Comparative Carcinogenicity, Metabolism, Mutagenicity, and DNA Binding of 7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole and Dibenz[a,j]acridine

References

• Warshawsky D. Environmental sources, carcinogencity, mutagenicity, metabolism and DNA binding of nitrogen and sulfur heterocyclic aromatics. Environ. Carcinogen. Ecotoxicol. Rev 1992; 10: 1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warshawsky D., Barkley W., Bingham E. Factors affecting carcinogenic potential of mixtures. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol 1993; 20: 376
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bingham E., Trosset R., Warshawsky D. Carcinogenic potential of petroleum hydrocarbons. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol 1979; 3: 483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trosset R. P., Warshawsky D., Menefee C., Bingham E. Investigation of Selected Potential Environmental Contaminants: Asphalts and Coal Tar Pitch. Publ. Environmental Protection Agency 1978, 56012-77-005
   Google Scholar
• IARC. Carbon Blacks, Mineral Oils and Some Nitroarenes. International Agency for Research into Cancer, LyonFrance 1984, Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Vol. 33, Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds, Part 2
   Google Scholar
• IARC. Industrial Exposures in Aluminium Production, Coal Gasification, Coke Production and Iron Steel Founding. International Agency for Research into Cancer, LyonFrance 1984, Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Vol. 34, Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds, Part 3
   Google Scholar
• IARC. Bitumens. Coal-tars and Derived Products, Shale-Oils and Soots, International Agency for Research into Cancer, LyonFrance 1985, Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Vol. 35, Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds, Part 4
   Google Scholar
• IARC. Certain Poly cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heterocyclic Compounds. International Agency for Research into Cancer, LyonFrance 1973; Vol. 3, Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of the Chemical to Man
   Google Scholar
• IARC. Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds, Part 1, Chemical, Environmental and Experimental Data. International Agency for Research into Cancer, LyonFrance 1983; Vol. 32, Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans
   Google Scholar
• Santodonato J., Howard P., Basu D. Health and ecological assessment of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol 1981; 5: 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawicki E., Meeker J. E., Morgan M. Polynuclear aza compounds in automotive exhaust. Arch. Environ. Health 1965; 11: 773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawicki E., Meeker J. E., Morgan M. The quantitative composition of air pollution source effluents in terms of aza heterocyclic compounds and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Int. J. Air Water Pollut 1965; 9: 291
   Google Scholar
• White L. D. Collection, Separation, Identification and Quantitation of Selected PAHs and Metals in Coal Tar and Coke Oven Emissions. University of Cincinnati. 1975, Ph.D. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Wright C. W., Later D. W., Pelroy R. A., Mahlum D. D., Wilson B. W. Comparative chemical and biological analysis of coal tar-based therapeutic agents to other coal-derived materials. J. Appl. Toxicol 1985; 5: 80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Duuren G. L., Bilbao J. A., Joseph C. A. The carcinogenic nitrogen heterocyclics in cigarette-smoke condensate. J. Natl. Cancer Inst 1960; 25: 53
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Serth R. W., Hughes T. W. Polycyclic organic matter and trace element contents of carbon black vent gas. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1980; 14: 298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho C., Clark B. R., Guerin M. R., Barkenbus B. D., Rao E. J. L. Analytical and biological analyses of test materials form the synthetic fuel technologies. IV. Studies of chemical structure-mutagenic activity relationships of aromatic nitrogen compounds relevant to synfuels. Mutat. Res 1981; 85: 335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinohara R., Kido A., Okamoto Y., Takeshita R. Determination of trace azaarenes in water by gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr 1983; 256: 81
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciccioli P., Brancaleoni E., Cecinato A., DiPalo C., Buttini P., Liberti A. Fractionation of polar polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons present in industrial emissions and atmospheric samples and their determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr 1986; 351: 451
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cautreels W., Van Cauwenberghe K. Determination of organic compounds in airborne particulate matter by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Atmos. Environ 1976; 10: 447
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warshawsky D., unpublished data
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong E. C., Bonser G. M. Squamous carcinoma of the forestomach and other lesions in mice following oral administration of 3,4,5,6-dibenzcarbazole. Br. J. Cancer 1950; 4: 203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyland E., Brues A. M. The card nogenic action of dibenzcarbazoles. Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B 1937; 122: 429
   Google Scholar
• Strong L. C., Smith G. M., Gardner W. J. Induction of tumors by 3,4,5,6-dibenzcarbazole in male mice of the CBA strain, which develops spontaneous hepatoma. Yale J. Biol. Med 1938; 10: 335
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirby A. H. M., Peacock P. R. The influence of methylation on carcinogenic activity. I.N-methyl-3,4,5,6-dibenzcarbazole. Brit. J. Exp. Pathol 1946; 27: 179
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirby A. H. M. The carcinogenic activity ofN-ethyl-3,4,5,6-dibenzcarbazole. Biochem. J 1948; 1: 42
   Google Scholar
• Bonser G. M., Clayson D. B., Jull J. W., Pyrah L. N. The carcinogenic properties of 2-amino-1-naphthol hydrochloride and its parent amine 2-naphthylamine. Br. J. Cancer 1954; 6: 412
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buu-Hoi N. P. New developments in chemical carcinogenesis by polycyclic hydrocarbons and related heterocycles: a review. Cancer Res 1964; 24: 1511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacassagne A., Buu-Hoi N., Zajdela F., Xuong N. D. Relations entre la structure moleculaire et l'activite cancerogene dans la serie du carbazole. Bull. Cancer 1955; 42: 1
   Google Scholar
• Andervont H. G., Edwards J. E. Hepatic changes and subcutaneous and pulmonary tumors induced by subcutaneous injection of 3,4,5,6-dibenzcarbazole. JNCI 1941; 2: 139
   Google Scholar
• Andervont H. B., Shimkin M. R. Biological testing of carcinogens. II. Pulmonary-tumor-induction technique. JNCI 1940; 1: 225
   Google Scholar
• Boyland E., Mawson E. H. Changes in the liver of mice after administration of 3,4,5,6-dibenzcarbazole. Biochem. J 1938; 32: 1460
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonser G. M., Crabbe J. G. S., Jull J. W., Pyrah L. N. Induction of epithelial neoplasms in the urinary bladder of the dog by intravesical injection of a chemical carcinogen. J. Pathol. Bacteriol 1954; 68: 561
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sellakumar A., Shubik P. Carcinogenicity of 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole in the respiratory tract of hamsters. J. Natl. Cancer Inst 1972; 48: 1641
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nagel D. L., Stenback F., Clayson D. B., Wallcave L. Intratracheal instillation studies with 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole in the Syrian hamster. J. Natl. Cancer Inst 1976; 57: 119
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sellakumar A. R., Stenback F., Rowland J., Shubik P. Tumor induction by 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole in the respiratory tract of Syrian hamsters. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1977; 3: 935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montesano R., Saffiotti U., Shubik P. The role of topical and systemic factors in experimental respiratory carcinogenesis. Inhalation Carcinogenesis, M. G. Hanna, P. Nettesheim, J. R. Gilbert, 1970; 353, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Symposium Series No. 18
   Google Scholar
• Badger G. M., Cook J. W., Hewett C. L., Kennaway E. L., Kennaway N. M., Martin R. H., Robinson A. M. The production of cancer by pure hydrocarbons. V. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 1940; 129: 439
   Google Scholar
• Barry G., Cook J. W., Haslewood G. A. D., Hewett C. L., Hieger I., Kennaway E. L. The production of cancer by pure hydrocarbons. III. Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B 1935; 117: 318
   Google Scholar
• Lacassagne A., Buu-Hoi N. P., Zajdela F., Royer R., Hubert-Habart M. Activite cancerogene des dibenzacridines bisangulaires. Bull. Cancer 1955; 42: 186
   Google Scholar
• Bachmann W. E., Cook J. W., Dansi A., de Worms C. G. M., Haslewood G. A. D., Hewett C. L., Robinson A. M. The production of cancer by pure hydrocarbons. IV. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 1937; 123: 343
   Google Scholar
• Wynder E. L., Hoffman D. Ein experimenteller Beitrag zur Tabakrauch-kanzerogenese. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr 1963; 25: 53
   Google Scholar
• Deutsch-Wenzel R. P., Brune H., Grimmer G. Experimental studies on the carcinogenicity of five nitrogen containing polycyclic aromatic compounds directly injected into rat lungs. Cancer Lett 1983; 20: 97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenbaeck F., Rowland J. Experimental respiratory carcinogenesis in hamsters: environmental, physicochemical and biological aspects. Oncology 1979; 36: 63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan L., Xue W., Schneider J., Reilman R., Radike M., Warshawsky D. Comparative metabolism of 7H-dibenzo [c,g]carbazole and dibenz[a,j]acridine by mouse and rat liver microsomes. Chem. Biol. Interact 1992; 81: 131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warshawsky D., Barkley W. Comparative carcinogenic potencies of 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole, dibenz[a,j]acridine and benzo[a]pyrene in mouse skin. Cancer Lett 1987; 37: 337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warshawsky D., Barkley W., Miller M. L., LaDow K., Andringa A. Carcinogenicity of 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole, dibenz[a,j]acridine and benzo[a]pyrene in mouse skin and liver following topical application. Toxicology 1994; 9: 135
   Google Scholar
• Warshawsky D., Barkley W., Miller M. L., LaDow K., Andringa A. Comparative tumor-initiating ability of 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole and dibenz [a,j]acridine in mouse skin. Toxicology 1992; 71: 233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warshawsky D., Talaska G., Schamer M., Collins T., Galati A., You L., Stoner G. Carcinogenicity, DNA adduct formation and K-ras activation by 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole in strain A mouse lung. Carcinogenesis, in press
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warshawsky D., Hollingsworth L., Reilman R., Stong D. B. The metabolism of dibenz[a,j]acridine in the isolated perfused lung. Cancer Lett 1985; 28: 317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosario C. A., Holder G. M., Duke C. C. Synthesis of potential metabolites of dibenz [a,j]acridine: phenols and dihydrodiols. J. Org. Chem 1987; 52: 1064
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill G. H., Duke C. C., Rosario C. A., Ryan A. J., Holder G. M. Dibenz [a,j]acridine metabolism: identification ofin vitro products formed by liver microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene pretreated rats. Carcinogenesis 1986; 7: 1371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider J., Xue W., Warshawsky D. Fluorescence spectroscopic studies on the identification and quantitation of metabolites of 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole and dibenz[a,j]acridine. Chem. Biol. Interact 1994; 93: 139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill G. H., Duke C. C., Ryan A. J., Holder G. M. Dibenz[a,j]acridine: distribution of metabolites formed by liver and lung microsomes from control and pretreated rats. Carcinogenesis 1987; 8: 425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thakker D. R., Shirai N., Levin W., Ryan D. E., Thomas P. E., Lehr R. E., Conney A. H., Jerina D. M. Metabolism of dibenz(c,h)acridine by rat liver enzymes and by cytochrome P450c with and without added epoxide hydrase. Proc. Annu. Meet., Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 1985; 26: A114
   Google Scholar
• Sayer J. M., Lehr R. E., Kumar S., Yagi K., Yeh H. J. C., Holder G. M., Duke C. C., Silverton J. V., Gibson C., Jerina D. M. Comparative solvolytic reactivity of bay-region diol-epoxide derived from dibenz [a,j] anthracene and dibenzacridine. J. Am. Chem. Soc 1990; 112: 1177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugiyanto C., Scharping M. E., McManus M. E., Birkett D. J., Holder G. M., Ryan A. J. The formation of proximate carcinogens from three polycyclic aromatic compounds by human liver microsomes. Xenobiotica 1992; 22: 1299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts-Thomson S. J., McManus M. E., Tukey R. H., Gonzalez F. J., Holder G. M. Metabolism of polycyclic aza-aromatic carcinogens catalyzed by four expressed human cytochromes P450. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 1052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson D. R., Kamataki T., Waxman D. J., Guengerich F. P., Estabrook R. W., Reyereisen R., Gonzalez F. J., Coon M. J., Gunsalus I. C., Gotoh O., Okuda K., Nebert D. W. The P450 super-family: update on new sequences, gene mapping, accession numbers, early trivial names of enzymes and nomenclature. DNA Cell Biol 1993; 12: 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okey A. B. Enzyme induction in the cytochrome P450 system. Pharm. Ther 1990; 45: 241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duke C. C., Holder G. M., Rosario C. A., Ryan A. J. Stereochemistry of the major rodent liver microsomal metabolites of the carcinogen dibenz[a,j]acridine. Chem. Res. Toxicol 1988; 1: 294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warshawsky D., Hollingswoth L., Stong D. B., Smiddy B. A. Pulmonary metabolism of dibenz[a,j]acridine. PAHs: Chemistry, Characterization and Carcinogenesis, M. Cooke, A. Dannis. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH 1986; 961
   Google Scholar
• Robinson H. K., Duke C. C., Holder G. M., Ryan A. J. The metabolism of the carcinogen dibenz[a,j]acridine in isolated rat hepatocyte andin vivo in rats. Xenobiotica 1990; 20: 457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warshawsky D., Dietz J. J., Reilman R., Xue W., LaDow K., Roh J., Talaska G. Disposition of 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole and dibenz[a,j]acridine in the mouse following topical application. Poly cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 1993; 3(Suppl.)711
   Google Scholar
• Perin F., Dufour M., Mispelter J., Ekert B., Kunneke C., Oesch F., Zajdela F. Heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon carcinogenesis: 7H-dibenzo [c,g]carbazole metabolism by microsomal enzymes from mouse and rat liver. Chem. Biol. Interact 1981; 35: 267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warshawsky D., Meyer B. L. The metabolism of 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole, aN-heterocyclic aromatic in the isolated perfused lung. Cancer Lett 1981; 12: 153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stong D. B., Christian R. T., Jayasimhulu K., Wilson R. M., Warshawsky D. The chemistry and biology of 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole: synthesis and characterization of selected derivatives, metabolism in rat liver preparations and mutagenesis mediated by cultured rat hepatocytes. Carcinogenesis 1989; 10: 419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szafarz D., Perin F., Valero D., Zajdela F. Structure and carcinogenicity of dibenzo[c,g]carbazole derivatives. Biosci. Rep 1988; 8: 633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato R. Metabolic activation of mutagenic heterocyclic aromatic amines from protein pyrolysates. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol 1986; 16: 307
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schut H. A. J. Metabolism of carcinogenic amino derivatives in various species and DNA alkylation by their metabolites. Drug Metab. Rev 1984; 15: 753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perin F., Valero D., Mispelter J., Zajdela F. In vitro metabolism ofN-methyl-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole, a potent sarcomatogen devoid of hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic properties. Chem. Biol. Interact 1984; 48: 281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue W., Warshawsky D. Synthesis and characterization of monohydroxylated derivatives of 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole. Chem. Res. Toxicol 1992; 5: 130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue W., Schneider J., Jayasimhulu K., Warshawsky D. Acetylation of phenolic derivatives of 7H-dibenzo[c,g] carbazole: identification and quantitation of major metabolites by rat liver microsomes. Chem. Res. Toxicol 1993; 6: 345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warshawsky D., Schamer M., Schneider J., Xue W., Reilman R., Talaska G. Characterization of 7H-dibenzo[c,g] carbazole-DNA adducts in the mouse following topical application. Proc. Annu. Meet., Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 1992; 33: A825
   Google Scholar
• Bond J. A., Ayres P. H., Medinsky M. A., Cheng Y. S., Hirshfield D., McClellan R. O. Disposition and metabolism of [14C] dibenzo[c,g]-carbazole aerosols in rats after inhalation. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol 1986; 7: 76
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salamone M. F., Heddle J. A., Katz M. The mutagenic activity of thirty polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and oxides in urban airborne particulates. Environ. Int 1979; 2: 37
   Google Scholar
• Schoeny R., Warshawsky D. Mutagenicity of 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole and metabolites in Salmonella typhimurium. Mutat. Res 1987; 188: 275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parks W. C., Schurdak M. E., Randerath K., Maher V. M., McCormick J. J. Human cell-mediated cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, and DNA adduct formation of 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole and itsN-methyl derivative in diploid human fibroblasts. Cancer Res 1986; 46: 4706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perin F., Valero D., Thybaud-Lambay V., Plessis M. J., Zajdela F. Organ-specific, carcinogenic dibenzo[c,g]carbazole derivatives: discriminative response inS. typhimurium TA100 mutagenesis modulated by subcellular fractions of mouse liver. Mutat. Res 1988; 196: 15
   Google Scholar
• Bonin A. M., Rosario C. A., Duke C. C., Baker R. S. U., Ryan A. J., Holder G. M. The mutagenicity of dibenz[a,j] acridine, some metabolites and other derivatives in bacteria and mammalian cells. Carcinogenesis 1989; 10: 1079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wogan G. N. Markers of exposure to carcinogens: methods for human biomonitoring. J. Am. Coll. Toxicol 1989; 8: 871
   Google Scholar
• van de Poll M. L. M., van der Hulst D. A. M., Tates A. D., Mulder G. J., Meerman J. H. N. The role of specific DNA adducts in the induction of mucronuclei byN-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene in rat liver in vivo. Carcinogenesis 1989; 10: 717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Poll M. L. M., van der Hulst D. A. M., Tates A. D., Mulder G. J., Meerman J. H. N. Correlation between clastogenicity and promotion activity in liver carcinogenesis byN-hydroxy-2-acetyl-aminofluorene.N-hydroxy-4′-fluoro-4-acetylaminobiphenyl andN-hydroxy-4-acetylaminobiphenyl. Carcinogenesis 1990; 11: 333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talaska G., Au W. W., Ward J. B., Jr., Randerath K., Legator M. S. The correlation between DNA adducts and chromosomal aberrations in the target organ of benzidine exposed, partially hepatectomized mice. Carcinogenesis 1987; 8: 1899
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross R. K., Yuan J.-M., Yu M. C., Wogan G. N., Qian G.-S., Tu J.-T., Groopman J. D., Gao Y.-T., Henderson B. E. Urinary aflatoxin biomarkers and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 1992; 339: 943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schurdak M. E., Randerath K. Tissue specific DNA adduct formation in mice treated with the environmental carcinogen 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole. Carcinogenesis 1985; 6: 1271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roh J. H., Schamer M., Reilman R., Warshawsky D., Talaska G. Identification of DNA adduct of 7H-dibenzo [c,g]carbazole and dibenz[a,j]acridine in the mouse following topical application. paper presented at AIH Conference, Boston, MA, 1992, May 30 to June 3
   Google Scholar
• Li D., Xu D., Randerath K. Species and tissues specificites of I-compounds as contrasted with carcinogen adducts in liver, kidney, and skin DNA of Sprague-Dawley rats, ICR mice and Syrian hamsters. Carcinogenesis 1990; 11: 2227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roh J.-H., Schamer M., Reilman R., Xue W., Warshawsky D., Talaska G. 32P-Postlabeling analysis of dibenz[a,j] acridine DNA adducts in mice: preliminary determination of initial genotoxic metabolites and their effect on biomarker levels. Int. Arch. Occup. Health 1993; 65: 99
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talaska G., Roh J., Schamer M., Reilman R., Xue W., Warshawsky D. 32P-Postlabeling analysis of dibenz[a,j] acridine DNA adducts in mice: identification of proximate metabolites. Chem. Biol. Interact 1995; 95: 161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schurdak M. E., Randerath K. Effects of route of administration on tissue distribution of DNA adducts in mice: comparison of 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole, benzo [a]pyrene, and 2-acetylaminofluorene. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 2633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier J., Warshawsky D. Comparison of blood protein and target organ DNA and protein binding following topical application of benzo[a]pyrene and 7H-dibenzo [c,g]carbazole to mice. Carcinogenesis 1994; 15: 2233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindquist B. E., Warshawsky D. Binding of 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole to polynucleotides and DNA in vitro. Carcinogenesis 1989; 10: 2187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schurdak M. E., Stong D. B., Warshawsky D., Randerath K. 32P-Post-labelling analysis of DNA adduction in mice by synthetic metabolites of the environmetal carcinogen 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole: chromatographic evidence for 3-hydroxy-7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole being a proximate genotoxin in liver but not skin. Carcinogenesis 1987; 8: 591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talaska G., Reilman R., Schamer M., Roh J. H., Xue W., Fremont S. L., Warshawsky D. Tissue distribution of DNA adducts of 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole in mice following topical application of the parent compound and its major metabolites. Chem. Res. Toxicol 1994; 7: 374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schurdak M. E., Stong D. B., Warshawsky D., Randerath K. N-methyla-tion reduces the DNA-binding of 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole ∼300-fold in mouse liver but only 2-fold in skin: possible correlation with carcinogenic activity. Carcinogenesis 1987; 8: 1405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warshawsky D., Fremont S., Xue W., Schneider J., Jaeger M., Collins T., Reilman R., O'Connor P., Talaska G. Target organ specificity forN-hetero-cyclic aromatics. Polycyclic Aromatic Compd 1994; 6: 27
   Google Scholar
• Perin-Roussel O., Perin F., Barat N., Plessis M. J., Zajdela F. Interaction of 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole and its organ specific derivatives with hepatic mitochondrial and nuclear DNA in the mouse. Environ. Mol. Mutagen 1995; 25: 202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warshawsky D., Livingston G. K., Fonouni-Fard M., LaDow K. Induction of micronuclei and sister chromatid exchanges by polycyclic andN-heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cultured human lymphocytes. Environ. Mol. Mutagen 1995; 26: 109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan S. P., Warshawsky D. Relationship between formation of carcinogen-DNA adducts and micronuclei in mouse keratinocytes exposed to carcinogens. paper presented at meeting of Society of Toxicology, Baltimore, MD, March, 5 to 9, 1995
   Google Scholar
• O'Connor P., Warshawsky D., Talaska G. Chromatographic comparison of polynucleotide adducts resulting fromin vitro andin vivo activation of 7H-dibenzo [c,g]carbazole. paper presented at Society of Toxicology Annual Meeting, Dallas, March, 13 to 17, 1994
   Google Scholar