The Effect of the Phenolic Antioxidant Ferulic Acid on the Oxidation of Low Density Lipoprotein Depends on the Pro-oxidant Used

References

• Castelluccio C., Paganga G., Melikian N., Bolwell G. P., Pridham J., Sampson J., Rice‐Evans C. Antioxidant potential of intermediates in phenyl‐propanoid metabolism in higher plants. FEBS. Letters 1995; 368: 188–92
   Google Scholar
• Laranjinha J., Almeida L., Maderia V. Reduction of ferrylmyoglobin by dietary phenolic acid derivatives of cinnamic acids. Free Radical Biology 6 Medicine 1995; 19: 329–337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castelluccio C., Bolwell G. P., Gerrish C., Rice‐Evans C. A. Differential distribution of ferulic acid to the major plasma constituents in relation to its potential as antioxidant. Biochemical journal 1996; 316: 691–694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labuza T. P. Kinetics of lipid oxidation in food. CRC Reviews in Food Technology 1971; 2: 355–405
   Google Scholar
• Loury M., Block C., Francis R. Use of toco‐pherol as an antioxidant in fats. Revue Francaise de Corps Gras 1966; 13: 747–754
   Google Scholar
• Labuza J., Matsushita S. The peroxidising effect of α‐tocopherol on autoxidation of methyl linoleate in bulk phase. Lipids 1986; 21: 255–260
   Google Scholar
• Hogg N., Rice‐Evans C., Darley‐Usmar V., Wilson T., Paganga G., Bourne L. The role of lipid hydroperoxides in the myoglobin‐dependent oxidation of LDL. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 1994; 314: 39–44
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Esterbauer H., Gebicki J., Puhl H., Jurgens G. The role of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in oxidative modification of LDL. Free Radical Biology 6 Medicine 1992; 13: 341–390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice‐Evans C. A., Bruckdorfer K. R., Diplock A. T. Practical Approaches to low density lipoprotein oxidation: whys, wherefores & pitfalls. Free Radical Research 1996; 25: 285–311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung B. H., WiIkinson T., Geer J. C., Segrest J. P. Preparative and quantitative isolation of plasma lipoproteins: rapid, single, discontinuous density gradient ultracentrifugation in a vertical rotor. journal of Lipid Research 1980; 221: 284–317
   Google Scholar
• Markwell M. A., Haas S. M., Tolbert N. E., Bierer L. L. Protein determination in membrane and lipoprotein samples: manual and automated procedures. Methods in Enzymology 1981; 72: 296–298
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whitbum K. D. The interaction of oxymyoglobin with hydrogen peroxide: the formation of ferry1 myoglo‐bin at moderate excesses of hydrogen peroxide. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 1987; 267: 614–622
   Google Scholar
• Lynch S. M., Frei B. Reduction of copper, but not iron by human low density lipoprotein(LDL). Implications for metal ion‐dependent oxidative modification. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1995; 270: 5158–5163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel R. P., Svistuneko D., Wilson M. T., Darley‐Usmar V. M. Reduction of Cu(II) by lipid hydroperoxides: implications for the copper‐dependent oxidation of low densitv,.I lipoprotein. Biochemical Journal 1997; 322: 425–433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nardini M., Aquino M. D., Tomassi G., Gentill V., Di Felice M., Scaccini C. Inhibition of human low density lipoprotein oxidation by caffeic acid and other hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 1995; 19: 541–552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wdcox A. L., Mamett L. J. Polyunsaturated fatty acid alkoxyl radicals exist as carbon‐centred epoxyallylic radicals: a key step in hydroperoxide‐amplified lipid peroxidation. Chemical Research Toxicology 1993; 6: 413–416
   Google Scholar
• Graf E. Antioxidant potential of ferulic acid. Free Radical Biology 6 Medicine 1992; 13: 435–448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowry V. W., Stocker R. Tocopherol‐mediated peroxidation‐the pro‐oxidant effect of vitamin E on the radical‐initiated oxidation of human low density lipoprotein. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1993; 115: 6029–6044
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowry V. W., Ingold K. U., Stocker R. Vitamin E in human low‐density. When and how this antioxidant becomes a pro‐oxidant. Biochemical Journal 1992; 288: 341–344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwatsuki M., Nikki E., Stone D., Darley‐Usmar V. M. a‐Tocopherol mediated peroxidation in the copper (11) and met myoalobin induced oxidation of human low density lipoprotein: the influence of lipid hydroperoxides. FEBS. Letters 1995; 360: 271–276
   Google Scholar
• Kontush A., Meyer S., Finckh B., Kohlschutter A., Beisiegel U. Alpha‐tocopherol as a reductant for Cu(I1) in human lipoproteins. Triggering role in the initiation of lipoprotein oxidation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1996; 271: 11106–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kontush A., Hubner C., Finckh B., Kohlshutter A., Beisiegel U. Low density lipoprotein oxidis‐ability by copper correlates to its initial ubiquinol and poly‐unsaturated fatty acid content. FEBS Letters 1994; 341: 60–73
   Google Scholar
• Maiorino M., Zamburlini A., Roveri A., Ursini F. Pro‐oxidant role of vitamin E in copper induced lipid peroxidation. FEBS. Letters 1993; 330: 174–176
   Google Scholar
• Scott B. C., Butler J., Halliwell B., Aruoma O. I. Evaluation of the antioxidant actions of ferulic acid and catechins. Free Radical Research Communications 1993; 19: 241–253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamanaka N., Oda O., Nagao S. Pro‐oxidant activity of caffeic acid, dietary non‐flavonoid phenolic acid, on Cu2+‐induced low density lipoprotein oxidation. FEBS. Letters 1997; 405: 186–190
   Google Scholar