Laboratory diagnosis of swine flu: a review

References

• Balish A, Warnes CM, Wu K, Barnes N, Emery S, Berman L, et al. 2009. Evaluation of rapid influenza diagnostic tests for detection of Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Virus — United States, 2009. MMWR. 58:826–829.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blyth CC, Iredell JR, Dwyer DE. 2009. Rapid-test sensitivity for novel swine-origin influenza a (H1N1) virus in humans. N Engl J Med. 361:2493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boivin C, Hardy I, Kress A. 2001. Evaluation of a rapid optical immunoassay for influenza viruses (FLU OIA Test) in comparison with cell culture and reverse transcription-PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 39: 730–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branksto G, Gitterman L, Hirji Z, Lemieux C, Gardam M. 2007. Transmission of influenza A in human beings. Lancet Infect Dis. 7:257–265.
   Google Scholar
• Carr MJ, Gunson R, Maclean A, Coughlan S, Fitzgerald M, Scully M, et al. 2009.Development of a real-time RT-PCR for the detection of swine-lineage influenza A (H1N1) virus infections. J Clin Virol. 45:196–199.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009. Novel H1N1 Flu: Facts and Figures. (http://cdc.gov/h1n1flu/surveillanceqa.htm).
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009. H1N1 flu (Swine Flu): a pandemic is declared. (www.cdc.gov/H1N1FLU).
   Google Scholar
• Chowell G, Bertozzi SM, Colchero MA, Lopez-Gatell H, Alpuche-Aranda C, Hernandez M, et al. 2009. Severe respiratory disease concurrent with the circulation of H1N1 influenza. N Engl J Med. 361:674–679.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crum-Cianflone NF, Blair PJ, Faix D, Arnold J, Echols S, Sherman SS, et al. 2009. Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of an outbreak of novel H1N1 (swine origin) influenza A virus among United States military beneficiaries. Clin Infect Dis. 9:1801–1810.
   Google Scholar
• Davies A, Jones D, Bailey M, Beca J, Bellomo R, Blackwell N, et al. 2009. Australia and New Zealand Extracoporeal membrane oxygenation (ANZ ECMO) influenza invesigators. JAMA. 302:1888–1895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolin R. 2005. Influenza. In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson LJ. Eds. Harrisson's Principles of Internal Medicine. New York: McGraw Hill, p 1066.
   Google Scholar
• Dominguez EA, Taber LH, Couch RB. 1993. Comparison of rapid diagnostic techniques for respiratory syncytial and influenza A virus respiratory infections in young children. J Clin Microbiol. 31:2286–2290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drexler JF, Helmer A, Kirberg H, Reber U, Panning M, Müller M, et al. 2009. Poor clinical sensitivity of rapid antigen test for influenza A pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 15:1662–1664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis JS, Fleming DM, Zambon MC. 1997. Multiplex reverse transcription-PCR for surveillance of influenza A and B viruses in England and Wales in 1995-1996. J Clin Microbiol. 35:2076–2082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faix DJ, Sherman SS, Waterman SH. 2009. Rapid test sensitivity for novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus in humans. N Engl J Med. 361:728–729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald DA. 2009. Human swine influenza A [H1N1]: practical advice for clinicians early in the pandemic. Paedi Resp Rev. 10:154–158.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fritschy J-M, Härtig W. 2001. Immunofluorescence. In: Delves P. Ed. Indirect Immunofluorescence of Cultured Cells 2001. eLS. Wiley, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Ginocchio CC, Zhang F, Manji R, Arora S, Bornfreund M, Falk L, et al. 2009. Evaluation of multiple test methods for the detection of the novel 2009 influenza A (H1N1) during the New York City outbreak. J Clin Virol. 45:191–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon MW, Kendal AP. 1989. Influenza viruses. In: Schmidt NJ, Emmons RW, Eds. Diagnostic procedures for viral rickettsial and chlamydial infections. 6th ed. Washington DC: p. 631–668.
   Google Scholar
• Herrmann B, Larsson C, Zweygberg BW. 2001. Simultaneous detection and typing of influenza viruses A and B by a nested reverse transcription-PCR: comparison to virus isolation and antigen detection by immunofluorescence and optical immunoassay (FLU OIA). J Clin Microbiol. 39:134–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain S, Kamimoto L, Bramley AM, Schmitz AM, Benoit SR, Louie J, et al. 2009. Hospitalized patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza in the United States. N Engl J Med. 361:1935–1944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser L, Briones MS, Hayden FG. 1999. Performance of virus isolation and Directigen Flu A to detect influenza A virus in experimental human infection. J Clin Virol. 14:191–194.
   Google Scholar
• Kendal AP, Pereura MS, Skehel J. 1982. Concepts and Procedures for Laboratory Based Influenza Surveillance. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Kuiken T, Taubenberger JK. 2008. Pathology of human influenza revisited. Vaccine. 26:D59–D66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar A, Zarychanski R, Pinto R, Cook DJ, Marshall J, Lacroix J, et al. 2009. Critically ill patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) infection in Canada. JAMA. 302:1872–1879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu C. 1956. Rapid diagnosis of human influenza infection from nasal smears by means of fluorescein-labeled antibody. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 92:883–887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louie JK, Meileen A, Kathleen W, Cynthia J, Shilpa G, Robert S, et al. 2009. Factors associated with death or Hospitalization due to pandemic influenza A(H1N1) infection in California. JAMA. 302:1896–1902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peiris JSM, Poon LM, Guan YJ. 2009. Emergence of novel swine-origin influenza A virus (S-OIV) H1N1 virus in humans. Clin Virol. 45: 169–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Padilla R, Rosa-Zamboni D, Leon SP, Hernandez M, Quiñones-Falconi F, Bautista E, et al. 2009. INER working group on influenza. Pneumonia and respiratory failure from swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) in Mexico. N Engl J Med. 361:680–689.
   Google Scholar
• Perez-Padilla R, Zamboni DR, Ponce de Leon S, Hernandez M, Quiñones-Falconi F, Bautista E, et al. 2009. Pneumonia and respiratory failure from swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) in Mexico. NEJM. 361:680–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poon LLM, Chan KH, Smith GJ, Leung CSW, Guan Y, Yuen KY, et al. 2009. Molecular detection of a Novel Human Influenza (H1N1) of pandemic potential by conventional and real-time quantitative RT-PCR assays. Clin Chem. 55:1555–1558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riffelmann M, Wirsing von König CH, Caro V, Guiso N. 2005. Nucleic acid amplification tests for diagnosis of Bordetella infections. J Clin Microbiol. 43:4925–4929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg M, Tram C, Kuper A, Daneman N. 2009. Rash associated with pandemic (H1N1) influenza. CMAJ. 182:E146.
   Google Scholar
• Sabetta JR, Smardin J, Burns L, Barry K. 2009. Performance of rapid influenza diagnostic tests during two school outbreaks of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection – Connecticut, 2009. MMWR. 58:1029–1032.
   Google Scholar
• Sebastian MR, Lodha R, Kabra SK. 2009. Swine origin influenza (swine flu). Indian J Pediatr. 76:833–841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockton J, Ellis JS, Saville M, Clewley JP, Zambon MC. 1998. Multiplex PCR for typing and subtyping influenza and respiratory syncytial viruses. J Clin Microbiol. 36:2990–2995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone B, Burrows J, Schepetiuk S, Higgins G, Hampson A, Shaw R, et al. 2004. Rapid detection and simultaneous subtype differentiation of influenza A viruses by real time PCR. J Virol Methods. 117:103–112.
   Google Scholar
• Taubenberger JK, Morens DM. 2008. The pathology of influenza virus infections. Rev Pathol Mech Dis. 3:499–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tellier R. 2006. Review of aerosol transmission of influenza A virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 12:1657–1662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todd SJ, Minnich L, Waner JL. 1995. Comparison of rapid immunofluorescence procedure with TestPack RSV and Directigen FLU-A for diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A virus. J Clin Microbiol. 33:1650–1651.
   Google Scholar
• United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009. Updated interim recommendations for the use of antiviral medications in the treatment. and prevention of influenza for the 2009–2010 (www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/recommendations.htm).
   Google Scholar
• United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009. Interim Recommendations for Clinical Use of Influenza Diagnostic Tests During the 2009-10 Influenza Season. http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/guidance/diagnostic/tests.htm(Accessed September 30, 2009).
   Google Scholar
• United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009. Interim guidance for the detection of novel influenza A virus using rapid influenza diagnostic tests. (http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/guidance/rapid/testing.htm).
   Google Scholar
• Waner JL, Todd SJ, Shalaby H. 1991. Comparison of Directigen FLU-A with viral isolation and direct immunofluorescence for the rapid detection and identification of influenza A virus. J Clin Microbiol. 29:479–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiley DM, Bialasiewicz S, Bletchly C, Faux CE, Harrower B, Gould AR, Lambert SB, Nimmo GR, Nissen MD, Sloots TP. 2009. Detection of novel influenza A(H1N1) virus by real-time RT-PCR. J Clin Virol. 45:203–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2009. Laboratory-confirmed cases of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 as officially reported to WHO by States Parties to the IHR (2005) as on 6 August 2009. (http://www.who.int/csr/don/2009/08/12/en/index.html).
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation: Global alert and response. 2009. Clinical management of human infection with new influenza A (H1N1) virus: initial guidance. (http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/clinical/management/en/index.html).
   Google Scholar
• Wright KE, Wilson G, Novosad D, Dimock C, Tan D, Weber JM. 1995. Typing and subtyping of influenza viruses in clinical samples by PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 33:1180–1184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Evans DH. 1991. Detection and identification of human influenza viruses by polymerase chain reaction. J Virol Methods 33:165–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar