: 26841
   Google Scholar
• Torkelson T. R., Oyen F., Rowe V. K. The toxicity of chloroform as determined by single and repeated exposure of laboratory animals. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1976; 37: 697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winslow S. G., Gerstner H. B. Health aspects of chloroform—a review. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 1978; 1: 259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klaassen C. D., Plaa G. L. Susceptibility of male and female mice to the nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic properties of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1967; 124: 1163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura E. T., Ebert D. M., Dodge P. W. Acute toxicity and limits of solvent residue for sixteen organic solvents. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1971; 19: 699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson I. W. F., Sumner D. D., Parker J. C. Chloroform: a review of its metabolism, teratogenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic potential. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 1982; 5: 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholler K. L. Modification of the effects of chloroform on the rat. Br. J. Anaesth. 1970; 42: 603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilett K. F., Reid W. D., Sipes I. G., Krishna G. Chloroform toxicity in mice: correlation of renal and hepatic necrosis with covalent binding of metabolites to tissue macromolecules. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 1973; 19: 215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown B. R., Sipes I. G., Sagalyn A. M. Mechanism of acute hepatic toxicity: chloroform, halothane, and glutathione. Anesthesiology 1974; 41: 554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uehleke H., Werner T. A comparative study on the irreversible binding of labeled halothane, trichlorofluoromethane, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride to hepatic protein and lipids in vitro and in vivo. Arch. Toxicol. 1975; 34: 289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopinath C., Ford E. J. H. The role of microsomal hydroxylases in the modification of chloroform hepatotoxicity in rats. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 1975; 56: 412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Docks E. L., Krishna G. The role of glutathione in chloroform-induced hepatotoxicity. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 1976; 24: 13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sipes I. G., Krishna G., Gillette J. R. Bioactivation of carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and bromotrichloromethane: role of cytochrome P-450. Life Sci. 1977; 20: 154
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohl L. R., Martin J. L., Geroge J. W. Mechanism of metabolic activation of chloroform by rat liver microsomes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1980; 29: 3271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubinstein D., Kanics L. The conversion of carbon tetrachloride and chloroform to carbon dioxide by rat liver homogenates. Can. J. Biochem. 1964; 42: 1577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohl L. R. Biochemical toxicology of chloroform. Reviews of Biochemical Toxicology, J. Bend, R. M. Philpot. Elsevier/North-Holland, New York 1979; 79
   Google Scholar
• Mansuy D., Beaune P., Cresteil T., Lange M., Leroux J. P. Evidence for phosgene formation during liver microsomal oxidation of chloroform. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1977; 79: 513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohl L. R., Bhooshan B., Whittaker N. F., Krishna G. Phosgene: a metabolite of chloroform. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1977; 79: 684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohl L. R., Branchflower R. V., Highet R. J., Martin J. L., Nunn D. S., Monks T. J., George J. W., Hinson J. A. The formation of diglutathionyl dithiocarbonate as a metabolite of chloroform, bromotrichloromethane, and carbon tetrachloride. Drug Metab. Dispos. 1981; 9: 334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown D. M., Langley P. F., Smith D., Taylor D. C. Metabolism of chloroform. I. The metabolism of [14 C]chloroform by different species. Xenobiotica 1974; 4: 151
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fry B. J., Taylor T., Hathaway D. E. Pulmonary elimination of chloroform and its metabolite in man. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 1972; 196: 98
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Dyke R. A., Chenoweth M. B., Van Poznak A. Metabolism of volatile anesthetics. I. Conversionin vivo of several anesthetics to14CO2 chloride. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1964; 13: 1239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavigne J. G., Marchand C. The role of metabolism in chloroform hepatotoxicity. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1974; 29: 312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed A. E., Kubic V. L., Adners M. W. Metabolism of haloforms to carbon monoxide. I.In vitro studies. Drug. Metab. Dispos. 1977; 5: 198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anders M. W., Stevens J. L., Sprague R. W., Shaath Z., Ahmed A. E. Metabolism of haloforms to carbon monoxide. II.In vivo studies. Drug Metab. Dispos. 1978; 6: 556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eschenbrenner A. B. Induction of hepatomas in mice by repeated oral administration of chloroform, with observations on sex differences. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1944; 5: 251
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deringer M. K., Dunn T. B., Heston W. E. Results of exposure of strain C3H mice to chloroform. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1953; 83: 474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plaa G. L., Larson R. E. Relative nephrotoxic properties of chlorinated methane, ethane, and ethylene derivatives in mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1965; 7: 37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson D. J., Warren S. D., Robinson V. B. Teratology studies on orally administered chloroform in the rat and rabbit. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1974; 29: 348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemens T. L., Hill R. N., Bullock L. P., Johnson W. D., Sultatos L. G., Vesell E. S. Chloroform toxicity in the mouse. Role of genetic factors and steroids. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1979; 48: 117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluwe W. M., Hook J. B. Potentiation of acute chloroform nephrotoxicity by the glutathione depletor diethyl maleate and protection by the microsomal enzyme inhibitor piperonyl butoxide. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1981; 59: 457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluwe W. M., Hook J. B. Polybrominated biphenyl-induced potentiation of chloroform toxicity. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1978; 45: 861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluwe W. M. The nephrotoxicity of low molecular weight halogenated alkane solvents, pesticides, and chemical intermediates. Toxicology of the Kidney, J. B. Hook. Raven Press, New York 1981; 179
   Google Scholar
• Watrous W. M., Plaa G. L. Effect of halogenated hydrocarbons on organic ion accumulation by renal cortical slices of rats and mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1972; 22: 528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiou W. L. Quantitation of hepatic and pulmonary first-pass effect and its implications in pharmacokinetic study. I. Pharmacokinetics of chloroform in man. J. Pharmacokinet. Biopharm. 1975; 3: 193
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith J. H., Hook J. B. Effect of route of chloroform administration on nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in male and female mice. Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Exp. Biol. 1982; 41: 1580
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds E. S., Yee A. G. Liver parenchymal cell injury. V. Relationships between patterns of chloromethane-14C incorporation into constituents of liverin vivo and cellular injury. Lab. Invest. 1967; 16: 591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill R. M., Clemens T. L., Liu D. K., Vessell E. S. Genetic control of chloroform, toxicity in mice. Science 1975; 190: 159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohl L. R., Krishna G. Deuterium isotope effect in bioactivation and hepatotoxicity of chloroform. Life Sci. 1978; 23: 1067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohl L. R., George J. W., Martin J. L., Krishna G. Deuterium isotope effect inin vivo bioactivation of chloroform to phosgene. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1979; 28: 561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmadizadeh M., Kuo C-H., Hook J. B. Nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity of chloroform in mice: effect of deuterium substitution. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1981; 8: 105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eschenbrenner A. B., Miller E. Sex differences in kidney morphology and chloroform necrosis. Science 1945; 102: 302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shubik P., Ritchie A. C. Sensitivity of male DBA mice to the toxicity of chloroform as a laboratory hazard. Science 1953; 117: 285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewitt H. B. Renal necrosis in mice after accidental exposure to chloroform. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 1956; 37: 32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culliford D., Hewitt H. B. The influence of sex hormone status on the susceptibility of mice to chloroform-induced necrosis of the renal tubules. J. Endocrinol. 1957; 14: 381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen L. R., Wolff G. L., Matanic B., Bond E., Wright E. Accidental chloroform poisoning of BALB/c An N lcr mice. Z. Versuchstierkd. 1963; 2: 135
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsen L., Anderson E. K., Thorborg J. V. Accidental chloroform nephrosis in mice. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 1964; 61: 503
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor D. C., Brown D. M., Keeble R., Langley P. F. Metabolism of chloroform. II. A sex difference in the metabolism of (14C)-chloroform in mice. Xenobiotica 1974; 4: 165
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koths K. E., Godchaux W., III, Doeg L. H., Doeg K. A. The effect of testosterone on the synthesis of mouse kidney mitochondrial and microsomal proteinsin vivo and. in vitro, Endocrinology 1972; 91: 125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluwe W. M., McCormack K. M., Hook J. B. Selective modification of the renal and hepatic toxicities of chloroform by induction of drug-metabolizing enzyme systems in kidney and liver. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1978; 207: 566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMartin D. N., O'Connor J. A., Jr., Kaminsky L. S. Effects of differential changes in rat hepatic and renal cytochrome P-450 concentrations on hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of chloroform. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 1981; 31: 99
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kluwe W. M., Hook J. B. Metabolic activation of nephrotoxic haloalkanes. Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 1980; 39: 3129
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hewitt W. R., Miyajima H., Cote M. G., Plaa G. L. Acute alteration of chloroform-induced hepato- and nephrotoxicity byn-hexane, methyln-butyl ketone, and 2,5-hexanedione. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1980; 53: 230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branchflower R. V., Pohl L. R. Investigation of the mechanism of the potentiation of chloroform-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity by methyln-butyl ketone. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1981; 61: 407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul B. B., Rubinstein D. Metabolism of carbon tetrachloride and chloroform by the rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1963; 141: 141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branchflower R. V., Pohl L. R. A possible mechanism of kidney necrosis produced by chloroform. Pharmacologist 1982; 24: 182
   Google Scholar
• Boyer T. D., Rouff S. L. Acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis and renal failure. JAMA 1971; 218: 440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark R., Borirakchanyavat V., Davidson A. R., Thompson R. P. H., Widdop B., Goulding R., Williams R. Hepatic damage and death from overdose of paracetamol. Lancet 1973; 1: 66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinman J. G., Breitenfield R. V., Roth D. A. Acute renal failure associated with acetaminophen ingestion: report of a case and review of the literature. Clin. Nephrol. 1980; 14: 201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson S. D., Garland W. A., Mitchell J. R., Vaishnav Y., Statham C. N., Buckpitt A. R. Deuterium isotope effects on the metabolism and toxicity of phenacetin in hamsters. Drug. Metab. Dispos. 1978; 6: 363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell J. R., Jollow D. J., Potter W. Z., Davis D. C., Gillette J. R., Brodie B. B. Acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis. I. Role of drug metabolism. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1973; 187: 185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jollow D. J., Mitchell J. R., Potter W. Z., Davis D. C., Gillette J. R., Brodie B. B. Acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis. II. Role of covalent binding. in vivo, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1973; 187: 195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter W. Z., Davis D. C., Mitchell J. R., Jollow D. J., Gillette J. R., Brodie B. B. Acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis. III. Cytochrome P-450 mediated covalent binding. in vitro, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1973; 187: 203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell J. R., Jollow D. J., Potter W. Z., Gillette J. R., Brodie B. B. Acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis. IV. Protective role of glutathione. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1973; 187: 211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMurtry R. J., Snodgrass W. R., Mitchell J. R. Renal necrosis, glutathione depletion and covalent binding after acetaminophen. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1978; 46: 87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calder I. C., Yong A. C., Woods R. A., Crowe C. A., Ham K. N., Tange J. D. The nephrotoxicity ofp-aminophenol. II. The effect of metabolic inhibitors and inducers. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1979; 27: 245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breen K., Wandscheer J. C., Pergnoux M., Pessayre D. In situ formation of the acetaminophen metabolite covalently found in kidney and lung. Supportive evidence provided by total hepatectomy. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1982; 31: 115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones D. P., Sunby G. B., Ormstad K., Orrenius S. Use of isolated kidney cells for study of drug metabolism. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1979; 28: 929
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emslie K. R., Smail M. C., Calder I. C., Hart S. J., Tange J. D. Paracetamol and the isolated perfused kidney: metabolism and functional effects. Xenobiotica 1981; 11: 43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emslie K. R., Calder I. C., Hart S. J., Tange J. D. Induction of paracetamol metabolism in the isolated perfused kidney. Xenobiotica 1981; 11: 579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross B., Tange J., Emslie K., Hart S., Smail M., Calder I. Paracetamol metabolism by the isolated perfused rat kidney. Kidney Int. 1980; 18: 562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton J. F., Braselton W. E., Jr., Kuo C.-H., Kluwe W. M., Gemborys M. W., Mudge G. H., Hook J. B. Metabolism of acetaminophen by the isolated perfused kidney. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1982; 221: 76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prescott L. F., Wright N., Roscoe P., Brown S. S. Plasma paracetamol half-life and hepatic necrosis in patients with paracetamol overdosage. Lancet 1971; 1: 519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffery W. H., Lafferty W. E. Acute renal failure after acetaminophen overdose: report of two cases. Am. J. Hosp. Pharm. 1981; 38: 1355
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hinson J. A. Biochemical toxicology of acetaminophen. Reviews in Biochemical Toxicology, E. Hodgson, J. Bend, P. Philpot. Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam 1980; Vol. 2: 103
   Google Scholar
• Hook J. B. Toxic response of the kidney. Toxicology, The Basic Science of Poisons, J. Doull, C. D. Klaassen, M. O. Amdur. Macmillan, New York 1980
   Google Scholar
• Curry R. W., Robinson J. D., Sughrue M. J. Acute renal failure after acetaminophen ingestion. JAMA 1981; 247: 1012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobden I., Record C. O., Ward M. K., Kerr D. N. S. Paracetamol-induced acute renal failure in the absence of fulminant liver damage. Br. Med. J. 1982; 284: 21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohandes J., Duggin G. G., Horvath J. S., Tiller D. J. Metabolic oxidation of acetaminophen (paracetamol) mediated by cytochrome P-450 mixed function oxidase and prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase in rabbit kidney. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1981; 61: 252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd J. A., Eling T. E. Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase-dependent cooxidation of acetaminophen to intermediates which covalently bindin vitro to rabbit renal medullary microsomes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1981; 219: 659
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter H. M., Mudge G. H. Acetaminophen nephrotoxicity: studies on renal acetylation and deacetylation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1981; 218: 161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rush G. F., Kuo C-H., Newton J. F., Hook J. B. Intrarenal metabolic activation of nephrotoxic chemicals. Microsomes and Drug Oxidations, R. Sato, R. Kato. Pergamon Press, New York 1981
   Google Scholar
• Moldeus P., Andersson B., Rahimtula A., Berggren M. Prostaglandin synthetase catalyzed activation of paracetamol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1982; 31: 1363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson S. D., Dahlin D. C., Rauckman E. J., Rosen G. M. Peroxidase-mediated formation of reactive metabolites of acetaminophen. Mol. Pharmacol. 1981; 20: 195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robak J., Wieckowski A., Gryblewski R. The effect of 4-acetamidophenol on prostaglandin synthetase activity in bovine and ram seminal vesicle microsomes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1978; 27: 393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duggin G. G., Mohandas J. Biochemical mechanisms of acetaminophen (paracetamol) induced hepatic and renal toxicity. Adv. Pharmacol. Ther. 1982; II(5)77
   Google Scholar
• Green C. R., Ham K. N., Tange J. D. Kidney lesions induced in rats byp-aminophenol. Br. Med. J. 1969; 1: 162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calder I. C., Funder C. C., Green C. R., Ham K. N., Tange J. D. Comparative nephrotoxicity of aspirin and phenacetin derivatives. Br. Med. J. 1971; 4: 518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calder I. C., Williams P. J., Woods R. A., Funder C. C., Green C. R., Ham K. N., Tange J. D. Nephrotoxicity and molecular structure. Xenobiotica 1975; 5: 303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowe C. A., Yong A. C., Calder I. C., Ham K. N., Tange J. D. The nephrotoxicity ofp-aminophenol. I. The effect on microsomal cytochromes, gluthathione, and covalent binding in kidney and liver. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1979; 27: 235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith G. E., Griffiths L. A. Comparative metabolic studies of phenacetin and structurally-related compounds in the rat. Xenobiotica 1976; 176: 217
   Google Scholar
• Gemborys M. W., Mudge G. H. Formation and disposition of the minor metabolites of acetaminophen in the hamster. Drug. Metab. Dispos. 1981; 9: 340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton J. F., Kuo C.-H., Gemborys M. W., Mudge G. H., Hook J. B. Nephrotoxicity ofp-aminophenol, a metabolite of acetaminophen, in the Fischer 344 rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1982; 65: 336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudge G. H. Personal communication
   Google Scholar
• Smith G. E., Griffiths L. A. Metabolism of N-acylated and O-alkylated drugs by the intestinal microfloral during anaerobic incubation in. vitro, Xenobiotica 1974; 4: 477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laseter J. L., Bartell C. K., Laska A. L., Holmquist D. G., Condie D. B., Brown J. W., Evans R. L. An Ecological Study of Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD), EPA Rep. 506/6-76-010, PB-252 671/3Ba. Environmental Protection Agency. 1975
   Google Scholar
• Mumma C. E., Lawless E. W. Survey of Industrial Processing Data. Task 1 — Hexachlorobenzene and Hexachlorobutadiene pollution from chlorocarbon processing, EPA Rep. 560/3-75-003, PB243 641/ 8BA. Environmetal Protection Agency. 1975
   Google Scholar
• Murzakaew F. G. Toxicity data for hexachlorobutadiene and its intermediates. Farmacol. Toksikol. 1963; 26: 750
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gradiski D., Duprat P., Magadur J.-L., Fayein E. Etude toxicologique experimentale de I'hexachlorobutadiene. Eur. J. Toxicol. 1975; 8: 180
   Google Scholar
• Kociba R. J., Schwetz B. A., Keyes D. G., Jersey G. C., Ballard J. J., Dittenber D. A., Quast J. F., Wade C. E., Humiston C. G. Chronic toxicity and reproduction studies of hexachlorobutadiene in rats. Environ. Health Perspect. 1977; 21: 49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duprat P., Gradiski D. Percutaneous toxicity of hexachlorobutadiene. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1978; 43: 346
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lock E. A., Ishmael J. The hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of hexachlorobutadiene. Adv. Pharmacol. Therap, H. Yoshida, Y. Hagihara, S. Ebashi. Pergamon Press, New York 1982; Vol. 5: 87
   Google Scholar
• Harleman J. H., Seinen W. Short-term toxicity and reproduction studies in rats with hexachloro-(1,3)-butadiene. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1979; 47: 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berndt W. O., Mehendale H. M. Effects of hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) on renal function and renal organic ion transport in the rat. Toxicology 1979; 14: 55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lock E. A., Ishmael J. The acute toxic effects of hexachloro-1:3-butadiene on the rat kidney. Arch. Toxicol. 1979; 43: 47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis M. E., Berndt W. O., Mehendale H. M. Disposition and nephrotoxicity of hexachloro-1,3-butadiene. Toxicology 1980; 16: 179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lock E. A., Ishmael J. Hepatic and renal nonprotein sulfhydryl concentration following toxic doses of hexachloro-1,3-butadiene in the rat: the effect of Aroclor 1254, phenobarbitone, or SKF 525A treatment. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1981; 57: 79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hook J. B., Rose M. S., Lock E. A. The nephrotoxicity of hexachloro-1:3-butadiene in the rat: studies of organic anion and cation transport in renal slices and the effect of monooxygenase inducters. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., in press
   Google Scholar
• Wolf C. R., Hook J. B., Lock E. A. Use of a site-specific nephrotoxin for the investigation of cytochrome P-450 multiplicity and localization in rat and mouse kidney. Mol. Pharmacol., in press
   Google Scholar
• Kociba R. J., Keyes D. G., Jersey G. C., Ballard J. J., Ditenber D. A., Quast J. F., Wade C. E., Humiston C. G., Schwetz B. A. Results of a two year chronic toxicity study with hexachlorobutadiene in rats. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1977; 38: 589
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kluwe W. M., Harrington F. W., Cooper S. E. Toxic effects of organohalide compounds on renal tubular cellsin vivo and. in vitro, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1982; 220: 597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluwe W. M., McNish R., Smithson K., Hook J. B. Depletion by 1,2-dibromoethane, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate, and hexachloro-1,3-butadiene of reduced nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in target and nontarget organs. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1981; 30: 2265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lock E. A. Personal communication
   Google Scholar
• Grafstrom, Ormstad R., Moldeus P., Orreniusm S. Paracetamol metabolism in the isolated perfused rat liver with further metabolism of a biliary conjugate by small intestines. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1979; 28: 3573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loder B., Newton G. G. F., Abraham E. P. The cephalosporin C nucleus (7-aminocephalosporanic acid) and some of its derivatives. Biochem. J. 1961; 79: 408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMurdoch J. C., Speirs C. F., Geddes A. M., Wallace E. T. Clinical trial of cephaloridine (ceporin), a new broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from cephalosorine C. Br. Med. J. 1964; 2: 1238
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turck M., Belcher D. W., Ronald A., Smith R. H., Wallace J. F. New cephalosporin antibiotic-cephaloridine. Arch. Intern. Med. 1967; 119: 50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaplan K., Resiberg B., Weinstein L. Cephaloridine: studies of therapeutic activity and untoward effects. Arch. Intern. Med. 1968; 121: 17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hinman A. R., Wolinsky E. Nephrotoxicity associated with the use of cephaloridine. JAMA 1967; 200: 724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson R. M., Currie J. P., Davis B., Pratt D. A. H., Sharpe H. M., Tomich E. G. Acute toxicity of cephaloridine, an antibiotic derived from cephalosporin C. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1966; 8: 398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins R. L., Apicella M. A., Lee I.-S., Cuppage F. E., Saslaw S. Cephaloridine and cephalothin: comparative studies of potential nephrotoxicity. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1968; 71: 75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverblatt F., Turck M., Bulger R. Nephrotoxicity due to cephaloridine: a light- and electron-microscopic study in rabbits. J. Infect. Dis. 1970; 122: 33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo C-H., Hook J. B. Depletion of renal glutathione content and nephrotoxicity of cephaloridine in rabbits, rats and mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1982; 63: 292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo C-H., Braselton W. E., Hook J. B. Effect of phenobarbital on cephaloridine toxicity and accumulation in rabbit and rat kidneys. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1982; 64: 244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo C-H., Hook J. B. Depletion of renal cortical glutathione and nephrotoxicity by cephaloridine, cephalothin and gentamicin in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Life Sci. 1982; 31: 255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welles J. S., Gibson W. R., Harris P. N., Small R. M., Anderson R. C. Toxicity, distribution and excretion of cephaloridine in laboratory animals. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1966; 1965: 863
   Google Scholar
• Tune B. M., Fernholt M., Schwartz A. Mechanism of cephaloridine transport in the kidney. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1974; 191: 311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tune B. M. Relationship between the transport and toxicity of cephalosporins in the kidney. J. Infect. Dis. 1975; 132: 189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming P. C., Jaffe D. The nephrotoxic effect of cephaloridine. Postgrad. Med. J. 1967; 89, Suppl. 43
   Google Scholar
• Wold J. S., Joost R. R., Owen N. Y. Nephrotoxicity of cephaloridine in newborn rabbits: role of the renal anionic transport system. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1977; 201: 778
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wold J. S., Turnipseed S. A. Age-dependent renal accumulation of cephaloridine in the rabbit. Drug. Metab. Dispos. 1978; 6: 87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Child K. J., Dodds M. G. Mechanism of urinary excretion of cephaloridine and its effects on renal function in animals. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1966; 26: 108
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tune B. M. Effect of organic acid transport inhibitors on renal cortical uptake and proximal tubular toxicity of cephaloridine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1972; 181: 250
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tune B. M., Wu K. Y., Kempson R. L. Inhibition of transport and prevention of toxicity of cephaloridine in the kidney. Dose-responsiveness of the rabbit and the guinea pig to probenecid. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1977; 202: 466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wold J. S., Turnipseed S. A., Miller B. L. The effect of renal cation transport inhibition on cephaloridine nephrotoxicity. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1979; 47: 115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wold J. S., Turnipseed S. A. The effect of renal cation transport inhibitors on thein vivo andin vitro accumulation and efflux of cephaloridine. Life Sci 1980; 27: 2559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tune B. M., Wu K. Y., Fravert D., Holtzman D. Effects of cephaloridine on respiration by renal cortical mitochondria. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1979; 210: 98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tune B. M., Fravert D. Mechanisms of cephalosporin nephrotoxicity: a comparison of cephaloridine and cephaloglycin. Kidney Int. 1980; 18: 591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMurtry R. J., Mitchell J. R. Renal and hepatic necrosis after metabolic activation of 2-substitute furans and thiophenes, including furosemide and cephaloridine. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1977; 42: 285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell J. R., McMurtry R. J., Statham C. N., Nelson S. D. Molecular basis for several drug-induced nephropathies. Am. J. Med. 1977; 62: 518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohnhaus E. E., Siegel H. Changes in renal function following chronic phenobarbitone administration. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1974; 52: 141p
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohnhaus E. E. Urinary excretion of chlorothiazide in rats before and after phenobarbitone administration. Experientia 1972; 28: 821
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuo C-H., Hook J. B. Unpublished observation
   Google Scholar
• Stewart G. T., Holt R. J. Laboratory and clinical results with cephaloridine. Lancet 1964; 1305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wold J. S., Turnipseed S. A. Determination of cephaloridine in serum and tissue by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chrom. 1977; 136: 170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo C-H., Maita K., Sleight S. D., Hook J. B. Lipid peroxidation: a possible mechanism of cephaloridine-induced nephrotoxicity. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., in press
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd M. R., Burka L. T., Harris T. M., Wilson B. J. Lung-toxic furanoterpenoids produced by sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) following microbial infection. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1973; 337: 184
   Google Scholar
• Boyd M. R. Role of metabolic activation on the pathogenesis of chemically induced pulmonary disease, mechanism of action of the lung-toxic furan, 4-ipomeanol. Environ. Health Perspect. 1976; 16: 127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd M. R., Dutcher J. S. Role of renal metaboism in the pathogenesis of renal cortical necrosis produced by 4-ipomeanol in the mouse. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1978; 45: 229
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutcher J. S., Boyd M. R. Species and strain differences in target organ alkylation and toxicity by 4-ipomeanol, predictive value of covalent binding in studies of target organ toxicities by reactive intermediates. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1979; 28: 3367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones R., Allegra C., Boyd M. R. Predictive value of covalent binding in target organ toxicity: age-related differences in target organ alkylation and toxicity by 4-ipomeanol. (Abstract) 19th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology. 1979; 4: A129
   Google Scholar
• Longo N. S., Boyd M. R. Sex differences in renal alkylation and toxicity by 4-ipomeanol in the mouse, (Abstract). 19th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology. 1980; 4: A130
   Google Scholar
• Boyd M. R., Burka L. T., Wilson B. J. Distribution, excretion, and binding of radioactivity in the rat after intraperitoneal administration of the lung-toxic furan,14C-4-ipomeanol. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1975; 32: 147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statham C. N., Dutcher J. S., Boyd M. R. Ipomeanol-4-glucuronide, a major urinary metabolite of 4-ipomeanol in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1980; A45
   Google Scholar
• Boyd M. R. Evidence for the Clara cell as a site of cytochrome P-450 dependent mixed-function oxidase activity in lung. Nature (London) 1977; 269: 713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statham C. N., Boyd M. R. Distribution and metabolism of the pulmonary alkylating agent and cytoxin, 4-ipomeanol, in control and diethyl maleate-treated rats. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1982; 31: 1585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd M. R., Dutcher J. S. Renal toxicity due to reactive metabolites formedin situ in the kidney: investigations with 4-ipomeanol in the mouse. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1981; 216: 640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd M. R., Sasame H. A., Franklin R. B. Comparison of ratios of covalent binding to total metabolism of the pulmonary toxin, 4-ipomeanolin vitro in pulmonary and hepatic microsomes, and the effects of pretreatments with phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1980; 93: 1167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd M. R., Burka L. T., Wilson B. J., Sasame H. A. In vitro studies on the metabolic activation of the pulmonary toxin, 4-ipomeanol, by rat lung and liver microsomes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1978; 207: 677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckpitt A. R., Boyd M. R. Thein vitro formation of glutathione conjugates with the microsomally activated pulmonary bronchiolar alkylating agent and cytotoxin, 4-ipomeanol. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1980; 215: 97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd M. R. Effects of inducers and inhibitors on extrahepatic drug metabolism and toxicity. Environmental Chemicals, Enzyme Function and Human Disease. Ciba Foundation Symposium No. 76, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam 1980; 43
   Google Scholar
• Ulsamer A. G., Osterberg R. E., McLaughlin J. Flame retardant chemicals in textiles. Clin. Toxicol. 1980; 17: 101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulsamer A. G., Porter W. K., Osterberg R. E. The oral and dermal uptake of radiolabeled Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate by rats and rabbits. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1978; 45: 67
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum A., Gold M. D., Ames B. N., Kenyon C., Jones F. R., Hett E. A., Dougherty R. C., Homing E. C., Dzidic I., Carroll D. I., Stillwell R. N., Thenot J. P. Children absorb Tris-BP flame retardant from sleepware: urine contains the mutagenic metabolite 2,3-dibromopropanol. Science 1978; 201: 1020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynn R. K., Garvie-Gould C., Wong K., Kennish J. M. Metabolism, disposition and excretion of the flame retardant tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (Tris-BP) in the rat. Identification of mutagenic and nephrotoxic metabolites. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1982; 63: 105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerst A. F. Toxicology of tris(2,3-dibromo-propyl)phosphate. J. Fire Flammability/Fire Retardant Chem. 1974; 1: 205
   Google Scholar
• Register Federal. Childrens wearing apparel containing Tris 1977; 42(Part 8, No. 68)
   Google Scholar
• Osterberg R. E., Bierbower G. W., Hehir R. M. Renal and testicular damage following dermal application of the flame retardant tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1977; 3: 979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osterberg R. E., Bierbower G. W., Ulsamer A. G., Porter W. K., Jones S. The comparative toxicity of the flame retardant tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate and the metabolite 2,3-dibromopropanol in the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1978; 45: 254
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soderlund E., Dybing E., Nelson S. D. Nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity of tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate in the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1980; 56: 171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott W. C., Lynn R. K., Houghton D. C., Kennish J. M., Bennet W. M. Nephrotoxicity of the flame retardant, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate and its metabolites. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1982; 62: 179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soderlund E. J., Nelson S. D., Dybing E. Mutagenic activation of tris(2,3-dibromoprophyl)phosphate: the role of microsomal oxidative metabolism. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1979; 45: 112
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soderlund E. J., Nelson S. D., Dybing E. In vitro andin vivo covalent binding of the kidney toxicant and carcinogen tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate. Toxicology 1981; 21: 291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biava C. G., Smuckler E. A., Whorton D. The testicular morphology of individuals exposed to dibromochloropropane. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 1978; 29: 448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potashnik G., Yania-Inbar I., Sacks M. I., Israeli R. Effects of dibromochloropropane on human testicular function. Israel J. Med. Sci. 1979; 15: 438
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whorton D., Krauss R. M., Marshall S., Milby T. H. Infertility in male pesticide workers. Lancet 1977; 1: 1259
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Torkelson T. R., Sadek S. E., Rowe V. K., Kodama J. K., Anderson H. H., Loquvam G. S., Hine C. H. Toxicological investigations of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1961; 3: 545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluwe W. M. Acute toxicity of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane in the F344 male rat. I. Dose-response relationships and differences in routes of exposure. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1981; 59: 71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluwe W. M. Acute toxicity of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane in the F344 male rat. II. Development and repair of the renal, epididymal, testicular and hepatic lesion. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1981; 59: 84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato Y., Sato K., Maki S., Matana O., Goto S. Metabolic fate of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane in the rat. Experientia 1979; 35: 1432
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones A. R., Fakhouri G., Gadiel P. The metabolism of the soil fumigant 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) in the rats. J. Pest. Sci. 1979; 4: 195
   Google Scholar
• Stolzenberg S. J., Hine C. H. Mutagenicity of halogenated and oxygenated three carbon compounds. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1979; 5: 1149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Cancer Institute. Contract Rep. NOI-CP-55721. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Cause and Prevention, Bethesda, Md 1977
   Google Scholar
• Anders M. W. Inhibition and enhancement of microsomal drug metabolism by diethyl maleate. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1978; 27: 1098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Younes M., Schlichting R., Siegers C-P. Effect of metabolic inhibitors, diethyl maleate and carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage on glutathione-S-transferase activities in rat liver. Pharmacol. Res. Commun. 1980; 12: 921
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacFarland R. T., Gandolfi A. J., Sipes T. G. Extrahepatic GSH-dependent metabolism of 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE) and 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) in the rat and mouse. Pharmacologist 1982; 24: 136
   Google Scholar
• Reid W. D., Christie B., Krishna G., Mitchell J. R., Moskowitz J., Brodie B. B. Bromo-benzene metabolism and hepatic necrosis. Pharmacology 1971; 6: 41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid W. D. Mechanism of renal necrosis induced by bromobenzene or chlorobenzene. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 1973; 19: 197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thor H., Moldeus P., Kristoferson A., Hogberg J., Reed D. J., Orrenius S. Metabolic activation and hepatotoxicity. Metabolism of bromobenzene in isolated hepatocytes. Arch. Biochem. Biophys 1978; 188: 114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau S. S., Zannoni V. G. Hepatic microsomal epoxidation of bromobenzene to phenols and its toxicological implication. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1979; 50: 309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jollow D. J., Mitchell J. R., Zampaglione N., Gillette J. R. Bromobenzene induced liver necrosis. Protective role of glutathione and evidence for 3,4-bromobenzene oxide as the hepatic metabolite. Pharmacology 1974; 11: 151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lertratanangkoon K., Horning M. G., Middleditch B. S. Comparison of the hydroxylated metabolites of bromobenzene excreted by the rat and guinea pig. Pharmacologist 1982; 24: 94
   Google Scholar
• Omaye S. T., Green M. D., Dong M. H. Influence of dietary thiamine on pulmonary, renal and hepatic drug metabolism in the mouse. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1981; 7: 317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monks T. J., Hinson J. A., Gillette J. R. Bromobenzene andp-bromophenol toxicity and covalent binding. in vivo, Life Sci. 1982; 30: 841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rush G. F., Kuo C-H., Hook J. B. Bromobenzene nephrotoxicity in mice. Pharmacologist 1982; 24: 135
   Google Scholar
• Kuo C-H., Hook J. B., Bernstein J. Induction of drug metabolizing enzymes and toxicity oftrans-stilbene in rat liver and kidney. Toxicology 1981; 22: 149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rush G. F., Hook J. B. Unpublished observations
   Google Scholar
• Lau S. S., Monks T. J., Gillette J. R. Reactive metabolites of bromobenzene are capable of leaving intact hepatocytes. Pharmacologist 1982; 24: 144
   Google Scholar
• Environmental Protection Agency. EDB Pesticidal Use Estimates. Office of Pesticides Programs, Washington, DC 1975
   Google Scholar
• Thomas B. G. H., Yant W. P. Toxic effects of ethylene dibromide. Public Health Rep. 1927; 42: 370
   Google Scholar
• Rowe V. K., Spencer H. C., McCollister D. D., Hollingsworth R. L., Adams E. M. Toxicity of ethylene dibromide determined on experimental animals. A.M.A. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 1952; 6: 158
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ames B. N. The detection of chemical mutagens with enteric bacteria. Chemical Mutagens, Principles and Methods for Their Detection, A. Hollaender. Plenum Press, New York 1977; Vol. 2: 267
   Google Scholar
• Vogel E., Chandler J. L. R. Mutagenicity testing of cyclamate and some pesticides in drosophila melanogaster. Experientia 1974; 30: 621
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sparrow A. H., Schairer L. A., Villalobos-Pietrini R. Comparison of somatic mutation rates induced by tradescantia by chemical and physical mutagens. Mutat. Res. 1974; 26: 265
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang L. C. K., Winston J. M., Hong C. B., Plotnick H. Carcinogenicity and toxicity of 1,2-dibromoethane in the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1982; 63: 155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe V. K., Hollingsworth R. L., McCollister D. P. Toxicity study of a grain fumigant (Dow fume EB-5). J. Agric. Food Chem. 1955; 2: 1318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluwe W. M., McNish R., Hook J. B. Acute nephrotoxicities and hepatotoxicities of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane and 1,2-dibromoethane in male and female F344 rats. Toxicol. Lett. 1981; 8: 317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olmstead E. V. Pathological changes in ethylene dibromide poisoning. A.M.A. Arch. Ind. Health 1960; 21: 525
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sometana H. Nephrosis due to carbon tetrachloride. Arch. Intern. Med. 1939; 63: 760
   Google Scholar
• Moon H. D. The pathology of fatal carbon tetrachloride poisoning with specific reference to the histogenesis of the hepatic lesions. Am. J. Pathol. 1950; 26: 1041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New P. S., Lubash G. D., Scherr L., Rubin A. L. Acute renal failure associated with carbon tetrachloride intoxication. JAMA 1962; 181: 903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirota J. H. Carbon tetrachloride poisoning in man. I. The mechanisms of renal failure and recovery. J. Clin. Invest. 1949; 28: 1412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guild W. R., Young J. V., Merril J. P. Anuria due to carbon tetrachloride intoxication. Ann. Intern. Med. 1958; 48: 1221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams E. M., Spencer H. C., Rowe V. K., McCollister D. D., Irish D. D. Vapor toxicity of carbon tetrachloride determined by experiments on laboratory animals. Arch. Ind. Hyg. 1952; 6: 50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perassi R., Martin A. Urinary protein of the rat during CCl4 poisoning. Pathol. Biol. 1973; 21: 569
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Striker G. E., Smuckler E. A., Kohnen P. W., Nagle R. B. Structural and functional changes in rat kidney during CCl4 intoxication. Am. J. Pathol. 1968; 53: 769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundh H. A. B. Sequence comparison between kidney and liver lesions in the rat following carbon tetrachloride poisoning. J. Occup. Med. 1964; 6: 123
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smuckler E. A., Koplitz M., Striker G. E. Cellular adenosine triphosphate levels in liver and kidney during carbon tetrachloride intoxication. Lab. Invest. 1968; 19: 218
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Recknagel R. O., Glende E. A. Carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity: an exmaple of lethal cleavage. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1973; 2: 263
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Recknagel R. O. Carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity. Pharmacol. Rev. 1967; 19: 145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler T. C. Reduction of carbon tetrachloridein vivo and reduction of carbon tetrachloride and chloroformin vitro by tissue and tissue constituents. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1961; 134: 311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler J. L. S. Carbon tetrachloride metabolism in the rabbit. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1969; 37: 733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uehleke H., Hellmer K. H., Tarbarelli-Poplawski S. Binding of14C-carbon tetrachloride to microsomal proteinsin vitro and formation of CHCl3 by reduced liver microsomes. Xenobiotica 1973; 3: 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glende E. A., Jr., Hurszkewycz A. M., Recknagel R. O. Critical role of lipid peroxidation in CCl4-induced loss of aminopyrine demethylase, cytochrome P-450, and a glucose-6-phosphatase. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1976; 25: 2163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poyer J. L., Floyd R. A., McCay P. B., Janzen E. G., Davis E. R. Spin-trapping oxidation in the presence of carbon tetrachloride or bromotrichloromethane. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1977; 539: 402
   Google Scholar
• Shah H., Hartman S. P., Weinhouse S. Formation of carbonyl chloride in carbon tetrachloride metabolism by rat liver. in vitro, Cancer Res. 1979; 39: 3942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansuy D., Fontecave M., Chottard J.-C. A heme model study of carbon tetrachloride metabolism: mechanisms of phosgene and carbon dioxide formation. Biochm. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1980; 95: 1536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubic V. L., Anders M. W. Metabolism of carbon tetrachloride to phosgene. Life Sci 1980; 26: 2151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubic V. L., Anders M. W. Mechanism of the microsomal reduction of carbon tetrachloride and halothane. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1981; 34: 201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanzlik R. P. Reactivity and toxicity among halogenated methanes and related compounds. A physicochemical correlate with predictive value. Biochem. Pharmacol 1981; 30: 3027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahr H. J., King L. J., Nastainczyk W., Ullrich V. The mechanism of chloroform and carbon monoxide formation from carbon tetrachloride by microsomal cytochrome P-450. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1980; 29: 2855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srinivasan S., Recknagel R. O. Ultraviolet spectra of rat kidney lipids after carbon tetrachloride administration. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 1973; 18: 214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villarruel M. C., De Toranzo E. G., Castro J. A. Carbon tetrachloride activation, lipid peroxidation and the mixed function oxygenase activity of various rat tissues. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1977; 41: 337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciccoli L, Casini A. F., Benedetti A. Free radical damage produced by carbon tetrachloride in the lipids of various rat tissues. Agents Actions 1978; 8: 303
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Recknagel R. O., Ghoshal A. K. Lipoperoxidation as a vector in carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity. Lab. Invest. 1966; 15: 132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris R. N., Ratnayake J. H., Garry V. F., Anders M. W. Interactive hepatotoxicity of chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1982; 63: 281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton J. F., Kluwe W. M., Hook J. B. Covalent binding of carbon tetrachloride to kidney, liver and testis. Pharmacologist 1979; 21: 217
   Google Scholar
• Cohen S. M., Lower G. M., Erturk E., Bryan G. T. Comparative carcinogenicity of Swiss mice of N-(4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiozolyl]acetamide and structurally related 5-nitrofurans and 4-nitrobenzenes. Cancer Res. 1973; 33: 1593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erturk E., Atassi S. A., Yoshida O., Cohen S. M., Price J. M., Bryan G. T. Comparative urinary and gallbladder carcinogenicity of N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide and N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]acetamide in the dog. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1970; 45: 535
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tekeli S., Biava C. G., Price J. M. The carcinogenic activity of 3-hydroxymethyl-1-[(3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)allydidene)amino]-hydantoin in rats. Cancer Res. 1973; 33: 2894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zenser T. V., Mattammal M. B., Palmier M. O., Davis B. B. Microsomal nitroreductase activity of rabbit kidney and bladder: implications of 5-nitrofuran-induced toxicity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1981; 219: 735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swaminatham S., Lower G. H., Jr. Biotransformation and excretion of nitrofurans. Carcinogenesis, Vol. 4, Nitrofurans, G. T. Bryan. Raven Press, New York 1978; 5997
   Google Scholar
• Wang C. Y., Behrens B. C., Ichikawa M., Bryan G. T. Nitroreduction of 5-nitrofuran derivatives by rat liver xanthene oxidase and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-cytochrome c reductase. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1974; 23: 3395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd M. R., Osborne B. A. Studies as microsomal nitroreductase in lung and liver which catalyzes covalent binding of14C-nitrofurantoin to pulmonary and hepatic protein. Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 1975; 34: 756
   Google Scholar
• Mason R. P., Holtzman J. L. The role of catalytic superoxide formation in the O2 inhibition of nitroreductase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1975; 67: 1267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasame H. A., Boyd M. R. Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production and NADPH oxidation stimulated by nitrofurantoin in lung microsomes; possible implications for toxicity. Life Sci. 1979; 24: 1091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aufree M. B., Hoener B. A., Vore M. Reductive metabolism of nitrofurantoin in the rat. Drug Metab. Dispos. 1978; 6: 403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zenser T. V., Balasubramanian, Trichy M., Mattammol M. B., Davis B. B. Transport of the renal carcinogen 3-hydroxymethyl-1-[3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)allydiene]amino hydantoin by renal cortex and cooxidative metabolism by prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase. Cancer Res. 1981; 41: 2032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zenser T. V., Cohen S. M., Mattammal M. B., Murasaki G., Davis B. B. Role of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase in benzidine and 5-nitrofuran-induced kidney and bladder carcinogenesis. Int. Conf. on Prostaglandins and Cancer 1981
   Google Scholar
• Zenser T. V., Mattammal M. B., Davis B. B. Cooxidation of benzidine by renal medullary prostaglandin cyclooxygenase. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1979; 211: 460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zenser T. V., Mattammal M. B., Davis B. B. Metabolism of N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide by prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase. Cancer Res. 1980; 40: 114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis B. B., Mattammal M. B., Zenser T. V. Renal metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics. Nephron 1981; 27: 187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erturk E., Price J. M., Morris J. E., Cohen S., Lerth R. S., Von Esch A. M., Crovetti A. J. The production of carcinoma of the urinary bladder in rats by feeding N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide. Cancer Res. 1967; 27: 1998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs J. B., Arai M., Cohen S. M., Friedell G. H. Early lesions in experimental bladder cancer: scanning electron microscopy to cell surface markers. Cancer Res. 1976; 36: 2512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen S. M., Zenser T. V., Murasaki G., Fukushima S., Mattammal M. B., Rapp N. S., Davis B. B. Aspirin inhibition of N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide induced lesions of the urinary bladder correlated with inhibition of metabolism by bladder prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase. Cancer Res. 1981; 41: 3355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiley R. A., Hanzlik R. P., Gillesse T. Effect of substituents onin vitro metabolism and covalent binding of substituted bromobenzene. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1979; 49: 249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Docks E. L., Krishna G. Covalent binding oftrans-stilbene to rat liver microsomes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1975; 24: 1965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre T. M., Curthoys N. P. The interorgan metabolism of glutathione. Int. J. Biochem. 1980; 12: 545
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meister A. Glutathione synthesis. The Enzymes, 3rd ed, P. B. Boyer. Academic Press, New York 1974; Vol. 10: 671
   Google Scholar
• Richman P. G., Meister A. Regulation of γ-glutamyl cysteine synthetase by nonallosteric feedback inhibition of glutathione. J. Biol. Chem. 1975; 250: 1422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meister A., Tate S. S. Glutathione and related γ-glutamyl compounds: biosynthesis and utilization. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1976; 45: 559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekura R., Meister A. Glutathione turnover in the kidney; considerations relating to the γ-glutamyl cycle and the transport of amino acids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1974; 71: 2969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths O. W., Meister A. Potent and specific inhibition of glutathione synthetase synthesis by buthionine sulfoximine (S-n-butyl homocysteine-sulfoximine). J. Biol. Chem. 1979; 254: 7558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths O. W., Meister A. Glutathione: interorgan translocation, turnover and metabolism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1979; 76: 5605
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith J. H., Hook J. B. Unpublished observations
   Google Scholar
• Hinson J. A., Monks T. J., Hong M., Highet R. J., Pohl L. R. 3-(glutathion-S-yl)acetaminophen: a biliary metabolite of acetaminophen. Drug. Metab. Dispos. 1982; 10: 47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones D. P., Moldeus P., Snead A. H., Ormstad K., Jornvall H., Orrenius S. Metabolism of glutathione and a glutathione conjugate by isolated kidney cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1979; 254: 2787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moldeus P., Jones D. P., Ormstad K., Orreniusm S. Formation and metabolism of a glutathione-S-conjugate in isolated rat liver and kidney cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1978; 83: 195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton J. F., Hoefle D., Finucan D., Howe J. K., Gemborys M. W., Mudge G. H., Hook J. B. Metabolism and excretion of a glutathione conjugate of acetaminophen (APAP-GSH) in the isolated perfused rat kidney (IPK). Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 1982; 41: 1558
   Google Scholar
• Tate S. S. Enzymes of mercapturic acid formation. Enzymatic Basis of Detoxication, W. B. Jakoby. Academic Press, New York 1980; Vol. 2: 95
   Google Scholar
• Inoue M., Okijima K., Morino Y. Renal transtubular transport of mercapturic acid. in vivo, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1981; 641: 122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen G., Hochstein P. Glutathione peroxidase: the primary agent for the elimination of hydrogen peroxide in erythrocytes. Biochemistry 1963; 2: 1420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wendel A. Glutathione peroxidase. Enzymatic Basis of Detoxication, W. B. Jakoby. Academic Press, New York 1980; Vol. 1: 333
   Google Scholar
• Beutler E. Glutathione reductase. Glutathione, L. Elohe, H. Ch. Benohr, H. Sies, H. D. Waller, A. Wendel. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart 1974; 114
   Google Scholar