Dimerization of G protein-coupled purinergic receptors: increasing the diversity of purinergic receptor signal responses and receptor functions

References

• Jones KA, Borowsky B, Tamm JA, Craig DA, Durkin MM, Dai M, Yao WJ, Johnson M, Gunwaldsen C, Huang LY, Tang C, Shen Q, Salon JA, Morse K, Laz T, Smith KE, Nagarathnam D, Noble SA, Branchek TA, Gerald C.GABAB receptors function as a heteromeric assembly of the subunits GABABR1 and GABABR2. Nature 1998; 396, 674–679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaupmann K, Malitschek B, Schuler V, Heid J, Froestl W, Beck P, Mosbacher J, Bischoff S, Kulik A, Shigemoto R, Karschin A, Bettler B. GABAB-receptor subtypes assemble into functional heteromeric complexes. Nature 1998, 396, 683–687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroeger KM, Pfleger KD, Eidne KA. G-protein coupled receptor oligomerization in neuroendocrine pathways. Front Neuroendocrinol 2003, 24, 254–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milligan G. G protein-coupled receptor hetero-dimerization: contribution to pharmacology and function. Br J Pharmacol 2009, 158, 5–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panetta R, Greenwood MT. Physiological relevance of GPCR oligomerization and its impact on drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2008, 13, 1059–1066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franco R, Casadó V, Cortés A, Mallol J, Ciruela F, Ferré S, Lluis C, Canela EI. G-protein-coupled receptor heteromers: function and ligand pharmacology. Br J Pharmacol 2008, 153(Suppl 1), S90–S98.
   Google Scholar
• Rozenfeld R, Devi LA. Receptor heteromerization and drug discovery. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2010, 31, 124–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalrymple MB, Pfleger KD, Eidne KA. G protein-coupled receptor dimers: functional consequences, disease states and drug targets. Pharmacol Ther 2008, 118, 359–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prinster SC, Hague C, Hall RA. Heterodimerization of G protein-coupled receptors: specificity and functional significance. Pharmacol Rev 2005, 57, 289–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulenger S, Marullo S, Bouvier M. Emerging role of homo- and heterodimerization in G-protein-coupled receptor biosynthesis and maturation. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2005, 26, 131–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbracchio MP, Burnstock G, Boeynaems JM, Barnard EA, Boyer JL, Kennedy C, Knight GE, Fumagalli M, Gachet C, Jacobson KA, Weisman GA. International Union of Pharmacology LVIII: update on the P2Y G protein-coupled nucleotide receptors: from molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology to therapy. Pharmacol Rev 2006, 58, 281–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chabre M, Deterre P, Antonny B. The apparent cooperativity of some GPCRs does not necessarily imply dimerization. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2009, 30, 182–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whorton MR, Bokoch MP, Rasmussen SG, Huang B, Zare RN, Kobilka B, Sunahara RK. A monomeric G protein-coupled receptor isolated in a high-density lipoprotein particle efficiently activates its G protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007, 104, 7682–7687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayburt TH, Leitz AJ, Xie G, Oprian DD, Sligar SG. Transducin activation by nanoscale lipid bilayers containing one and two rhodopsins. J Biol Chem 2007, 282, 14875–14881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whorton MR, Jastrzebska B, Park PS, Fotiadis D, Engel A, Palczewski K, Sunahara RK. Efficient coupling of transducin to monomeric rhodopsin in a phospholipid bilayer. J Biol Chem 2008, 283, 4387–4394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chabre M, le Maire M. Monomeric G-protein-coupled receptor as a functional unit. Biochemistry 2005, 44, 9395–9403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbracchio MP, Burnstock G, Verkhratsky A, Zimmermann H. Purinergic signalling in the nervous system: an overview. Trends Neurosci 2009, 32, 19–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnstock G. Purinergic signalling and disorders of the central nervous system. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008, 7, 575–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnstock G. Physiology and pathophysiology of purinergic neurotransmission. Physiol Rev 2007, 87, 659–797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ralevic V, Burnstock G. Receptors for purines and pyrimidines. Pharmacol Rev 1998, 50, 413–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White PJ, Webb TE, Boarder MR. Characterization of a Ca2+ response to both UTP and ATP at human P2Y11 receptors: evidence for agonist-specific signaling. Mol Pharmacol 2003, 63, 1356–1363.
   Google Scholar
• Boehm S, Kubista H. Fine tuning of sympathetic transmitter release via ionotropic and metabotropic presynaptic receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2002, 54, 43–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Kügelgen I, Späth L, Starke K. Stable adenine nucleotides inhibit [3H]-noradrenaline release in rabbit brain cortex slices by direct action at presynaptic adenosine A1-receptors. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1992, 346, 187–196.
   Google Scholar
• Cunha RA, Sebastião AM, Ribeiro JA. Inhibition by ATP of hippocampal synaptic transmission requires localized extracellular catabolism by ecto-nucleotidases into adenosine and channeling to adenosine A1 receptors. J Neurosci 1998, 18, 1987–1995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendoza-Fernández V, Andrew RD, Barajas-López C. ATP inhibits glutamate synaptic release by acting at P2Y receptors in pyramidal neurons of hippocampal slices. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000, 293, 172–179.
   Google Scholar
• Shinozuka K, Bjur RA, Westfall DP. Characterization of prejunctional purinoceptors on adrenergic nerves of the rat caudal artery. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1988, 338, 221–227.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith AD, Cheek DJ, Buxton IL, Westfall DP. Competition of adenine nucleotides for a 1,3-[3H]-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine binding site in rat vas deferens. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1997, 24, 492–497.
   Google Scholar
• Yoshioka K, Matsuda A, Nakata H. Pharmacology of a unique adenosine binding site in rat brain using a selective ligand. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2001, 28, 278–284.
   Google Scholar
• Dalziel HH, Westfall DP. Receptors for adenine nucleotides and nucleosides: subclassification, distribution, and molecular characterization. Pharmacol Rev 1994, 46, 449–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angers S, Salahpour A, Bouvier M. Dimerization: an emerging concept for G protein-coupled receptor ontogeny and function. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2002, 42, 409–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginés S, Hillion J, Torvinen M, Le Crom S, Casadó V, Canela EI, Rondin S, Lew JY, Watson S, Zoli M, Agnati LF, Verniera P, Lluis C, Ferré S, Fuxe K, Franco R. Dopamine D1 and adenosine A1 receptors form functionally interacting heteromeric complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000, 97, 8606–8611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciruela F, Escriche M, Burgueno J, Angulo E, Casado V, Soloviev MM, Canela EI, Mallol J, Chan WY, Lluis C, McIlhinney RA, Franco R. Metabotropic glutamate 1α and adenosine A1 receptors assemble into functionally interacting complexes. J Biol Chem 2001, 276, 18345–18351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillion J, Canals M, Torvinen M, Casado V, Scott R, Terasmaa A, Hansson A, Watson S, Olah ME, Mallol J, Canela EI, Zoli M, Agnati LF, Ibanez CF, Lluis C, Franco R, Ferre S, Fuxe K. Coaggregation, cointernalization, and codesensitization of adenosine A2A receptors and dopamine D2 receptors. J Biol Chem 2002, 277, 18091–18097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferré S, Karcz-Kubicha M, Hope BT, Popoli P, Burgueño J, Gutiérrez MA, Casadó V, Fuxe K, Goldberg SR, Lluis C, Franco R, Ciruela F. Synergistic interaction between adenosine A2A and glutamate mGlu5 receptors: implications for striatal neuronal function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002, 99, 11940–11945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush CF, Jones SV, Lyle AN, Minneman KP, Ressler KJ, Hall RA. Specificity of olfactory receptor interactions with other G protein-coupled receptors. J Biol Chem 2007, 282, 19042–19051.
   Google Scholar
• Yoshioka K, Saitoh O, Nakata H. Agonist-promoted heteromeric oligomerization between adenosine A1 and P2Y1 receptors in living cells. FEBS Lett 2002, 523, 147–151.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoshioka K, Saitoh O, Nakata H. Heteromeric association creates a P2Y-like adenosine receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001, 98, 7617–7622.
   Google Scholar
• Yoshioka K, Hosoda R, Kuroda Y, Nakata H. Hetero-oligomerization of adenosine A1 receptors with P2Y1 receptors in rat brains. FEBS Lett 2002, 531, 299–303.
   Google Scholar
• Tonazzini I, Trincavelli ML, Storm-Mathisen J, Martini C, Bergersen LH. Co-localization and functional cross-talk between A1 and P2Y1 purine receptors in rat hippocampus. Eur J Neurosci 2007, 26, 890–902.
   Google Scholar
• Tonazzini I, Trincavelli ML, Montali M, Martini C. Regulation of A1 adenosine receptor functioning induced by P2Y1 purinergic receptor activation in human astroglial cells. J Neurosci Res 2008, 86, 2857–2866.
   Google Scholar
• Saitoh Y, Nakata H. Photoaffinity labeling of a P3 purinoceptor-like protein purified from rat brain membranes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996, 219, 469–474.
   Google Scholar
• Kellerman D, Evans R, Mathews D, Shaffer C. Inhaled P2Y2 receptor agonists as a treatment for patients with Cystic Fibrosis lung disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2002, 54, 1463–1474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katzur AC, Koshimizu T, Tomic M, Schultze-Mosgau A, Ortmann O, Stojilkovic SS. Expression and responsiveness of P2Y2 receptors in human endometrial cancer cell lines. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999, 84, 4085–4091.
   Google Scholar
• Nichols KK, Yerxa B, Kellerman DJ. Diquafosol tetrasodium: a novel dry eye therapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2004, 13, 47–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnstock G, Williams M. P2 purinergic receptors: modulation of cell function and therapeutic potential. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000, 295, 862–869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Shukla A, Namiki S, Insel PA, Junger WG. A putative osmoreceptor system that controls neutrophil function through the release of ATP, its conversion to adenosine, and activation of A2 adenosine and P2 receptors. J Leukoc Biol 2004, 76, 245–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rugolo M, Mastrocola T, Whörle C, Rasola A, Gruenert DC, Romeo G, Galietta LJ. ATP and A1 adenosine receptor agonists mobilize intracellular calcium and activate K+ and Cl− currents in normal and cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 1993, 268, 24779–24784.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCoy DE, Schwiebert EM, Karlson KH, Spielman WS, Stanton BA. Identification and function of A1 adenosine receptors in normal and cystic fibrosis human airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 1995, 268, C1520–C1527.
   Google Scholar
• Rieg T, Vallon V. ATP and adenosine in the local regulation of water transport and homeostasis by the kidney. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009, 296, R419–R427.
   Google Scholar
• Dickenson JM, Blank JL, Hill SJ. Human adenosine A1 receptor and P2Y2-purinoceptor-mediated activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in transfected CHO cells. Br J Pharmacol 1998, 124, 1491–1499.
   Google Scholar
• Fredholm BB, Assender JW, Irenius E, Kodama N, Saito N. Synergistic effects of adenosine A1 and P2Y receptor stimulation on calcium mobilization and PKC translocation in DDT1 MF-2 cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2003, 23, 379–400.
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki T, Namba K, Tsuga H, Nakata H. Regulation of pharmacology by hetero-oligomerization between A1 adenosine receptor and P2Y2 receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006, 351, 559–565.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gachet C. Regulation of platelet functions by P2 receptors. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2006, 46, 277–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsend-Nicholson A. Molecular interactions of purinoceptor subtypes found on blood platelets. British Society for Cardiovascular Research Bulletin 2002, 15, 4–11.
   Google Scholar
• Yang D, Chen H, Koupenova M, Carroll SH, Eliades A, Freedman JE, Toselli P, Ravid K. A new role for the A2b adenosine receptor in regulating platelet function. J Thromb Haemost 2010, 8, 817–827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin J, Kunapuli SP. Coactivation of two different G protein-coupled receptors is essential for ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95, 8070–8074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Léon C, Hechler B, Freund M, Eckly A, Vial C, Ohlmann P, Dierich A, LeMeur M, Cazenave JP, Gachet C. Defective platelet aggregation and increased resistance to thrombosis in purinergic P2Y1 receptor-null mice. J Clin Invest 1999, 104, 1731–1737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin J, Daniel JL, Kunapuli SP. Molecular basis for ADP-induced platelet activation. II. The P2Y1 receptor mediates ADP-induced intracellular calcium mobilization and shape change in platelets. J Biol Chem 1998, 273, 2030–2034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho MJ, Liu J, Pestina TI, Steward SA, Thomas DW, Coffman TM, Wang D, Jackson CW, Gartner TK. The roles of αIIbβ3-mediated outside-in signal transduction, thromboxane A2, and adenosine diphosphate in collagen-induced platelet aggregation. Blood 2003, 101, 2646–2651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorsam RT, Kunapuli SP. Central role of the P2Y12 receptor in platelet activation. J Clin Invest 2004, 113, 340–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper JA, Hill SJ, Alexander SP, Rubin PC, Horn EH. Adenosine receptor-induced cyclic AMP generation and inhibition of 5-hydroxytryptamine release in human platelets. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1995, 40, 43–50.
   Google Scholar
• Ledent C, Vaugeois JM, Schiffmann SN, Pedrazzini T, El Yacoubi M, Vanderhaeghen JJ, Costentin J, Heath JK, Vassart G, Parmentier M. Aggressiveness, hypoalgesia and high blood pressure in mice lacking the adenosine A2a receptor. Nature 1997, 388, 674–678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy AR, Jones ML, Mundell SJ, Poole AW. Reciprocal cross-talk between P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors at the level of calcium signaling in human platelets. Blood 2004, 104, 1745–1752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martini C, Tuscano D, Trincavelli ML, Cerrai E, Bianchi M, Ciapparelli A, Alessio L, Novelli L, Catena M, Lucacchini A, Cassano GB, Dell’Osso L. Upregulation of A2A adenosine receptors in platelets from patients affected by bipolar disorders under treatment with typical antipsychotics. J Psychiatr Res 2006, 40, 81–88.
   Google Scholar
• Oyanagi K, Kamiya T, Nakata H. Heterodimerization of purinergic receptors in human platelet membranes. 20th IUBMB International Congress of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Abstract 2006, A11190.
   Google Scholar
• Nanoff C, Jacobson KA, Stiles GL. The A2 adenosine receptor: guanine nucleotide modulation of agonist binding is enhanced by proteolysis. Mol Pharmacol 1991; 39, 130–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciruela F, Casadó V, Rodrigues RJ, Luján R, Burgueño J, Canals M, Borycz J, Rebola N, Goldberg SR, Mallol J, Cortés A, Canela EI, López-Giménez JF, Milligan G, Lluis C, Cunha RA, Ferré S, Franco R. Presynaptic control of striatal glutamatergic neurotransmission by adenosine A1-A2A receptor heteromers. J Neurosci 2006, 26, 2080–2087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Ambrosi N, Iafrate M, Saba E, Rosa P, Volonté C. Comparative analysis of P2Y4 and P2Y6 receptor architecture in native and transfected neuronal systems. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007, 1768, 1592–1599.
   Google Scholar
• Schicker K, Hussl S, Chandaka GK, Kosenburger K, Yang JW, Waldhoer M, Sitte HH, Boehm S. A membrane network of receptors and enzymes for adenine nucleotides and nucleosides. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009, 1793, 325–334.
   Google Scholar
• Carroll RC, Morielli AD, Peralta EG. Coincidence detection at the level of phospholipase C activation mediated by the m4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Curr Biol 1995, 5, 536–544.
   Google Scholar
• Rives ML, Vol C, Fukazawa Y, Tinel N, Trinquet E, Ayoub MA, Shigemoto R, Pin JP, Prezeau L. Cross-talk between GABAB and mGlu1α receptors reveals new insight into GPCR signal integration. EMBO J, 28, 2195–208.
   Google Scholar
• Burnstock G. Pathophysiology and therapeutic potential of purinergic signaling. Pharmacol Rev 2006, 58, 58–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson KA, Gao ZG. Adenosine receptors as therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2006, 5, 247–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldhoer M, Fong J, Jones RM, Lunzer MM, Sharma SK, Kostenis E, Portoghese PS, Whistler JL. A heterodimer-selective agonist shows in vivo relevance of G protein-coupled receptor dimers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005, 102, 9050–9055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang ZJ, Jiang XL, Zhang SE, Hough CJ, Li H, Chen JG, Zhen XC. The paradoxical effects of SKF83959, a novel dopamine D1-like receptor agonist, in the rat acoustic startle reflex paradigm. Neurosci Lett 2005, 382, 134–138.
   Google Scholar
• Rashid AJ, So CH, Kong MM, Furtak T, El-Ghundi M, Cheng R, O’Dowd BF, George SR. D1-D2 dopamine receptor hetero-oligomers with unique pharmacology are coupled to rapid activation of Gq/11 in the striatum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007, 104, 654–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morphy R, Rankovic Z. Designed multiple ligands. An emerging drug discovery paradigm. J Med Chem 2005, 48, 6523–6543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messer WS Jr. Bivalent ligands for G protein-coupled receptors. Curr Pharm Des 2004, 10, 2015–2020.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang A, Liu Z, Kan Y. Receptor dimerization–rationale for the design of bivalent ligands. Curr Top Med Chem 2007, 7, 343–345.
   Google Scholar
• Gomes I, Gupta A, Filipovska J, Szeto HH, Pintar JE, Devi LA. A role for heterodimerization of mu and delta opiate receptors in enhancing morphine analgesia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, 101, 5135–5139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvadori S, Trapella C, Fiorini S, Negri L, Lattanzi R, Bryant SD, Jinsmaa Y, Lazarus LH, Balboni G. A new opioid designed multiple ligand derived from the micro opioid agonist endomorphin-2 and the delta opioid antagonist pharmacophore Dmt-Tic. Bioorg Med Chem 2007, 15, 6876–6881.
   Google Scholar
• Howard HR, Lowe JA 3rd, Seeger TF, Seymour PA, Zorn SH, Maloney PR, Ewing FE, Newman ME, Schmidt AW, Furman JS, Robinson GL, Jackson E, Johnson C, Morrone J. 3-Benzisothiazolylpiperazine derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotic agents. J Med Chem 1996, 39, 143–148.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jacobson KA, Xie R, Young L, Chang L, Liang BT. A novel pharmacological approach to treating cardiac ischemia. Binary conjugates of A1 and A3 adenosine receptor agonists. J Biol Chem 2000, 275, 30272–30279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vendrell M, Angulo E, Casadó V, Lluis C, Franco R, Albericio F, Royo M. Novel ergopeptides as dual ligands for adenosine and dopamine receptors. J Med Chem 2007, 50, 3062–3069.
   Google Scholar
• Soriano A, Ventura R, Molero A, Hoen R, Casadó V, Cortés A, Fanelli F, Albericio F, Lluís C, Franco R, Royo M. Adenosine A2A receptor-antagonist/dopamine D2 receptor-agonist bivalent ligands as pharmacological tools to detect A2A-D2 receptor heteromers. J Med Chem 2009; 52:5590–5602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanda T, Jackson MJ, Smith LA, Pearce RK, Nakamura J, Kase H, Kuwana Y, Jenner P. Combined use of the adenosine A2A antagonist KW-6002 with L-DOPA or with selective D1 or D2 dopamine agonists increases antiparkinsonian activity but not dyskinesia in MPTP-treated monkeys. Exp Neurol 2000; 162:321–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamiya T, Saitoh O, Nakata H. Functional expression of single-chain heterodimeric G-protein-coupled receptors for adenosine and dopamine. Cell Struct Funct 2005; 29:139–145.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta A, Heimann AS, Gomes I, Devi LA. Antibodies against G-protein coupled receptors: novel uses in screening and drug development. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2008, 11, 463–467.
   Google Scholar
• Burnstock G, Knight GE. Cellular distribution and functions of P2 receptor subtypes in different systems. Int Rev Cytol 2004, 240, 31–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prezeau L, Rives ML, Comps-Agrar L, Maurel D, Kniazeff J, Pin JP. Functional cross-talk between GPCRs: with or without oligomerization. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2010, 10, 6–13.
   Google Scholar
• Vidi PA, Chemel BR, Hu CD, Watts VJ. Ligand-dependent oligomerization of dopamine D2 and adenosine A2A receptors in living neuronal cells. Mol Pharmacol 2008, 74, 544–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savi P, Zachayus JL, Delesque-Touchard N, Labouret C, Hervé C, Uzabiaga MF, Pereillo JM, Culouscou JM, Bono F, Ferrara P, Herbert JM. The active metabolite of Clopidogrel disrupts P2Y12 receptor oligomers and partitions them out of lipid rafts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006, 103, 11069–11074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi RC, Simon J, Tsim KW, Barnard EA. Constitutive and agonist-induced dimerizations of the P2Y1 receptor: relationship to internalization and scaffolding. J Biol Chem 2008, 283, 11050–11063.
   Google Scholar
• Volonté C, D’Ambrosi N. Membrane compartments and purinergic signalling: the purinome, a complex interplay among ligands, degrading enzymes, receptors and transporters. FEBS J 2009, 276, 318–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherezov V, Rosenbaum DM, Hanson MA, Rasmussen SG, Thian FS, Kobilka TS, Choi HJ, Kuhn P, Weis WI, Kobilka BK, Stevens RC. High-resolution crystal structure of an engineered human β2-adrenergic G protein-coupled receptor. Science 2007; 318:1258–1265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaakola VP, Griffith MT, Hanson MA, Cherezov V, Chien EY, Lane JR, Ijzerman AP, Stevens RC. The 2.6 angstrom crystal structure of a human A2A adenosine receptor bound to an antagonist. Science 2008; 322:1211–1217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar