Respiratory effects of inhaled isocyanates

References

• Anon. Criteria for a recommended standard occupational exposure to diisocyanates. Publ. No. 78–215. DHEW (NIOSH), Washington, DC 1978
   Google Scholar
• Chemical and Engineering News. June 20, 1983; 19
   Google Scholar
• Chadwick D. H., Cleveland T. H. Isocyanates, Organic. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd ed, M. Grayson. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1981; 789
   Google Scholar
• Karol M. H., Ioset H. H., Riley E. J., Alarie Y. Hapten-specific respiratory hypersensitivity in guinea pigs. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1978; 39: 546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karol M. H. Study of guinea pig and human antibodies to toluene diisocyanate. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 1980; 122: 965
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LeQuesne P. M., Axford A. T., McKerrow C. B., Jones A. P. Neurological complications after a single severe exposure to toluene diisocyanate. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1976; 33: 72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Axford A. T., McKerrow C. B., Jones A. P., LeQuesne P. M. Accidental exposure to isocyanate fumes in a group of firemen. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1976; 3: 65
   Google Scholar
• Rando R. J., Abdel-Kader H. M., Hammad Y. Y. Isomeric composition of airborne TDI in the polyurethane foam industry. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1984; 45: 199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcali K. Microdetermination of toluene diisocyanates in atmosphere. Anal. Chem. 1957; 29: 552
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weyel D. A., Rodney B. S., Alarie Y. Sensory irritation, pulmonary irritation, and acute lethality of a polymeric isocyanate and sensory irritation of 2,6 toluene diisocyanate. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1982; 64: 423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sangha G. K., Matijak M., Alarie Y. Comparison of some mono- and diisocyanates as sensory irritants. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1981; 57: 241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karol M. H., Hauth B. A. Use of hexyl isocyanate antigen to detect antibodies to hexamethy-lene diisocyanate (HDI) in sensitized guinea pigs and in a sensitized worker. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1982; 2: 108
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karol M. H. Hypersensitivity to isocyanates. Immunotoxicology and Pharmacology, J. Dean. Target Organ Series, Raven Press, New York 1985; 475
   Google Scholar
• Emmett E. A. Allergic contact dermatitis in polyurethane plastic moulders. J. Occup. Med. 1976; 18: 802
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Israeli R., Smirnov V., Sculsky M. Vergiftungsercheinungen bu dicyclohexylmethan-4–4′-di-isocyanate-exposition. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 1981; 48: 179
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karol M. H., Magreni C. M. Extensive skin sensitization with minimal antibody production in guinea pigs as a result of exposure to dicyclohexylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1982; 65: 291
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stadler J., Karol M. H. Experimental delayed hypersensitivity following inhalation of dicycloh-exylmethane-4–4′-diisocyanate: a concentration-response relationship. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1984; 74: 244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller J., Dunlap K. L., Sandridge R. L. Determination of isocyanates in the working atmosphere by thin-layer chromatography. Anal. Chem. 1974; 46: 1845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlap K. L., Sandbridge R. L., Keller J. Determination of isocyanates in working atmospheres by high speed fluorescence detection. Anal. Chem. 1976; 48: 497
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kormos L. H., Sandridge R. L., Keller J. Determination of isocyanates in air by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Anal. Chem. 1981; 53: 1122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies R. J., Pepys J. Occupational asthma. Asthma, T. J. H. Clark, S. W. B. Godfrey. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia 1977; 190
   Google Scholar
• Sweet L. C. Toluene-diisocyanate asthma. Univ. Mich. Med. Gr. J. 1968; 34: 27
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maxon F. C., Jr. Respiratory irritation from toluene diisocyanate. Arch. Environ. Health 1964; 8: 755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zapp J. A., Jr. Hazards of isocyanates in polyurethane foam plastic production. AMA Arch. Ind. Health 1957; 15: 324
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woodbury J. W. Asthma syndrome following exposure to toluene diisocyanate. Ind. Med. Surg. 1956; 25: 540
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oleru U. G. Respiratory function study of Nigerian workers in a TDI-based foam plant. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1980; 41: 595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elkins H. B., McCarl G. W., Brugsch H. G., Fahy J. P. Massachusetts experience with toluene diisocyanate. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1962; 23: 265
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hama G. M. Symptoms in workers exposed to isocyanates – suggested exposure concentrations. AMA Arch. Ind. Health. 1957; 16: 232
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bernstein I. L. Isocyanate-induced pulmonary diseases: a current perspective. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1982; 70: 24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien I. M., Harries M. G., Burge P. S., Pepys J. Toluene diisocyanate-induced asthma. I. Reactions to TDI, MDI, HDI, and histamine. Clin. Allergy 1979; 9: 1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brooks S. M., McKay R. T. Epidemiologic methods for identifying occupational asthma due to isocyanates. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1981; 123: 133
   Google Scholar
• Porter C. V., Higgins R. L., Scheel L. D. A retrospective study of clinical, physiologic, and immunologic changes in workers exposed to toluene diisocyanate. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1975; 159
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Butcher B. T., Salvaggio J. E., Weill H., Ziskind M. Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) pulmonary disease: immunologic inhalation challenge studies. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1976; 58: 89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karol M. H. Concentration-dependent immunologic response to toulene diisocyanate (TDI) following inhalation exposure. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1983; 68: 229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karol M. H., Dixon C., Brady M., Alarie Y. Immunologic sensitization and pulmonary hypersensitivity by repeated inhalation of aromatic isocyanates. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1980; 53: 260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karol M. H., Hauth B. A., Riley E. J., Magreni C. M. Dermal contact with toluene diisocyanate (TDI) produces respiratory tract hypersensitivity in guinea pigs. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1981; 58: 221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karol M. H., Stadler J., Magreni C. Immunotoxicologic evaluation of the respiratory system: animal models for immediate and delayed-onset pulmonary hypersensitivity. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1985; 5: 459
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fink J. N. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1984; I: 74
   Google Scholar
• Charles J., Bernstein A., Jones B., Jones D. J., Edwards J. H., Seal R. M. E., Seaton A. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis after exposure to isocyanates. Thorax 1976; 31: 127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malo J. L., Quimet G., Cartier A., Levitz D., Zeiss C. R. Combined alveolitis and asthma due to hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) with demonstration of crossed respiratory and immunologic reactivities to diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI). J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1983; 72: 413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zammit-Tabona M., Sherkin M., Kijek K., Chan H., Chan-Yeung M. Asthma caused by diphenylmethane diisocyanate in foundry workers. Clinical, bronchial provocation, and immunologic studies. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1983; 128: 226
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malo J. L., Zeiss C. R. Occupational hypersensitivity pneumonitis after exposure to diphenylmethane diisocyanate. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1982; 125: 113
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zeiss C. R., Kanellakes T. M., Bellone J. D., Levitz D., Pruzansky J. J. Immunoglobulin E-mediated asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis with precipitating anti-hapten antibodies due to diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) exposure. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1980; 65: 346
   Google Scholar
• Baur X., Dewair M., Rommelt H. Acute airway obstruction followed by hypersensitivity pneumonitis in an isocyanate (MDI) worker. J. Occup. Med. 1984; 26: 258
   Google Scholar
• Wegman D. H., Pagnotto L. D., Fine L. J., Peters J. M. A dose-response relationship in TDI workers. J. Occup. Med. 1974; 16: 258
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peters J. M. Cumulative pulmonary effects in workers exposed to toluene diisocyanate. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 1970; 63: 372
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pham Q. T., Cavelier C., Mereau P., Mur J. M., Cicolella A. Isocyanates and respiratory function. A study of workers producing polyurethane foam moulding. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1978; 21: 121
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diem J. E., Jones R. N., Hendrick D. J., Glindmeyer H. W., Dharmarajan V., Butcher B. T., Salvaggio J. E., Weill H. Five-year longitudinal study of workers employed in a new toluene diisocyanate manufacturing plant. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1982; 126: 426
   Google Scholar
• Musk A. W., Peters J. M., DiBerardinis L., Murphy R. L. H. Absence of respiratory effects in subjects exposed to low concentrations of TDI and MDI. J. Occup. Med. 1982; 24: 746
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walworth H. T., Virchow W. E. Industrial hygiene experience with toluene diisocyanate. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1959; 20: 205
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Henschler D., Assmann W., Meyer K. O. The toxicology of tolylene diisocyanate. Arch. Toxikol. 1962; 19: 364
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alarie Y. Dose-response analysis in animal studies. Prediction of human responses. Environ. Health Perspect. 1981; 42: 9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sangha G. K., Alarie Y. Sensory irritation by toluene diisocyanate in single and repeated exposures. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1979; 50: 533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values, 4th ed. American Conferences of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc., Cincinnati 1980; 401
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt-Nowara W. W., Murphy R. L. H., Atkinson J. D. Lung function after acute toluene diisocyanate inhalation. Chest 1973; 63: 1039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandevia B. Respiratory symptoms and ventilatory capacity in men exposed to isocyanate vapour. Aust. Ann. Med. 1964; 13: 157
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wong K. L., Karol M. H., Alarie Y. Use of repeated CO2 challenges to evaluate the pulmonary performance of guinea pigs exposed to toluene diisocyanate. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1985; 15: 137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong K. L., Alarie Y. A method for repeated evaluation of pulmonary performance in unanesthetized, unrestrained guinea pigs and its application to detect effects of sulfuric acid mist inhalation. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1982; 63: 72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karol M. H. Survey of industrial workers for antibodies to toluene diisocyanate. J. Occup. Med. 1981; 23: 741
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pepys J. Immunologic approaches in pulmonary disease caused by inhaled materials. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1974; 221: 27
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parkes W. R. Occupational Lung Disorders, 2nd ed. Butterworths, London 1982, chap. 12
   Google Scholar
• Brown W. E., Green A. H., Karol M. H., Alarie Y. Inhibition of cholinesterase activity by isocyanates. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1982; 63: 45
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manno M., Lotti M. Cholinesterases in human toluene diisocyanate exposure. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 1976; 38: 55
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trevisan A., Moro G. Role of acetylcholinesterase inhibition in toluene diisocyanate (TDI) induced bronchoconstriction. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 1981; 49: 129
   Google Scholar
• Vandekar M., Plestina R., Wilhelm K. Toxicity of carbamates for mammals. Bull. WHO 1971; 44: 241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wills J. H. The measurement and significance of changes in the cholinesterase activities of erythrocytes and plasma in man and animals. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1972; 1: 153
   Google Scholar
• Dewair M., Baur X., Fruhmann G. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase from human erythrocytes by isocyanates. J. Occup. Med. 1983; 25: 279
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown W. E., Green A. H., Karol M. H., Alarie Y. Reversible active-site specific inhibition of cholinesterases by isocyanates. Toxicologist 1982; 2: 164
   Google Scholar
• Dewair M., Baur X., Mauermayer R. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by diisocyanates and its spontaneous reactivation. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 1983; 52: 257
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karol M. H., Hansen G. A., Brown W. E. Effects of inhaled hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) on guinea pig cholinesterases. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1984; 4: 284
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown W. E., Shamoo A. Y., Hill B. L., Karol M. H. Immobilized cholinesterase to detect airborne concentrations of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1984; 73: 105
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karol M. H. Respiratory anaphylaxis to industrial chemicals. Reviews in Biochemical Toxicology, E. Hodgson, J. Bend, R. M. Philpot. Elsevier, New York 1985; Vol. 7: 105
   Google Scholar
• Van Ert M., Battigelli M. C. Mechanism of respiratory injury by TDI (toluene diisocyanate). Ann. Allergy 1975; 35: 142
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Butcher B. T., Salvaggio J. E., O'Neil C. E., Weill H., Garg O. Toluene diisocyanate pulmonary disease: immunopharmacologic and mecholyl challenge studies. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1977; 59: 223
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Butcher B. T., O'Neil C. E., Reed M. A., Salvaggio J. E., Weill H. Development and loss of toluene diisocyanate reactivity: immunologic, pharmacologic, and provocative challenge studies. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1982; 70: 231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karol M. H., Ioset H. H, Alarie Y. C. Tolyl-specific IgE antibodies in workers with hyper-sensitivity to toluene diisocyanate. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1978; 39: 454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karol M. H., Riley E. J., Alarie Y. C. Presence of tolyl-specific IgE and absence of IgG antibodies in workers exposed to toluene diisocyanate. J. Environ. Sci. Health 1979; C13(3)221
   Google Scholar
• Karol M. H., Sandberg T., Riley E. J., Alarie Y. Longitudinal study of tolyl-reactive IgE antibodies in workers hypersensitive to TDI. J. Occup. Med. 1979; 21: 354
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karol M. H., Alarie Y. Antigens which detect IgE antibodies in workers sensitive to toluene diisocyanate. Clin. Allergy 1980; 10: 101
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• White W. G., Sugden E., Morris M. J., Zapata E. Isocyanate-induced asthma in a car factory. Lancet 1980; 1: 756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butcher B. T., O'Neil C. E., Reed M. A., Salvaggio J. E. Radioallergosorbent testing with p-tolyl monoisocyanate in toluene diisocyanate workers. Clin. Allergy 1983; 13: 31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baur X., Fruhmann G. Specific IgE antibodies in patients with isocyanate asthma. Chest 1981; 80(S)73S
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baur X., Dewair M., Fruhmann G. Detection of immunologically sensitized isocyanate workers by RAST and intracutaneous skin testing. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1984; 73: 610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danks J. M., Cromwell O., Buckingham J. A., Newman-Taylor A. J., Davies R. J. Toluene-diisocyanate induced asthma: evaluation of antibodies in the serum of affected workers against a tolyl monoisocyanate protein conjugate. Clin. Allergy 1981; 11: 161
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tse C. S. T., Pesce A. J. Chemical characterization of isocyanate-protein conjugates. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1979; 51: 39
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fink J. N., Schlucter D. P. Bathtub refinisher's lung: an unusual response to toluene diisocyanate. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1978; 118: 956
   Google Scholar
• Paggiaro P. L., Filieri M., Loi A. M., Roselli M. G., Canalupi R., Parlanti A., Toma G., Baschieri L. Absence of IgE antibodies to TDI-HSA in a radioimmunological study. Clin. Allergy 1983; 13: 75
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scheel L. D., Killens R., Josephson A. Immunochemical aspects of toluene diisocyanate (TDI) toxicity. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1964; 25: 179
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Butcher B. T., O'Neil C. E., Reed M. A., Salvaggio J. E. Radioallergosorbent testing of toluene diisocyanate-reactive individuals using p-tolyl isocyanate antigen. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1980; 66: 213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher J. S., Tse C. S. T., Brooks S. M., Bernstein I. C. Diverse profiles of immuno-reactivity in toluene diisocyanate (TDI) asthma. J. Occup. Med. 1981; 23: 610
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schick A. F., Singer S. J. On the formation of covalent linkages between two protein molecules. J. Biol. Chem. 1961; 236: 2477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karol M. H., Hauth B. A., Alarie Y. Pulmonary hypersensitivity to hexyl isocyanate-oval-bumin aerosol in guinea pigs. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1979; 51: 73
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mullin L. S., Wood C. K., Krivanek N. D. Guinea pig respiratory response to isocyanates. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1983; 71: 113
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang K. C., Karol M. H. Diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI)-induced asthma: evaluation of the IgE response and application of an animal model of isocyanate sensitivity. Clin. Allergy 1984; 14: 329
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dewair M. A., Baur X. Studies on antigens useful for detection of IgE antibodies in isocyanate-sensitized workers. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 1982; 20: 337
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patterson R., Harris K. E., Zeiss C. R. Antibodies against toluene diisocyanate protein conjugates. Three methods of measurement. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1983; 72: 676
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tse C. S. T., Chen E., Bernstein I. L. Induction of murine reaginic antibodies by toluene diisocyanate. An animal model of immediate hypersensitivity reactions to isocyanates. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1979; 120: 829
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patterson R., Harris K. E., Pruzansky J. J., Zeiss C. R. An animal model of occupational immunologic asthma due to diphenylmethane diisocyanate with multiple systemic immunologic responses. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1982; 99: 615
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patterson R., Zeiss C. R., Harris K. E. Immunologic and respiratory response to airway challenges of dogs with toluene diisocyanate. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1983; 71: 604
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen S. E., Bernstein I. L. The guinea pig model of diisocyanate sensitization. I. Immunologic studies. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1982; 70: 383
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stevens M. A., Palmer R. The effect of tolylene diisocyanate on certain laboratory animals. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 1970; 63: 22
   Google Scholar
• Ufkes J. G. R., Ottenhof M. Characterization of various antiallergic agents using a new method for inducing systemic anaphylaxis in the rat. J. Pharmacol. Meth. 1984; 11: 219
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Collins C., Bier C., Freidman M., Breckenridge C., Walker J., Cornell S. Sensitization potential of inhaled TDI in guinea pigs. Toxicologist 1984; 4: 160
   Google Scholar
• Doe J. E., Hicks R., Milburn G. M. Specific inhibition of contact sensitivity in the guinea pig following tolylene diisocyanate inhalation. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 1982; 68: 275
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scott D. W. Mechanisms in immune tolerance. CRC Crit. Rev. Immunol. 1984; 5: 1
   Google Scholar
• O'Brien I. M., Newman-Taylor A. J., Burge P. S., Harries M. G., Fawcett I. W., Pepys J. Toluene diisocyanate induced asthma. II. Inhalation challenge tests and bronchial reactivity studies. Clin. Allergy 1979; 9: 7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marzulli F. N., Maibach H. I. The use of graded concentrations in studying skin sensitizers: experimental contact sensitization in man. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 1974; 12: 219
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Polak L. Immunologic Aspects of Contact Sensitivity. An Experimental Study. Monographs in Allergy, S. Karger, Basel 1980; Vol. 15, chap. 1
   Google Scholar
• Burge P. S., O'Brien O. M., Harries M. G. Peak flow rate records in the diagnosis of occupational asthma due to isocyanates. Thorax 1979; 34: 317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chester E. H., Martinez-Catinchi F. L., Schwartz H. J., Horowitz J., Fleming G. M., Gerblich A. A., McDonald G. W., Grethawer R. Patterns of airway reactivity to asthma produced by exposure to toluene diisocyanate. Chest 1979; 75(2)229
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith A. B., Brooks S. M., Blanchard J., Bernstein I. L., Gallagher J. Absence of airway hyperreactivity to methacholine in a worker sensitized to toluene diisocyanate (TDI). J. Occup. Med. 1980; 22: 237
   Google Scholar
• Gandevia B. Studies of ventilatory capacity and histamine response during exposure to isocyanate vapour in polyurethane foam manufacture. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1963; 20: 204
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wegman D. H., Peters J. M., Pagnotto L., Fine L. J. Chronic pulmonary function loss from exposure to toluene diisocyanate. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1977; 34: 196
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adams W. G. F. Long-term effects on the health of men engaged in the manufacture of tolylene dissocyanate. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1975; 32: 72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peters J. M., Wegman D. H. Epidemiology of toluene diisocyanate (TDI) induced respiratory disease. Environ. Health Perspect. 1975; 11: 97
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wegman D. H., Main D. M., Musk A. W. Chronic pulmonary function loss over four years in polyurethane workers exposed to toluene diisocyanate. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1981; 123(Abstr)145
   Google Scholar
• Weyel D. A., Schaffer R. B. Pulmonary and sensory irritation of diphenylmethane 4,4′- and dicyclohexylmethane 4,4′-diisocyanate. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1985; 77: 427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar