Oral Protein Drug Delivery

References

• A. Adjei, and P. Gupta.(1994). Pulmonary delivery of therapeutic peptides and proteins J. Control. Release 29:361–373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Agarwal, K. Chaudhary, E. Mayer, D. Kaplan, F. DeMorin, R. Baughman, and D. Sarubbi.(1995). PODDSTM mediated human growth hormone absorption in the rat gastrointestinal tract Pharm. Res. 12:S-293
   Google Scholar
• Y. Akiyama, N. Nagahara, T. Kashihara, S. Hirai, and H. Toguchi.(1995). In vitro and in vivo evaluation of mucoadhesive microspheres prepared for the gastrointestinal tract using polyglycerol esters of fatty acids and a poly(acrylic acid) derivative Pharm. Res. 12:397–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Alpar, W. Field, R. Hyde, and D. Lewis.(1989). The transport of microspheres from the gastrointestinal tract to inflammatory air pouches in the rat J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 41:194–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Anderson, S. Harding, and S. Davis.(1989). One the interaction in solution of a candidate mucoadhesive polymer, diethylaminoethyl-dextran, with pig gastric mucus glycoprotein Biochem. Soc. Trans. 17:1101–1102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Arrieta-Molero, K. Aleck, M. Sinha, C. Brownscheidle, L. Shapiro, and M. Sperling.(1982). Orally administered liposome entrapped insulin in diabetic animals Harm. Res. 16:249–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Asada, T. Douen, M. Waki, S. Adachi, T. Fujita, A. Yamamoto, and S. Muranishi.(1995). Absorption characteristics of chemically modified-insulin derivatives with various fatty acids in the small and large intestine J. Pharm. Sci. 84:682–687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Austen.(1970). Thiol groups in the blood clotting action of factor VIII Br. J. Haematol. 19:477–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Austen, and C. Rizza.(1981). Oral treatment of haemophilia Lancet ii:359
   Google Scholar
• J. Bai, and G. Amidon.(1992). Structural specificity of mucosal-cell transport and metabolism of peptide drugs: implication for oral drug delivery Pharm. Res. 9:969–978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Bai, and L. Chang.(1995). Transepithelial transport of insulin: I. Insulin degradation by insulin-degrading enzyme in small intestinal epiuielium Pharm. Res. 12:1171–1175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Bai, L. Chang, and J. Guo.(1995). Effects of polyacrylic polymers on the lumenal proteolysis of peptide drugs in the colon J. Pharm. Sci. 84:1291–1294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Banga, and Y. Chien.(1988). Systemic delivery of therapeutic peptides and proteins Int. J. Pharm. 48:15–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Berdanier.(1988). Role of membrane lipids in metabolic regulation Nutr. Rev. 46:145–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Bhat, D. Flanagan, and M. Donovan.(1995). The limiting role of mucus in drug absorption: drug permeation through mucus solution Int. J. Pharm. 126:179–187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Bloch, and W. Walker.(1981). Effect of locally induced intestinal anaphylaxis on the uptake of a bystander antigen J. Allergy Clin. Immunol 67:312–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Bloch, J. Wright, S. Bishara, and M. Bloch.(1988). Uptake of polypeptide fragments of proteins by rat intestine in vitro and in vivo Gastroenterology 95:1272–1278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Bone, J. Barley, D. Winwood, N. Ekwuribe, B. Rosenberg, and B. Radhakrishnan.(1995). Successful treatment of type I diabetes with orally-active insulin: studies in the insulin dependent BB/S rat Diabetes 44:S1–160A.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• D. Breimer.(1992). Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic basis for peptide drug delivery system design J. Control. Release 21:5–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Burton, R. Conradi, and A. Hilgers.(1991). Transcellular mechanism of peptide and protein absorption: passive aspects Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 7:365–386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Butler, L. Lichtenberger, and B. Hills.(1983). Distribution of surfactants in the canine gastrointestinal tract and their ability to lubricate Am. J. Physiol. 244:G645–G651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O. Chan, H. Hamilton, B. Steinbaugh, M. Taylor, and B. Stewart.(1992). Quantitative structure-absorption relationship in renin inhibitors and structurally related compounds Pharm. Res. 10:S347
   Google Scholar
• D. Chickering3rd, W. Harris, and E. Mathiowitz.(1995). A microtensiometer for the analysis of bioadhesive microspheres Biomed. Instrum. Technol. 29:501–512.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Y. Chien, and A. Banga.(1989). Potential developments in systemic delivery of insulin Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 15:1601–1634.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Cho, and M. Flynn.(1989). Oral delivery of insulin Lancet ii:1518–1519.
   Google Scholar
• S. Cohen, T. Yoshioka, M. Lucarelli, L. Huwang, and R. Langer.(1991). Controlled delivery systems for proteins based on poly(lactic/glycolic acid) microspheres Pharm. Res. 8:713–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Conradi, A. Hilgers, N. Ho, and P. Burton.(1992). The influence of peptide structure on transport across caco-2 cells. II. Peptide bond modification which results in improved permeability Pharm. Res. 9:435–439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Constantinides.(1995). Lipid microemulsions for improving drug dissolution and oral absorption: physical and biopharmaceutical aspects Pharm. Res. 12:1561–1572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Cooper, S. Teichberg, and F. Lifshitz.(1978). Alterations in rat jejunal permeability to a macromolecular tracer during a hyperosmotic load Lab. Invest. 38:447–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Couvreur, V. Lenaerts, B. Kante, M. Roland, and P. Speiser.(1980). Oral and parenteral administration of insulin associated to hydrolyzable nanoparticles Acta. Pharm. Technol. 26:220–222.
   Google Scholar
• C. Crane, M. Path, and G. Luntz.(1968). Absorption of insulin from the human small intestine Diabetes 17:625–627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Cullander, and R. Guy.(1992). Transdermal delivery of peptides and proteins Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 8:291–329.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Damgé, C. Michael, M. Aprahamian, and P. Couvreur.(1986). Advantage of a new colloidal drug delivery system in the insulin treatment of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats Diabetologia 29:531A
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Damgé, C. Michael, M. Aprahamian, and P. Couvreur.(1988). New approach for oral administration of insulin with polyalky-lcyanoacrylate nanocapsules as drug carrier Diabetes 37:246–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Damgé, C. Michael, M. Aprahamian, P. Couvreur, and J. Devis-saguet.(1990). Nanoparticles as carriers for oral peptide delivery J. Control. Release 13:233–239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Davis.(1992). Delivery systems for biopharmaceuticals J. Pharm. Pharmacol 44:186–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. de Bore, E. van Hoogdalem, and D. Breimer.(1992). Rate controlled rectal peptide drug absorption Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 8:237–251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Dent, and J. Schilling.(1949). Studies on the absorption of proteins: the amino-acid patten in the portal blood Biochem. J. 44:318–333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Desai, V. Labhasetwar, C. Song, X. Qu, G. Amidon, and R. Levy.(1995). Uptake of microparticles by gut associated lymphoid tissue Pharm. Res. 12:S-233
   Google Scholar
• V. Dobre, D. Georgescu, L. Simionescu, E. Aman, V. Stroescu, and C. Motas.(1983). The entrapment of biological active substances into liposomes. I. Effects of oral administration of liposomally entrapped insulin in normal rats Rev. Roum. Biochim. 20:15
   Google Scholar
• V. Dobre, L. Simionescu, V. Stroescu, D. Georgescu, E. Aman, T. Trandaburu, and C. Motas.(1984). The entrapment of biological active substances into liposomes. II. Effects of oral administration of liposomally entrapped insulin in normal and allox-anized rats Endocrinologie 22:253–260.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• A. Doris, and T. Maack.(1985). Endocytic uptake, transport, and catabolism of proteins by epithelial cells Am. J. Physiol. 248:C12–C20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Dressman.(1986). Comparison of canine and human gastrointestinal physiology Pharm. Res. 3:123–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Drewe, C. Beglinger, and G. Fricker.(1995). Modulation of intestinal absorption of octreotide by distinct carbohydrates Gastrointerology. 108:A282
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Ducroc, M. Heyman, B. Beaufrere, J. Morgan, and J. Desjeux.(1983). Horseradish peroxidase transport across rabbit jejunum and Peyer's patches in vitro Am. J. Physiol 245:G54–G58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Eldridge, C. Hammond, J. Meubroek, J. Staas, R. Gilley, and T. Tice.(1990). Controlled vaccine release in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues: orally administered biodegradable microspheres target the Peyer's patches J. Control. Release 11:205–214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Erlij, and A. Martinez-Palomo.(1972). Opening of tight junctions in frog skin by hypertonic urea solutions J. Membr. Biol. 9:229–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Fricker, and J. Drewe.(1995). Enteral absorption of octreotide: modulation of intestinal permeability by distinct carbohydrate J. Pharmcol. Exp. Ther. 274:826–832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Florence, A. Hillery, N. Hussain, and P. Jani.(1995). Nanoparticles as carriers for oral peptide absorption: studies on particle uptake and fate J. Control. Release 36:39–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. Gallo-Payet, and J. Jugon.(1984). Insulin in isolated adult mouse intestinal cells: studies in vivo and in organ culture Endocrinology 114:1885–1892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. Gallo-Payet, and J. Hugon.(1985). Epidermal growth factor receptors in isolated adult mouse intestinal cells: studies in vivo and in organ culture Endocrinology 116:194–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Gardner.(1984). Intestinal assimilation of intact peptides and proteins from the diet—a neglected field? Biol. Rev. 59:289–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Gardner.(1988). Gastrointestinal absorption of intact proteins Ann. Rev. Nutr. 8:329–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Gonnella, and M. Neutra.(1984). Membrane-bound and fluid-phase macromolecules enter separate prelysosomal compartments in absorptive cells of suckling rat ileum J. Cell Biol 99:909–917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Gupta, and J. Robinson.(1995). Effect of volume and viscosity of coadministered fluid on gastrointestinal distribution of small particles Int. J. Pharm., US185193
   Google Scholar
• M. Hashida, M. Nishikawa, F. Yamashita, and Y. Takakura.(1984). Targeting delivery of protein drugs by chemical modification Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 20:581–590.
   Google Scholar
• A. Hashimoto, and J. Kawada.(1979). Effects of oral administration of positively charged insulin liposomes on alloxan diabetic rats: preliminary study Endocrinol. Jpn. 26:337–344.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• J. Hastewell, S. Lynch, R. Fox, I. Williamson, P. Skelton-Stroud, and M. Mackay.(1994). Enhancement of human calcitonin absorption across the rat colon in vivo Int. J. Pharm. 101:115–120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Hayakawa, A. Yamamoto, Y. Shoji, and V. Lee.(1989). Effect of sodium glycocholate and polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether on the hydrolysis of varying concentrations of insulin in the nasal homogenates of the albino rabbit Life Sci. 45:167–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Hayakawa, and V. Lee.(1992). Aminopeptidase activity in the jejunal and ileal Peyer's parches of the albino rabbit Pharm. Res. 9:535–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Hemker, W. Hermens, A. Muller, and R. Zwaal.(1980). Oral treatment of haemophilia A by gastrointestinal absorption of factor VIII entrapped in liposomes Lancet i:70–71.
   Google Scholar
• M. Heyman, R. Ducroc, J-F. Desjeux, and J. Morgat.(1982). Horseradish peroxidase transport across adult rabbit jejunum in vitro Am. J. Physiol. 242:G558–G564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Higashi, and V. Lee.(1993). Influence of PZ-peptide on peptide and protein transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers Pharm. Res. 10:S292
   Google Scholar
• H-O. Ho, C-C. Hsiao, and M-T. Sheu.(1996). Preparation of microemulsion using polyglycerol fatty acid esters as surfactant for the delivery of protein drugs J. Pharm. Sci. 85:138–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. Ho, C. Barsuhn, P. Burton, and H. Merkle.(1992). Mechanistic insites to buccal delivery of proteinaceous substances Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 8:197–235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Hosney, N. Khan Ghilzai, and A. Al-Dhawalie.(1995). Effective intestinal absorption of insulin in diabetic rats using enteric coated capsules containing sodium salicylate Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 21:1583–1589.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Huneau, and D. Tbmé.(1990). In vitro transport of B-lactoglobulin across the jejunum of lactose-fed rats Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 30:237–244.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• P. Jani, G. Halbert, J. Langridge, and A. Florence.(1990). Nanoparticle uptake by the rat gastrointestinal mucosa: quantitation and particle size dependency J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42:821–826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Jensen-Pippo, K. Whitcomb, M. Woodward, J. Wilson, P. Reardon, and A. Habberfield.(1995). Enteral bioavailability of pegylated IFN-Conl Pharm. Res. 12:S-291
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• K. Jensen-Pippo, K. Whitcomb, R. DePrince, L. Ralph, and A. Habberfield.(1996). Enteral bioavailability of human granulocyte colony stimulating factor conjugated with poly(ethylene glucol) Pharm. Res. 13:102–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Kahna, and H. Bundgaard.(1991). Prodrugs of peptides. 13. Stabilization of peptide amides against α-chymotrypsin by the prodrug approach Pharm. Res. 8:1533–1538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Kararli.(1989). Gastrointestinal absorption of drugs Crit. Rev. Then Drug Carrier Syst. 6:39–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. Katre.(1993). The conjugation of proteins with polyethylene glycol and other polymers altering properties of proteins to enhance their therapeutic potential Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 10:91–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Kawada, N. Tanaka, and Y. Nozaka.(1981). No reduction of blood glucose in diabetic rats after oral administration of insulin liposomes prepared under acidic conditions Endocrinol. Jpn. 28:235–238.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• D. Keljo, and J. Hamilton.(1983). Quantitative determination of macromolecular transport rate across intestinal Peyer's patches Am. J. Physiol. 244:G637–G644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Kidron, H. Bar-On, E. Berry, and E. Ziv.(1982). The absorption of insulin from various regions of the rat intestine Life Sci. 31:2837–2841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Kilshaw, and H. Slade.(1980). Passage of ingested protein into the blood during gastrointestinal hypersensitivity reactions: experiments in the preruminant calf Clin. Exp. Immunol. 41:575–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Kirby, and G. Gregoriadis.(1984). Preparation of liposome containing factor VIII for oral treatment of haemophilia J. Microencapsul. 1:33–45.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• U. Kompella, and V. Lee.(1992). Delivery systems for penetration enhancement of peptide and protein drugs: design considerations Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 8:115–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Kraehenbuhl, and M. Campiche.(1969). Early stages of intestinal absorption of specific antibodies in the newborn J. Cell Biol. 42:345–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Kriwet, and T. Kissel.(1993). Bioadhesion microspheres by inverse emulsion polymerization of acrylic acid Proc. Int. Symp. Control. Release Bioact. Mater. 20:344–345.
   Google Scholar
• G. Lauer, and W. Minuth.(1988). Apico-basal osmotic gradient induces transcytosis in cultured renal collecting duct epithelium J. Membr. Biol 101:93–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Lavelle, S. Sharif, N. Thomas, J. Holland, and S. Davis.(1995). The importance of gastrointestinal uptake of panicles in the design of oral delivery systems Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 18:5–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Lecce.(1966). In vitro absorption of γ-globulin by neonatal intestinal epithelium of the pig J. Physiol. 184:594–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• V. Lee.(1988). Enzymatic barriers to peptide and protein absorption Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst. 5:69–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• V. Lee.(1990). Protease inhibitors and penetration enhances as approaches to modify peptide absorption J. Control. Release 13:213–223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• V. Lee.(1987). Ophthalmic delivery of peptides and proteins Pharm. Technol.26–38.
   Google Scholar
• V. Lee, A. Yamamoto, and U. Kompella.(1991). Mucosal penetration enhances for facilitation of peptide and protein drug absorption Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst. 8:91–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. Lee, and J. Longenecker.(1988). Intranasal delivery of proteins and peptides: Biopharm30–37.
   Google Scholar
• E. Lefevre, D. Joel, and G. Schidlovsky.(1995). Retention of ingested latex particles in Peyer's patches of germfree and conventional mice Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 179:522–528.
   Google Scholar
• C-M. Lehr, J. Bouwstra, W. Kok, B. Noach, A. de Boer, and H. Junginger.(1992). Bioadhesion by means of specific binding of tomato lectin Pharm. Res. 9:547–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C-M. Lehr, F. Poelma, H. Junginger, and J. Tucker.(1991). An estimation of turnover time of intestinal mucus gel layer in the rat in situ loop Int. J. Pharm. 70:235–240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Lennarnäs.(1995). Does fluid flow across the intestinal mucosa affect quantitative oral drug absorption? Is it time for a reeval-uation Pharm. Res. 12:1573–1582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Leo, C. Hansen, and D. Elkins.(1971). Partition coefficients and their uses Chem. Rev. 71:525–615.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Leone-Bay, N. Santiago, D. Achan, K. Chaudhary, F. DeMorin, L. Falzarano, S. Haas, S. Kalbag, D. Kaplan, H. Leipold, C. Lercara, D. O'Toole, T. Rivera, C. Rosado, D. Sarubbi, E. Vuocolo, N-E. Wang, S. Milstein, and R. Baughman.(1995). N-acylated α-amino acids as novel oral delivery agents for proteins J. Med. Chem. 38:4263–4269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Lien.(1985). Molecular structures and different modes of exposure affecting transport and toxicities of chemicals: QSAR analysis Environ, Toxicol. Chem. 4:259–271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Lindemann, and A. Solomon.(1962). Permeability of luminal surface of intestinal mucosal cells J. Gen. Physiol. 45:801–810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Loehry, A. Axon, P. Hilton, R. Hider, and B. Creamer.(1970). Permeability of the small intestine to substances of different molecular weight Gut 11:466–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Loehry, J. Kingham, and J. Baker.(1973). Small intestinal permeability in animals and man Gut 14:683–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. Lu, and T. Park.(1995). Protein release from poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres: protein stability problems PDA J. Pharm. Sci. Technol. 49:13–19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• S. Lundin, N. Pantzar, L. Hedine, and B. Weström.(1990). Intestinal absorption enhancement by sodium taurodihydrofusidate of a peptide hormone analogue (dDAVP) and a macromolecule (BSA) in vitro and in vivo Int. J. Pharm. 59:263–269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Mackay, I. Williamson, and J. Hastewell.(1991). Cell biology of epithelia Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 7:313–338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Manning, C. Fágám, R. O'Kennedy, and B. Woodhams.(1995). Effect of chemical modifiers on recombinant factor VIII activity Thromb. Res. 80:247–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Matthews.(1975). Intestinal absorption of peptides Physiol. Rev. 55:537–608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Marcon-Genty, D. Tome, O. Kheroua, A-M. Dumontier, M. Heyman, and J-F. Desjeux.(1989). Transport of β-plactoglobulin across rabbit ileum in vitro Am. J. Physiol. 256:G943–G948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Mesiha, F. Plakogiannis, and S. Vejosoth.(1994). Enhanced oral absorption of insulin from desolvated fatty acid-sodium glycocholate emulsions Int. J. Pharm. 111:213–216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Mesiha, and M. Sidhom.(1995). Increased oral absorption enhancement of insulin by medium viscosity hydroxypropyl cellulose Int. J. Pharm. 114:137–140.
   Google Scholar
• J. Moore, Pletcher Anne, and M. Ross.(1986). Absorption enhancement of growth hormone from the gastrointestinal tract of rats Int. J. Pharm. 34:35–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• I. Morishita, M. Morishita, K. Takayama, Y. Machida, and T. Na-gai.(1993). Enteral insulin delivery by microspheres in 3 different formulations using Eudragit L100 and S100 Int. J. Pharm. 91:29–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Moriya, C. Moriwaki, S. Akimote, K. Yamaguchi, and M. Iwa-dare.(1967). Studies on the passage of a-chymotrypsin across the intestine Chem. Pharm. Bull. 15:1662–1668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Moufti, C. Weingarten, F. Puisieux, T. Luong, and G. Durand.(1980). Hypoglycemia after liposomized insulin in the rat Pediatr. Res. 14:174
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Mumtaz, and B. Backhawat.(1991). Conjugation of proteins and enzymes with hydrophilic polymers and their applications Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. 28:346–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Naisbett, and J. Woodley.(1994). The potential use of tomato lectin for oral drug delivery: 2. Mechanism of uptake in vitro Int. J. Pharm. 110:127–136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Naisbett, and J. Woodley.(1995). The potential use of tomato lectin for oral drug delivery: 3. Bioadhesion in vivo Int. J. Pharm. 114:227–236.
   Google Scholar
• M. Narawane, S. Podder, H. Bundgaard, and V. Lee.(1993). Segmental differences in drug permeability, esterase activity and ketone reductase activity in the albino rabbit intestine J. Drug Target. 1:29–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Nishida, C. Tonegawa, S. Nakane, Y. Takakura, M. Hashida, and H. Sezaki.(1990). Effect of electric charge on the hepatic uptake of macromolecules in the rat liver Int. J. Pharm. 65:7–17.
   Google Scholar
• T. Nishihata, J. Rytting, A. Kamada, and T. Higuchi.(1981). Enhanced intestinal absorption of insulin in rats in the presence of sodium 5-methoxysalicylate Diabetes 30:1065–1067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Neutra, T. Phillips, E. Mayer, and D. Fishkind.(1987). Transport of membrane-bound macromolecules by M-cells in follicle-associated epithelium of rabbit Peyer's patch Cell Tissue Res. 247:537–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• X. Nook, E. Doelker, and P. Buri.(1988). Intestinal absorption kinetics of various model drugs in relation to partition coefficients Int. J. Pharm. 43:119–129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. O'Hagan.(1990). Intestinal translocation of particulates—implications for drug antigen delivery Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 5:265–285.
   Google Scholar
• K. Oka, Y. Miyamoto, Y. Matsumura, S. Tanaka, T. Oda, F. Suzuki, and H. Maeda.(1990). Enhanced intestinal absorption of a hydrophobic polymer-conjugated protein drug, smancs, in an oily formulation Pharm. Res. 7:852–855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Okada, S. Cohen, and R. Langer.(1995). In vitro evaluation of polymerized liposomes as an oral drug delivery system Pharm. Res. 12:576–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Oppenheim, N. Stewart, L. Gordon, and H. Pate.(1982). The production and evaluation of orally administered insulin nanoparticles Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 8:531–546.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Owen.(1977). Sequential uptake of horseradish peroxidase by lymphoid follicle epithelium of Peyer's patches in the normal unobstructed mouse intestine: an ultrastructural study Gastroenterology 72:440–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. Pantzar, S. Lundin, and B. Weström.(1995). Different properties of the paracellular pathway account for the regional small intestinal permeability to the peptide desmopressin J Pharm. Sci. 84:1245–1248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Pappenheimer, and K. Reiss.(1987). Contribution of solvent drag through intercellular junctions to absorption of nutrients by the small intestine of the rat J. Membr. Biol 100:123–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Patel, W. Ritschel, P. Chalasani, and S. Rao.(1991). Biological activity of insulin in microemulsion in mice J. Pharm. Sci. 80:613–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Patel.(1989). Transcytosis of drug carriers carrying peptides across epithelial barriers Biochem Soc. Trans. 17:940–941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Patel, N. Harding, E. Logue, C. Kesson, A. MacCuish, J. MacKenzie, B. Ryman, and I. Scobie.(1978). In-trajejunal absorption of liposomally entrapped insulin in normal man Biochem. Soc. Trans. 6:784–785.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• H. Patel, and B. Ryman.(1976). Oral administration of insulin by encapsulation within liposomes FEBS Lett. 62:60–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Patel, R. Stevenson, J. Parsons, and B. Ryman.(1982). Use of liposomes to aid intestinal absorption of entrapped insulin in normal and diabetic dogs Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 716:188–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Patton, and R. Platz.(1992). Pulmonary delivery of peptides and proteins for systemic action Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 8:179–196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Paulssen, and B. van Pelt.(1981). Oral treatment of haemophilia A by factor VIII bound to chylomicra Lancet i:1310
   Google Scholar
• D. Powell.(1981). Barrier function of epithelia Am. J. Physiol. 241:G275–G288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Pusztai.(1989). Transport of proteins through the membranes of the adult gastrointestinal tract—a potential for drug delivery? Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 3:215–228.
   Google Scholar
• R. Rao, W. Thornburg, M. Korc, L. Matrisian, B. Magun, and O. Koldovsky.(1986). Processing of epidermal growth factor by suckling and adult rat intestinal cells Am. J. Physiol. 250:G850–G855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• I. Reddy, and A. Banga.(1993). Biotechnology Drug Delivery: oral vs. Alternative routes Pharm. Times92–98.
   Google Scholar
• J. Richardson, and L. Illum.(1992). The vaginal route of peptide and protein drug delivery Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 8:341–366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Rowland, and J. Woodley.(1980). The stability of liposomes in vitro to pH, bile salts and pancreatic lipase Biochim. Biophys. Acta 620:400–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Rubinstein, and B. Tiroshm.(1994). Mucus gel thickness and turnover in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat: response to cholinergic stimulus and implication for mucoadhesion Pharm. Res. 11:794–799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Saffran, G. Kumar, C. Savariar, J. Burnham, F. Williams, and D. Neckers.(1986). A new approach to the oral administration of insulin and other peptide drugs Science 233:1081–1084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. Sakuragawa, M. Niwa, S-I. Kondo, and K. Niiya.(1985a). Studies on the oral treatment of hemophilia and related hemorrhagic disorders Jpn. J. Med. 24:315
   Google Scholar
• N. Sakuragawa, S-I. Kondo, and K. Niiya.(1985b). Oral administration of factor VIII concentrate preparation in von Will-ebrand's disease Thromb. Res. 38:681–685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Schilling, and A. Mitra.(1990). Intestinal mucosal transport of insulin Int. J. Pharm. 62:53–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Schilling, and A. Mitra.(1992). Pharmacodynamics of insulin following intravenous and enteral administration of porcine-zinc insulin in rats Pharm. Res. 9:1003–1009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Schulthess, and H. Hauser.(1995). A unique feature of lipid dynamics in small intestinal brush border membrane Mol. Membr. Biol. 12:105–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W-C. Shen, J. Wan, and H. Ekrami.(1992). Enhancement of polypeptide and protein absorption by macromolecular carriers via endocytosis and transcytosis Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev. 8:93–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Shenfield, and J. Hill.(1982). Infrequent response by diabetic rats to insulin liposomes Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 9:355–361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Shichiri, R. Kawamori, M. Yoshida, W. Etani, M. Hoshi, K. Izumi, Y. Shigeta, and H. Able.(1975). Short term treatment of alloxan diabetic rats with intrajejunal administration of water-in-oil-in-water insulin emulsions Diabetes 24:971–976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Shichiri, Y. Shimizu, M. Yoshida, R. Kawamori, M. Fukuchi, Y. Shigeta, and H. Able.(1974). Enteral absorption of water-in-oil-in-water insulin emulsions in rabbits Diabetologia 10:317–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Simonski, P. Gonella, J. Bemanke, L. Owen, M. Neutra, and R. Murphy.(1986). Uptake and transepithelial transport of nerve growth factor in suckling rat ileum J. Cell Biol. 103:1979–1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Smith, D. Wall, C. Gochoco, H. Caroline, and G. Wilson.(1992). Oral absorption of peptides and proteins Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 8:253–290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Stahl, and A. Schwartz.(1986). Receptor-mediated endocytosis J. Clin. Invest. 77:657–662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Steinman, I. Mellman, W. Muller, and Z. Cohn.(1983). Endocytosis and the recycling of plasma membrane J. Cell Biol 96:1–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. StratfordJr., and V. Lee.(1985). Aminopeptidase activity in albino rabbit extraocular tissues relative to the small intestine J. Pharm. Sci. 74:731–734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. StratfordJr., and V. Lee.(1986). Aminopeptidase activity in homogenates of various absorptive mucosae in the albino rabbit: implications in peptide delivery Int. J. Pharm. 30:73–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Sugiyama, and Y. Kato.(1994). Pharmacokinetic aspects of peptide delivery and targeting: importance of receptor-mediated endocytosis Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 20:591–614.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Suttle, and K. Brouwer.(1995). Regional gastrointestinal absorption of ranitidine in the rat Pharm. Res. 12:1311–1315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Swenson, and W. Curatolo.(1992). Intestinal permeability enhancement for proteins, peptides, and other polar drugs: mechanisms and potential toxicity Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 8:39–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Tabata, S. Gutta, and R. Langer.(1993). Controlled delivery systems for proteins using polyanhydride microspheres Pharm. Res. 10:487–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Takakura, Y. Kaneko, R. Fujita, M. Hashida, H. Maeda, and H. Sezaki.(1989). Control of pharmaceutical properties of soybean trypsin inhibitor by conjugation with dextran I: synthesis and characterization J. Pharm. Sci. 78:117–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Ten Hoor, and J. Dressman.(1992). Oral absorption of peptides and proteins STP Pharm. Sci. 2:301–312.
   Google Scholar
• A. Thomson, and M. Keelan.(1986). The development of the small intestine Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol 64:13–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Thompson.(1986). Evidence for specific epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors on fetal, suckling, and adult rat intestine Gastroenterology 90:1664
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. Thornburg, R. Rao, L. Matrisian, B. Magun, and O. Koldovsky.(1987). Effect of maturation on gastrointestinal absorption of epidermal growth factor in rats Am. J. Physiol. 253:G68–G71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Thurnhofer, G. Lipka, and H. Hauser.(1991). Membrane proteins exposed on the external side of the intestinal brush-border membrane have fusogenic properties Eur. J. Biochem. 201:273–282.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• E. Touito, and A. Rubenstein.(1986). Targeted enteral delivery of insulin to rats Int. J. Pharm. 30:95–99.
   Google Scholar
• E. Touito, M. Donbrow, and A. Rubenstein.(1980). Effective intestinal absorption of insulin in diabetic rats using a new formulation approach J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 32:108–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K-G. Tranberg.(1979). Hepatic uptake of insulin in man Am. J. Physiol 237:E509–E518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Tsutsumi, T. Kihira, S-I. Tsunoda, N. Okada, Y. Kaned, Y. Ohsugi, M. Miyake, S. Nakagawa, and T. Mayumi.(1995). Polyethylene glycol modification of interleukin-6 enhances its thrombopoietic activity J. Control. Release 33:447–451.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Udall, K. Bloch, L. Fritze, and W. Walker.(1981). Binding of exogenous protein fragments to native proteins: possible explanation for the overestimation of uptake of extrinsically labeled macromolecules from the gut Immunology 42:251–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Van den Mooter, C. Samyn, and R. Kinget.(1993). Azo polymers for colon-specific drug delivery. II: Influence of the type of azo polymer on the degradation by intestinal microflora Int. J. Pharm. 97:133–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Verhoef, H. Boddé, A. de Boer, J. Bouwstra, H. Junginger, F. Merkus, and D. Breimer.(1990). Transport of peptide and protein drugs across biological membranes Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 15:83–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Verner, and G. Schatz.(1988). Protein translocation across membranes Science 241:1307–1313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Volkheimer.(1975). Hematogenous dissemination of ingested polyvinyl chloride particles NY Acad. Sci. 246:164–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. Walker, R. Cornell, L. Davenport, and K. Isselbacher.(1972). Macromolecular absorption-mechanism of horse radish peroxidase uptake and transport in adult and neonatal rat intestine J. Cell Biol. 54:195–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Walter, and J. Gutknecht.(1986). Permeability of small nonelectrolytes through lipid bilayer membranes J. Membr. Biol 90:207–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Warshaw, W. Walker, and K. Isselbacher.(1974). Protein uptake by the intestine: evidence for absorption of intact macro-molecules Gastroenterology 66:987–992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Weiner.(1989). Liposomes as carriers for polypeptides Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 3:307–341.
   Google Scholar
• R. Welzin, P. Lucia-Jandris, P. Michetti, B. Fields, J. Kraehenbuhl, and M. Neutra.(1989). Binding and transepithelial transport of immunoglobulins by intestinal M cells: Demonstration using monoclonal IgA antibodies against enteric viral proteins J. Cell Biol. 108:1673–1685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Weingarten, A. Moufti, J. Desjeux, T. Luong, G. Durand, J. Divissaguet, and F. Puissieux.(1981). Oral ingestion of insulin liposomes: effects of the administration route Life Sci. 28:2747–2752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Yamamoto, E. Hayakawa, and V. Lee.(1990). Insulin and proinsulin proteolysis in mucosal homogenates of the albino rabbit: implications in peptide delivery from nonoral routes Life Sci. 47:2465–2474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Yamamoto, T. Taniguchi, K. Rikyuu, T. Tsuji, T. Fujita, M. Murakami, and S. Muranishi.(1994). Effects of various protease inhibitors on the intestinal absorption and degradation of insulin in rats Pharm. Res. 11:1496–1500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Yeagle.(1989). Lipid regulation of cell membrane structure and function FASEB J. 3:1833–1842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• X. Zhou, and A. Po.(1991). Peptide and protein drugs: II. non-parenteral routes of delivery Int. J. Pharm. 75:117–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Ziv, M. Kidron, I. Raz, M. Krausz, Y. Blatt, A. Rotman, and H. Bar-On.(1994). Oral administration of insulin in solid form to nondiabetic and diabetic dogs J. Pharm. Sci. 83:792–794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Ziv, O. Lior, and M. Kidron.(1987). Absorption of protein via the intestinal wall, a quantitative model Biochim. Pharmacol. 36:1035–1039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Davis.(1989). Gastrointestinal absorption of polypeptides in Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins: Formulation, Delivery and Targeting
   Google Scholar
• M. Humphrey.(1986). Delivery Systems for Peptide Drugs139–151.
   Google Scholar
• U. Kompella.V. Lee.(1992). Protein and Peptide Drug Delivery391–484.
   Google Scholar
• V. Lee.S. Dodda-Kashi.G. Grass.W. Rubas.(1992). Protein and Peptide Drug Delivery691–737.
   Google Scholar
• J. Madara.(1991). Volume IV: Intestinal Absorption and Secretion83–120.
   Google Scholar
• L. Sanders.(1992). Protein and Peptide Drug Delivery785–806.
   Google Scholar
• N. Weiner.C-M. Chiang.(1988). Liposomes as Drug Carriers, Recent Trends and Progress599–607.
   Google Scholar