An Engineer's View of Prosthetic Heart Valve Performance

References

• Hufnagel C. A., Harvey W. P. “Surgical Correction of Aortic Regurgitation,”. Bull. Georgetown Univ. Med. Center 1952; 4: 128
   Google Scholar
• Harken D. E., Soroff H. S., Taylor W. J., Lefemine A. A., Gupta S. L., Lunzer S. “Partial and Complete Prosthesis in Aortic Insufficiency,”. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1960; 40: 744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starr A., Edwards M. L. “Mitral Replacement: Clinical Experience with a Ball Valve Prosthesis,”. Ann. Surg. 1961; 154: 726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braunwald N. S., Detmer D. E. “A Critical Analysis of the Status of Prosthetic Valves and Homografts,”. Progr. Cardiovasc. Diseases 1968; 11: 113
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prosthetic Valves for Cardiac Surgery. Conference on Prosthetic Valves for Cardiac Surgery, Chicago, Illinois, 1960., K. A. Merendino. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois 1961
   Google Scholar
• Prosthetic Heart Valves. Second National Conference on Prosthetic Heart Valves, Los Angeles, California, 1968, L. A. Brewer. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois 1969
   Google Scholar
• Brewer L. A. “Statistical Survey of 3620 Cases of Heart Valve Replacement”. Prosthetic Heart Valves, L. A. Brewer. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois 1969; Chap. 60: p. 838., (Survey of 27 different centers.)
   Google Scholar
• Scannell J. G., Austen W. G. “Replacement Versus Reconstruction of the Aortic Valve,”. Circulation 1966; 33(Suppl. I)1–131
   Google Scholar
• Harken D. E. “Artificial Heart Valves,”. Lancet 1962; 2: 763
   Google Scholar
• Herr R., Starr A., McCord C. W., Wood J. A. “Special Problems Following Valve Replacement: Embolus, Leak, Infection, Red Cell Damage,”. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1965; 1: 403
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kloster F. E., Bristow J. D., Griswold H. E. “Medical Problems in Mitral and Multiple Valve Replacement,”. Progr. Cardiovasc. Disease 1965; 7: 504
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kittredge R. D., McCord C. W. “Roentgenographic Diagnosis of Complications in Heart Valve Replacements,”. Amer. J. Roentgenol. Radium Therapy Nucl. Med. 1969; 107: 392
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duvoisin G. E., Brandenburg R. O., McGoon D. C. “Factors Affecting Thromboembolism Associated with Prosthetic Heart Valves,”. Circulation 1967; Suppl. I, 35–36: 1–70
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davila J. C., Palmer T. E., Sethi R. S., DeLaurentis D. A., Enriquez F., Rincon N., Lautsch E. V. “The Problem of Thrombosis in Artificial Cardiac Valves,”. Heart Substitutes: Mechanical and Transplant, A. N. Brest. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois 1966; Chap. 3: 25
   Google Scholar
• Arrigoni M. G., Pluth J. R., Danielson G. K., Titus J. L. “Stuck Aortic Poppet: A Hazard of Close-Clearance Cloth-Covered Prosthetic Aortic Valves,”. J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 1972; 219(2)183
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demaney M. A., Zimmerman H. A. “Thrombosis of a Mitral Disc-Valve Prosthesis: Diagnostic Importance of the Absent Opening Click,”. Amer. Heart J. 1970; 80: 816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vorhauer B. W. “The Effect of the Profile of Intra-Arterial and Heart Valve Prostheses on Thrombus Formation,”. Ph.D. Thesis, West Virginia University. 1968
   Google Scholar
• Starr A., Pierie W. R., Raible D. A., Edwards M. L., Sipsoss G. G., Hancock W. D. “Cardiac Valve Replacement: Experience with the Durability of Silicone Rubber,”. Circulation 1966; 34(Supplement I, 33)1–115
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carmen R., Mutha S. C. “Lipid Absorption by Silicone Rubber Heart Valve Poppets: In-Vivo and In-Vitro Results,”. J. Biomed. Mat. Res. 1972; 6: 327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin H. P., Harrison E. C., Blankenhorn D. H., Moacanin J. “Lipids in Silicone Rubber Valve Prostheses after Human Implantation,”. Circulation, Supplement I, 43 1971; 44: 1–51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moacanin J., Lawson D. D., Chin H. P., Harrison E. C., Blankenhorn D. H. “Prediction of Lipid Uptake by Prosthetic Heart Valve Poppets from Solubility Parameters,”. JPL Quart. Tech. Rev. 1971; 1: 54
   Google Scholar
• Hylen J. C., Kloster F. E., Starr A. “Aortic Ball Variance: Diagnosis and Treatment,”. Ann. Internal Med. 1970; 72(1)1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baier R. E. “Stellite 21–The Most Successful Material So Far for Artificial Heart Valves,”. Res. Trends (Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory) 1970; 18: 19
   Google Scholar
• Myhre E., Dale J., Rasmussen K. “Erythrocyte Destruction in Different Types of Starr-Edwards Aortic Ball Valves,”. Circulation 1970; 42: 515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bokros J. C., LaGrange L. D., Schoen F. J. “Control of Structure of Carbon for Use in Bioengineering,” Gulf General Atomic Inc., Rept. GA-10100. Paper presented at the Engineering Foundation Conference on Engineering in Medicine-Bioceramics. June, 1970. New England College, Henniker, New Hampshire August 1970
   Google Scholar
• Kelman G. E. Applied Cardiovascular Physiology. Butterworths, London 1971; 53–55, See discussion of heart valves
   Google Scholar
• Peterson C. R., Herr R., Crisera R. V., Starr A., Bristow J. D., Griswold H. E. “The Failure of Hemodynamic Improvement After Valve Replacement Surgery: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment,”. Ann. Internal Med. 1967; 66: 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinmetz G. P., May K. J., Mueller V., Anderson H. N., Merendino K. A. “An Improved Accelerated Fatigue Machine and Pulse Simulator for Testing and Developing Prosthetic Cardiac Valves,”. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1964; 47: 186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wieting D. W., Hall C., Kreisle L. F., Liotta D., DeBakey M. E. “Design of a System for Analyzing Flow Behavior of Prosthetic Human Heart Valves,”. Cardiovasc. Res. Center Bull. (Baylor College of Medicine) 1969; 5: 41
   Google Scholar
• Koorajian S., Keller D. P., Pierie W. R., Starr A., Herr R. “Criteria and Systems for Testing Artificial Heart Valves In-Vitro,”. Prosthetic Heart Valves. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois 1969; Chap. 7: 92
   Google Scholar
• Pringle O. A., Harker R. J. “Environmental Fatigue Testing of Molded Plastics for Prosthetic Heart Valves,”. Exp. Mech. 1969; 9: 171
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landel R. F., Moacanin J. “A Method for Measuring Fatigue and Aging of Elastomers in Physiological Environments,”. Paper presented at the University of Washington Seminar, Workshop in Bio-materials, Pasadena, California. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Seattle, Washington November 1969
   Google Scholar
• Sauvage L. R., Viggers R. F., Berger K., Wood S. J., Rao A. M., Dedomenico M., Ross M. A., Robel S. B. “Aortic Ball Valve Design Based Upon Healing and Hydraulic Considerations,”. Surgery 1970; 67: 151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edgett J. W., Nelson W. P., Hall R. J., Jahnke E. J., Aaby G. V. “A Complication of Valve Replacement by a Caged-Lens Prosthesis,”. Circulation 1967; 36: 422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodbard S. “Endocarditis and Hydrodynamics,”. Circulation 1959; 20: 758, Abstracts of the 32nd Scientific Sessions
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards J. E., Burchell H. B. “Endocardial and Intimal Lesions (Jet Impact) as Possible Sites of Origin of Murmurs,”. Circulation 1958; 18: 946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semb G. S., Cappelen C., Hall K. V., Efskind L. “Postoperative Regurgitation Related to Preoperative Blood Flowmetry in Ball Valve Replacement,”. Scand. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1970; 4: 25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pierie W. R., Hancock W. D., Koorajian S., Starr A. “Materials and Heart Valve Prostheses,”. Ann N. Y. Acad. Sci. 146, Art. 1968; 1: 345
   Google Scholar
• Davey T. B., Kaufman B., Smeloff E. A., Cartwright R. S. “Design of Heart Valves,”. Mech. Eng. 1966; 88: 22
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaster R. L., Mantini E., Tanaka S., Lillehei C. W. (1967) “Analysis of Dynamic Characteristics of Heart Valves in a Pulse Duplication-Analog Computer System,” Biomedical Sciences Instrumentation. Proceedings of the 5th National Biomedical Sciences Institute Symposium, Albuquerque, New Mexico, May, 1967, R. D. Allison. Plenum, New York, Vol. 4: 112.
   Google Scholar
• Bjork V. O., Olin C. “A Hydrodynamic Comparison between the New Tilting Disc Aortic Valve Prosthesis (Bjork-Shiley) and the Corresponding Prostheses of Starr-Edwards, Kay-Shiley, Smeloff-Cutter, and Wada-Cutter in the Pulse Duplicator,”. Scand J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1970; 4: 31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sauvage L. R., Viggers R. F., Robel S. B., Wood S. J., Berger K., Wesolowski S. A. “Prosthetic Heart Valve Replacement,”. Ann N. Y. Acad. Sci. 146, Art. 1968; 1: 289
   Google Scholar
• Viggers R. F., Robel S. B., Sauvage L. R. “A Hydraulic Figure-of-Merit for Heart Valve Prostheses,”. J. Biomed. Mat. Res. 1967; 1: 103
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sylvester N. D., Rosen S. L. “Laminar Flow in the Entrance of a Cylindrical Tube: Part I. Newtonian Fluids,”. Amer. Inst. Chem. Eng. J. 1970; 16: 964
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettifor A. H., Mockros L. F. “Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Prosthetic Aortic Valves,”. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1970; 9: 122
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dickerson P., Rice W. “An Investigation of Very Small Diameter Laminar Flow. Orifices,”. Trans. Amer. Soc. Mech. Eng. Ser. D J. Basic Eng. 1969; 91: 546
   Google Scholar
• Gorlin R. “Calculation of Qrifice Areas within the Cardiovascular System,”. Methods Med. Res. 1958; 7: 102
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gilbert D. B., Nolan S. P., Stewart S., Fogarty T., Harris E. K. “An In-Vivo Study of Energy Losses of Ball and Disk Valves in the Mitral Position,”. J. Appl. Physiol. 1970; 28: 282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchida S. “The Pulsating Viscous Flow Superposed on the Steady Laminar Motion of Incompressible Fluid in a Circular Pipe,”. Z. Angew. Math. Phys. 1956; 7: 403, (In English.)
   Google Scholar
• Milnor W. R., Bergel D. H., Bargainer J. D. “Hydraulic Power Associated with Pulmonary Blood Flow and its Relation to Heart Rate,”. Circ. Res. 1966; 19: 467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellhouse B., Bellhouse F. “Fluid Mechanics of Model Normal and Stenosed Aortic Valves,”. Circ. Res. 1969; 25: 693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yellin E. L. “Laminar-Turbulent Transition Process in Pulsatile Flow,”. Circ. Res. 1966; 19: 791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Love J. S., Advani S. H., Tarnay T. J. “Comparative Turbulence of Heart Valves (Natural and Prosthetic),”. Trans. Amer. Soc. Art. Int. Org. 1971; 17: 497
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anon. a summary of the experiences with the Starr-Edwards heart valves to date, untitled paper by Edwards Laboratories. Santa Ana, California. 1969, Not dated, probably
   Google Scholar
• Kay E. B., Suzuki A., Demaney M., Zimmerman H. A. “Comparison of Ball and Disk Valves for Mitral Valve Replacement,”. Amer. J. Cardiol. 1966; 18: 504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wada J., Komatsu S., Ikeda K., Kitaya T., Tanaka N., Yamada H. “A New Hingless Valve,”. Prosthetic Heart Valves, L. A. Brewer. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois 1969; Chap. 20: 304
   Google Scholar
• Raferty E. B., Dayem M. K. A., Melrose D. G. “Mechanical Performance of Hammersmith Mitral Valve Prosthesis,”. Brit. Heart J. 1968; 30: 666
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schoenberg A. A. “Flow Patterns through Artificial Valves,”. Prosthetic Heart Valves, L. A. Brewer. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois 1969; Chap. 7: 84
   Google Scholar
• Kezdi P., Head L. R., Buck B. A. “Mitral Ball-Valve Prosthesis: Dynamic and Clinical Evaluation,”. Circulation 1964; 30: 55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nauman A., Kramer C. “Flow Investigations on Artificial Heart Valves” (Paper No. 4, AGARD Conference Proceedings No. 65). Fluid Dynamics of Blood Circulation and Respiratory Flow. NATO, Naples, Italy May 1970
   Google Scholar
• Forrester J. H., Wieting D. W., Hall C. W., DeBakey M. E. “A Comparative Study of the Fluid Flow Resistance of Prosthetic Heart Valves,”. Cardiovasc. Res. Center Bull. (Baylor College of Medicine) 1969; 7: 83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Womersley J. R. “Method for the Calculation of Velocity, Rate of Flow and Viscous Drag in Arteries when the Pressure Gradient is Known,”. J. Physiol. 1955; 127: 553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cross F. S., Akao M., Jones R. D. “Comparison of Ball and Lens Heart Valve Prostheses,”. Surgery 1967; 62: 797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenfield H., Brauer C. “Hemodynamic Studies Involving a Computer Simulation Technique,”. Brit. Inst. Elect. Eng. Publ. 1969; 51: 21
   Google Scholar
• Greenfield H., Kolff W. “The Prosthetic Heart Valve and Computer Graphics,”. J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 1972; 219(1)69
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung T. K., Schluessler G. B. “Computational Analysis as an Aid to the Design of Heart Valves,”. Advan. Bioeng. Chem. Eng. Progr. Symp. Series 1971; 67(114)8
   Google Scholar
• Blackshear P. L., Dorman F. D., Steinbach J. H., Maybach E. J., Singh A., Collingham R. E. “Shear, Wall Interaction and Hemolysis,”. Trans. Amer. Soc. Art. Int. Org. 1966; 12: 113
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bluestein M., Mockros L. F. “Hemolytic Effects of Energy Dissipation in Flowing Blood,”. Med. Biol. Eng. 1969; 7: 1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nevaril C. G., Hellums J. D., Alfrey C. P., Lynch E. C. “Physical Effects in Red Blood Cell Trauma,”. Amer. Inst. Chem. Eng. J. 1969; 15: 707
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fry D. L. “Acute Vascular Endothelial Changes Associated with Increased Blood Velocity Gradients,”. Circ. Res. 1968; 22: 165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright J. T. M. “The Heart, Its Valves and Their Replacement,”. Bio-Med. Eng. 1972; 7(1)26
   Google Scholar
• Wright J. T. M. “Prosthetic Heart Valves: Clinical Requirements, Design and Performance,”. Bio-Med. Eng. 1972; 7(4)160
   Google Scholar
• Haylen J. C. “Mechanical Malfunction and Thrombosis of Prosthetic Heart Valves,”. Amer. J. Cardiol. 1972; 30: 396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrendt D. M., Austen W. G. “Current Status of Prosphetics for Heart Valve Replacement,”. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 1973; 15(4)369
   PubMedGoogle Scholar