References
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders.3rd ed. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC 1980
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders.4th ed. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC 1994
- Costa PT, McCrae RR. From catalog to classification: Murray's needs and the five-factor model. J Pers Soc Psychol 1988; 55: 258–65
- Costa PT, Jr, Widiger TA. Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 1994
- Livesley WJ, Jang KL, Jackson DN, Vernon PA. Genetic and environmental contributions to dimensions of personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150: 1826–31
- Nigg JT, Goldsmith HH. Genetics of personality disorders: perspectives from personality and psychopathology research. Psychol Bull 1994; 115: 346–80
- Jang KL, Livesley WJ, Vernon PA, Jackson DN. Heritability of personality disorder traits: a twin study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996; 94: 438–44
- Oldham JM, Skodol AE, Kellman HD, Hyler SE, Rosnick L, Davies M. Diagnosis of DSM-III-R personality disorders by two structured interviews: patterns of comorbidity. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 213–21
- Nakao K, Gunderson JG, Phillips KA, Tanaka N, Yorifuji K, Takaishi J, et al. Functional impairment in personality disorders. J Pers Disord 1992; 6: 24–33
- Reich J. Avoidant and dependent personality traits in relatives of patients with panic, disorder, patients with dependent personality, disorder, and normal, controls. Psychiatry, Res 1991; 39: 89–98
- Perry JC. Problems and considerations in the valid assessment of personality disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 1645–53
- Weissman MM. The epidemiology of personality disorders: a 1990 update. J Pers Disord 1993; 7: 44–62, suppl
- Nestadt G, Romanoski AJ, Brown CH, Chahal R, Merchant A, Folstein MF, et al. DSM-III compulsive personality disorder: an epidemiological survey. Psychol Med 1991; 21: 461–71
- Reich J. Relationship between DSM-III avoidant and dependent personality disorders. Psychiatry Res 1990; 34: 281–92
- Pollak J. Obsessive-compulsive personality: theoretical and clinical perspectives and recent research findings. J Pers Disord 1987; 1: 248–62
- Rutter M. Temperament, personality and personality disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1987; 150: 443–58
- Paris J. Personality disorders: a biopsychosocial model. J Pers Disord 1993; 7: 255–64
- Paris J. Social factors in the personality disorders: a biopsychosocial approach to etiology and treatment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Cambridge 1996
- Millon T, Davis R. Personality disorders: DSM-TV and beyond. Wiley, New York 1995
- Engel GL. The clinical application of the biopsychosocial model. Am J Psychiatry 1980; 137: 535–44
- Paris J. Borderline personality disorder: a multidimensional approach. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 1994
- Paris J. The etiology of borderline personality disorder: a biopsychosocial approach. Psychiatry 1994; 57: 316–25
- Paris J. Antisocial personality disorder: a biopsychosocial model. Can J Psychiatry 1996; 41: 75–80
- Monroe SM, Simons AD. Diathesis-stress theories in the context of life stress research: implications for the depressive disorders. Psychol Bull 1991; 110: 406–25
- Paris J. Nature and nurture in psychiatry: a predisposition-stress model. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC
- Livesley WJ, Schroeder ML, Jackson DN, Jang K. Categorical distinctions in the study of personality disorder: implications for classification. J Abnorm Psychol 1994; 103: 6–17
- Rothbart MK, Ahadi SA. Temperament and the development of personality. J Abnorm Psychol 1994; 103: 55–66
- Tellegen A, Lykken DT, Bouchard TJ, Jr, Wilcox KJ, Segal NL, Rich S. Personality similarity in twins reared apart and together. J Pers Soc Psychol 1988; 54: 1031–9
- Plomin R, Defries JC, McClearn GE, Rutter M. Behavioral genetics: a primer.3rd ed. Freeman, New York 1997
- Siever LJ, Davis KL. A psychobiological perspective on the personality disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148: 1647–58
- Coccaro EF, Siever LJ, Klar HM, Maurer G, Cochrane K, Cooper TB, et al. Serotonergic studies in patients with affective and personality disorders: correlates with suicidal and impulsive aggressive behavior. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46: 587–99
- Kagan J. Galen's prophecy: temperament in human nature. Basic, New York 1994
- Eysenck HJ. Genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences: the three major dimensions of personality. J Pers 1990; 58: 245–61
- Cloninger CR. A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987; 44: 579–88
- Svrakic DM, Whitehead C, Przybeck TR, Cloninger CR. Differential diagnosis of personality disorders by the seven-factor model of temperament and character. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50: 991–9
- Stein DJ, Hollander E, Skodol AE. Anxiety disorders and personality disorders: a review. J Pers Disord 1993; 7: 87–104
- Mavissakalian MR, Hamann MS, Abou Haidar S, De Groot CM. DSM-III personality disorders in generalized, anxietypanic/agoraphobia, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Compr Psychiatry 1993; 34: 243–8
- Hoffart A, Thornes K, Hedley LM, Strand J. DSM-III-R Axis I and II disorders in agoraphobic patients with and without panic disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994; 89: 186–91
- Brooks RB, Baltazar PL, McDowell DE, Munjack DJ, Brans JR. Personality disorders co-occurring with panic disorder with agoraphobia. J Pers Disord 1991; 5: 328–36
- Loranger AW. Dependent personality disorder:, agesex, and Axis I comorbidity. J Nerv Ment Dis 1996; 184: 17–21
- Blashfield R, Noyes R, Reich J, Woodman C, Cook BL, Garvey MJ. Personality disorder traits in generalized anxiety and panic disorder patients. Compr Psychiatry 1994; 35: 329–34
- Skodol AE, Oldham JM, Hyler SE, Stein DJ, Hollander E, Gallaher PE, et al. Patterns of anxiety and personality disorder comorbidity. J Psychiatr Res 1995; 29: 361–74
- Carey G, Dilalla DL. Personality and psychopathology: genetic perspectives. J Abnorm Psychol 1994; 103: 32–43
- Torgersen S. Personality disorders in our genes?. Presented at the Second European Congress on Personality. DisordersMilan, Italy June, 1996
- Plomin R, Bergeman C. Genetic influence on environmental measures. Behav Brain Sci 1991; 14: 373–427
- Arbel N, Stravynski A. A retrospective study of separation in the development of adult avoidant personality disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1991; 83: 174–8
- Head SB, Baker JD, Williamson DA. Family environment characteristics and dependent personality disorder. J Pers Disord 1991; 5: 256–63
- Baker JD, Capron EW, Azorlosa J. Family environment characteristics of persons with histrionic and dependent personality disorders. J Pers Disord 1996; 10: 82–7
- Bornstein RF. The dependent personality:, developmentalsocial, and clinical perspectives. Psychol Bull 1992; 112: 3–23
- Parker G. Parental over-protection: a risk factor in psychosocial development. Grune & Stratton, New York 1983
- Beavers WR, Hampson RB. Successful families: assessment and intervention. Norton, New York 1990
- Cohler BJ, Stott FM, Musick JS. Adversity, vulnerability, and resilience: cultural and developmental perspectives. Riskdisorder, and adaptation, D Cicchetti, DJ Cohen. Wiley, New York 1995; vol 2: 753–800, Developmentalpsychopathology
- Bowlby J. Loss. Hogarth, London 1973
- Bowlby J. Attachment. Hogarth, London 1969
- Ainsworth MD, Blehar MC, Waters E, Wall S. Patterns of attachment: a psychological study of the Strange Situation. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, New Jersey 1978
- Main M, Hesse E. The insecure/disorganized attachment pattern in infancy: precursors and sequelae. Attachment in the preschool years:theoryresearch, intervention, M Greenberg, D Cicchetti, EM Cummings. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1991
- Sheldon AE, West M. Attachment pathology and low social skills in avoidant personality disorder: an exploratory study. Can J Psychiatry 1990; 35: 596–9
- West M, Rose S, Sheldon-Keller A. Assessment of patterns of insecure attachment in adults and application to dependent and schizoid personality disorders. J Pers Disord 1994; 8: 249–56
- Thompson RA, Connell JP, Bridges LJ. Temperament, emotion, and social interactive behavior in the Strange Situation: a component process analysis of attachment system functioning. Child Dev 1988; 59: 1102–10
- Tremblay RE, Pihl RO, Vitaro F, Dobkin PL. Predicting early onset of male antisocial behavior from preschool behavior. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51: 732–9
- Linehan MM. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. Guilford, New York 1993
- Kagan J. Unstable ideas:, temperamentcognition, and self. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1989
- Doi T. The anatomy of dependence. Kodansha, Tokyo 1973
- Iwawaki S, Eysenck SB, Eysenck HJ. Differences in personality between Japanese and English. J Soc Psychol 1977; 102: 27–33
- Kirmayer LJ. The place of culture in psychiatric nosology: taijin kyofusho and DSM-III-R. J Nerv Ment Dis 1991; 179: 19–28
- Sato T, Takeichi M. Lifetime prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in a general medicine clinic. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1993; 15: 224–33
- Hwu HG, Yeh EK, Chang LY. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Taiwan defined by the Chinese Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989; 79: 136–47
- Homey K. The neurotic personality of our time. Norton, New York 1964
- Fromm E. The sane society. Holt, Rinehart, Winston, New York 1955
- Inkeles A, Smith DH. Becoming modern: individual change in six developing countries. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1974
- Alden L. Short-term structured treatment for avoidant personality disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 1989; 57: 756–64
- Stravynski A, Belisle M, Marcouiller M, Lavallée YJ, Elie R. The treatment of avoidant personality disorder by social skills training in the clinic or in real-life settings. Can J Psychiatry 1994; 39: 377–83
- Winston A, Laikin M, Pollack J, Samstag LW, McCullough L, Muran JC. Short-term psychotherapy of personality disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151: 190–4
- Barber JP, Morse JQ, Krakauer ID, Chittams J, Crits-Christoph K. Change in obsessive-compulsive and avoidant personality disorders following time-limited supportive-expressive therapy. Psychotherapy 1997; 34: 133–43
- Bond M, Gardner ST, Christian J, Sigal JJ. Empirical study of self-rated defense styles. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983; 40: 333–8
- Wachtel PL. Cyclical processes in personality and psychopathology. J Abnorm Psychol 1994; 103: 51–4
- Beck AT, Freeman AM. Cognitive therapy of personality disorders. Guilford, New York 1990
- Hardy GE, Barkham M, Shapiro DA, Stiles WB, Rees A, Reynolds S. Impact of Cluster C personality disorders on outcomes of contrasting brief psychotherapies for depression. J Consult Clin Psychol 1995; 63: 997–1004
- Wachtel PL. Psychoanalysis and behavior therapy: toward an integration. Basic, New York 1977
- Paris J. Working with traits. Aronson, Northvale, New Jersey 1998