Chronic lymphocytic leukemia in less fit patients: “slow-go”

References

• Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Krapcho M, ., SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2007. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. [Based on November 2009 SEER data submission, posted to SEER website 2010.] Available from: http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2007/
   Google Scholar
• Tamura K, Sawada H, Izumi Y, .; Kyushu Hematology Organization for Treatment (K-HOT) Study Group. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is rare, but the proportion of T-CLL is high in Japan. Eur J Haematol 2001;67:152–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrisqueta P, Pereira A, Rozman C, . Improving survival in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (1980-2008): the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona experience. Blood 2009;114: 2044–2050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montserrat E. New prognostic markers in CLL. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2006:279–284.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hallek M, Cheson BD, Catovsky D, .; International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a report from the International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia updating the National Cancer Institute-Working Group 1996 guidelines. Blood 2008;111:5446–5456.
   Google Scholar
• Balducci L. ESH-SIOG International Conference on Haematological Malignancies in the Elderly. Expert Rev Hematol 2010; 3:675–677.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Balducci L, Extermann M. Management of cancer in the older person: a practical approach. Oncologist 2000;5:224–237.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eichhorst B, Goede V, Hallek M. Treatment of elderly patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2009;50: 171–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallek M. State-of-the-art treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2009: 440–449.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rai KR, Sawitsky A, Cronkite EP, . Clinical staging of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1975;46:219–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binet JL, Auquier A, Dighiero G, . A new prognostic classification of chronic lymphocytic leukemia derived from a multivariate survival analysis. Cancer 1981;48:198–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wierda WG, O'Brien S, Wang X, . Prognostic nomogram and index for overall survival in previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2007;109:4679–4685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanafelt TD, Jenkins G, Call TG, . Validation of a new prognostic index for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Cancer 2009;115:363–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molica S, Mauro FR, Callea V, . The utility of a prognostic index for predicting time to first treatment (TFT) in early chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): the GIMEMA (Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto) experience. Haematologica 2010;95:464–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner H, Gondos A, Pulte D. Trends in long-term survival of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia from the 1980s to the early 21st century. Blood 2008;111:4916–4921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molica S. Quality of life in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a neglected issue. Leuk Lymphoma 2005;46:1709–1714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Else M, Smith AG, Cocks K, . Patients’ experience of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: baseline health-related quality of life results from the LRF CLL4 trial. Br J Haematol 2008;143:690–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catovsky D, Richards S, Matutes E, .; UK National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) Haematological Oncology Clinical Studies Group; NCRI Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia Working Group. Assessment of fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (the LRF CLL4 trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007;370:230–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichhorst BF, Busch R, Obwandner T, .; German CLL Study Group. Health-related quality of life in younger patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide or fludarabine alone for first-line therapy: a study by the German CLL Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:1722–1731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Extermann M, Hurria A. Comprehensive geriatric assessment for older patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:1824–1831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Extermann M, Overcash J, Lyman GH, . Comorbidity and functional status are independent in older cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:1582–1587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yancik R. Cancer burden in the aged: an epidemiologic and demographic overview. Cancer 1997;80:1273–1283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurmes P, Call T, Slager S, . Comorbid conditions and survival in unselected, newly diagnosed patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2008;49:49–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rai KR, Peterson BL, Appelbaum FR, . Fludarabine compared with chlorambucil as primary therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1750–1757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keating MJ, O'Brien S, Lerner S, . Long-term follow-up of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) receiving fludarabine regimens as initial therapy. Blood 1998; 92:1165–1171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leporrier M, Chevret S, Cazin B, .; French Cooperative Group on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Randomized comparison of fludarabine, CAP, and ChOP in 938 previously untreated stage B and C chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Blood 2001;98:2319–2325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichhorst BF, Busch R, Stilgenbauer S, .; German CLL Study Group (GCLLSG). First-line therapy with fludarabine compared with chlorambucil does not result in a major benefit for elderly patients with advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2009;27: 4378–4384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knauf WU, Lissichkov T, Aldaoud A, . Phase III randomized study of bendamustine compared with chlorambucil in previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2009;114:3382–3391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knauf WU, Lissitchkov T, Aldaoud A, . Bendamustine induces higher remission rates, prolongs progression free survival as well as time to next treatment, and improves overall survival for patients in complete remission without compromising quality of life when compared to chlorambucil in first line treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2010;116(Suppl. 1): Abstract 2449.
   Google Scholar
• Morrison VA, Rai KA, Peterson BL, . Impact of therapy with chlorambucil, fludarabine, or fludarabine plus chlorambucil on infections in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Intergroup Study Cancer and Leukemia Group B 9011. J Clin Oncol 2001;19: 3611–3621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien SM, Kantarjian HM, Cortes J, . Results of the fludarabine and cyclophosphamide combination regimen in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:1414–1420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichhorst BF, Busch R, Hopfinger G, . Fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide versus fludarabine alone in first-line therapy of younger patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2006;107:885–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flinn IW, Neuberg DS, Grever MR, . Phase III trial of fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide compared with fludarabine for patients with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia: US Intergroup Trial E2997. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:793–798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shvidel L, Shtalrid M, Bairey O, .; Israeli Study Group on CLL. Conventional dose fludarabine-based regimens are effective but have excessive toxicity in elderly patients with refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2003;44: 1947–1950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forconi F, Fabbri A, Lenoci M, . Low-dose oral fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide in elderly patients with untreated and relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hematol Oncol 2008;26:247–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oken MM, Lee S, Kay NE, . Pentostatin, chlorambucil and prednisone therapy for B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a phase I/II study by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study E1488. Leuk Lymphoma 2004;45:79–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keating MJ, O'Brien S, Albitar M, . Early results of a chemoimmunotherapy regimen of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab as initial therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:4079–4088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tam CS, O'Brien S, Wierda W, . Long-term results of the fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab regimen as initial therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2008;112:975–980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrajoli A, O'Brien S, Wierda W, . Treatment of patients with CLL 70 years old and older: a single center experience of 142 patients. Leuk Lymphoma 2005;46:S86.
   Google Scholar
• Hallek M, Fischer K, Fingerle-Rowson G, .; International Group of Investigators; German Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia Study Group. Addition of rituximab to fludarabine and cyclophosphamide in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2010;376:1164–1174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foon KA, Boyiadzis M, Land SR, . Chemoimmunotherapy with low-dose fludarabine and cyclophosphamide and high dose rituximab in previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:498–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay NE, Geyer SM, Call TG, . Combination chemoimmunotherapy with pentostatin, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab shows significant clinical activity with low accompanying toxicity in previously untreated B chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2007;109:405–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanafelt TD, Lin T, Geyer SM, . Pentostatin, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab regimen in older patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 2007;109:2291–2298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay NE, Wu W, Kabat B, . Pentostatin and rituximab therapy for previously untreated patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 2010;116:2180–2187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillmen P, Gribben JG, Follows GA, . Rituximab plus chlorambucil in patients with CD20-positive B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): final response analysis of an open-label phase II study. Blood 2010;116(Suppl. 1): Abstract 697.
   Google Scholar
• Foà R, Ciolli S, Di Raimondo F, . A phase II study of chlorambucil plus rituximab followed by maintenance versus observation in elderly patients with Previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia: results of the first interim analysis. Blood 2010;116(Suppl. 1): Abstract 2462.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer K, Cramer P, Stilgenbauer S, .; the German CLL Study Group (GCLLSG). Bendamustine combined with rituximab (BR) in first-line therapy of advanced CLL: a multicenter phase II trial of the German CLL Study Group (GCLLSG). Blood 2009;114(Suppl. 1): Abstract 205.
   Google Scholar
• Castro JE, James DF, Sandoval-Sus JD, . Rituximab in combination with high-dose methylprednisolone for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2009;23: 1779–1789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goede V, Fischer K, Raymonde B, . Chemoimmunotherapy with chlorambucil and the type II CD20-antibody GA101 in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and comorbidity: results of the run-in phase of the CLL11 (BO21004) trial. Blood 2010;116(Suppl. 1): Abstract 1387.
   Google Scholar
• Shanafelt TD, Rabe KG, Kay NE, . Age at diagnosis and the utility of prognostic testing in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 2010;116:4777–4787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar