References
- Cloninger CR. Neurogenetic adaptive mechanisms in alcoholism. Science 1987; 236: 410–416
- Meyer RE, Babor TF, Mirkin PM. Topologies of alcoholism an overview. Int J Addict 1983; 18: 235–249
- Tarter RE, Alterman AI, Edwards KL. Vulnerability to alcoholism in men: a behavior-genetic perspective. J Stud Alcohol 1985; 46: 323–356
- MacAndrew C. Toward the psychometric detection of substance misuse in young men: the SAP scale. J. Stud Alcohol 1986; 47: 161–166
- MacAndrew C. The differentiation of male alcoholic outpatients from nonalcoholic psychiatric outpatients by means of the MMPI. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 1965; 26: 238–246
- MacAndrew C. On the possibility of the psychometric detection of persons who are prone to the abuse of alcohol and other substances. Addict Behav 1979; 4: 11–20
- Allen JP, Faden V, Rawlings R. Subtypes of substance abusers: personality differences associated with the MacAndrew scores. Psychol Rep 1930; 66: 691–698
- Alterman AI, Hall JG, Punill JJ. Heavy drinking and its correlates in young men. Addict Behav 1990; 15: 95–103
- Anglin MD, Weisman CP., Fisher DG. The MMPI profiles of narcotics addicts. I. A review of the literature. Int J Addict 1989; 24: 867–880
- Bornstein PA, Rosen P, Harkness-Kling K. Content bias of the MacAndrew's alcoholism scale in seizure disorder patients. J Clin Psychd 1989; 45: 339–341
- Cannon DS, Bell WE, Fowler DR. MMPI differences between alcoholics and drug abusers: effects of age and sex. J Consult Clin Psychol 1990; 2: 51–55
- Colligan RC, Davis LJ, Jr, Morse RM. Screening medical patients for alcoholism with the MMPI: a comparison of seven scales. J Clin Psychol 1988; 4: 582–592
- Davis LJ, Jr., Colligan RC, Morse RM. Validity of the MacAndrew scale in a general medical population. J Stud Alcohol 1987; 48: 202–206
- Graham JR, Strenger VE. MMPI characteristics of alcoholics: a review. J Consult Clin Psychol 1988; 56: 197–205
- Gottesman, Prescott CA. Abuses of the MacAndrew MMPI alcoholism scale: a critical review. Clinical Psychology Review 1989; 9: 223–242
- Kennedy BP, McPeake JD. MacAndrew alcoholism scale and repression: detection of false negatives a failure to replicate. Psychol Rep 1987; 60: 839–842
- Marsh DT, Stile SA, Stough NL. Psychopathology of opiate addiction: comparative data from the MMPI and MCMI. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1988; 14: 17–24
- Otto RK., Lang AR, Megargee EI. Ability of alcoholics to escape detection by the MMPI. J Consult Clin Psychol 1988; 56: 452–457
- Cloninger CR. A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987; 44: 573–588
- Nixon SA, Parsons OA. Application of the tridimensional personality questionnaire to a population of alcoholics and other substance abusers. Alcoholism 1990; 14: 513–517
- Khantzian EJ. The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: focus on heroin and cocaine dependence. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142: 1259–1264
- McLellan AT, Childress AR, Woody EG. Drug abuse and psychiatric disorders: role of drug choice. Substance Abuse and Psychopathology, AI. Alterman. Plenum, New York 1985; 137–172
- Kern MF, Kenkel MB, Templer DI. Drug preference as a function of arousal and stimulus screening. Int J Addict 1986; 21: 255–265
- Gough HG, Heilbrun AB. The Adjective Check List Manual. Consulting Psychologists Press Inc, Palo Alto, CA. 1983
- Barnes GE. The Vando R-A Scale as a measure of stimulus reducing-augmenting in The Biological Basis of Personality and Behavior. Theories, Measurement Techniques, and Development, J Strelau, F Farley, A. Gale. Hemisphere, Washington, DC 1984; 171–180
- Pevie A. Some physiological aspects of pain and the relief of suffering. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1960; 86: 13–27
- Vando A. A personality dimension related to chronic pain. Columbia University, New York 1969, Unpublished doctoral dissertation
- Kohn PM, Barnes GE, Fishlinsky M. Experience-seeking characteristics of methadone clients. J Consult Clin Psychol 1979; 47: 980–981
- Kohn PM, Barnes GE, Hoffman FM. Drug use history and experience seeking among adult male correctional offenders. J Consult Clin Psychol 1979; 47: 708–715
- Barnes GE. Clinical alcoholic personality characteristics. J Stud Alcohol 1980; 41: 894–918
- Brown RA., Cutter HGS. Alcohol, customary drinking behavior, and pain. J Abnorm Psychol 1977; 86: 179–188
- Cappell H, Herman CP. Alcohol and tension reduction: a review. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 1972; 33: 33–64
- Buchsbaum MS. Average evoked responses and stimulus sensitivity in identical and fraternal twins. Physiology and Psychology 1974; 2: 365–370
- Finn PR, Pihl RO. Men at high risk for alcoholism: effect of alcohol on cardiovascular response to unavoidable shock. J Abnorm Psychol 1987; 96: 230–236
- Finn PR., Pihl RO. A comparison between two groups of sons of alcoholics on cardiovascular reactivity and sensitivity to alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1988; 12: 742–747
- Finn PR, Zeituoui NC, Pihl RO. The effect of alcohol on psychological hyper-reactivity to non-aversive and aversive stimuli in men at high risk for alcoholism. J Abnorm Psychol 1990; 99: 79–85
- Pihl RO, Finn PR, Peterson J. Autonomic hyperactivity and risk for alcoholism. Prog Neuropharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1989; 13: 489–496
- Fasmer OB, Berge OG, Hole K. Changes in nociception after lesions of descending serotonergic pathways induced with 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. Neuropharmacology 1985; 8: 729–734
- Graeff FG, Brando EA, Audi EA. Modulation of the brain aversive system by GABAergic and serotonergic mechanisms. Behav Brain Res 1986; 21: 65–72
- Leiberman HR, Corkin S, Spring BJ. Mood, performance, and pain sensitivity: changes induced by food constituents. J Psychiatr Res 1983; 17: 135–145
- Seltzer S., Dewan D, Pollack RL. The effects of dietary tryptophan on chronic maxillofacial pain and experimental pain tolerance. J Psychiav Res 1983; 17: 181–186
- Amit Z, Sutheriand A, Gill K. Zimelidine: a review of its effects on ethanol consumption. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1984; 83–54
- Branchey L, Branchey M, Shaw S. Relationship between changes in plasma amino acids and depression in alcoholic patients. Am J Psychiatry 1984; 141: 1212–1215
- Murphy J M, McBride W J, Lumeng L. Mono-amine and metabolites levels in CNS regions of the P line of alcohol-preferring rats after acute and chronic ethanol treatment. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1987; 26: 389–392
- Rockman GE, Amit Z, Carr GD. Attenuation of ethanol intake by 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake blockade in laboratory rats: involvement of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine in the mediation of the positive reinforcing properties of ethanol. Arch Int Phar-macodyn Ther 1979; 241: 245–259
- Thompson SM, McMillen BA. Test for decreased serotonin/tryptophan metabolite ratios in abstinent alcoholics. Alcohol 1987; 4: 1–5
- Caml EN, Zuckerman M, Vogel W. A test of the optimal arousal theory of sensation seeking. J Pers Soc Psychol 1982; 42: 572–575
- Teichman M, Bamea Z, Ravav G. Personality and substance use among adolescents: a longitudinal study. Br J Psychiatry 1989; 84: 181–190
- Zuckerman M, Buchsbaum MS, Murphy DL. Sensation seeking and its biological correlates. Psychol Bull 1980; 88: 187–214
- Andrucci GL, Archer RP, Pancost DL. The relationship of MMPI and sensation seeking scales to adolescent drug use. J Pen Assess 1989; 53: 253–266
- Spons JV, Shontz FC. Drugs and personality: dependence of findings on methods. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1986; 12: 335–382