First Consumers, Then Socially Integrated: Results of a Study on 100 Italian Drug Users Who Had Never Turned to Public or Private Addiction Services

References

• Agrawal, A., Lynskey, M. T., Madden, P. A., Bucholz, K. K., & Heath, A. C. ( 2007). A latent class analysis of illicit drug abuse/dependence: results from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Addiction, 102(1), 94–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong, B. K., White, E., & Saracci, R. ( 1992). Principles of exposure measurement in epidemiology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, H. ( 1977). Knowledge, power and drug effects. In P. E. Rock (Ed.), Drugs and politics (pp. 167–190). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
   Google Scholar
• Bernadt, M. W., Mumford, J., Taylor, C., Smit, B., & Murray, R. M. ( 1982). Comparison of questionnaire and laboratory tests in the detection of excessive drinking and alcoholism. Lancet, 1(8267), 325–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogner, J. A., Corrigan, J. D., Mysiw, W. J., Clinchot, D., & Fugate, L. ( 2001). A comparison of substance abuse and violence in the prediction of long-term re-habilitation outcomes after traumatic brain injury, American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 82(5), 571–577.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clara, I. P, Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., Murray, L. T., & Torgrudc, L. J. ( 2003). Confirmatory factor analysis of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support in clinically distressed and student samples, Journal of Personality Assessment, 81(3), 265–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, P. ( 1992). Cocaine users in Amsterdam. British Journal of Addiction, 87(7), 1077–1078.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen, P., & Sas, A. ( 1993). Ten years of cocaine. A follow-up study of 64 cocaine users in Amsterdam. Retrieved from http://www.cedro-uva.org/lib/cohen.ten.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, P., & Sas, A. ( 1994). Cocaine use in Amsterdam in non deviant subcultures. Addiction Research, 2(1): 71–94.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, C., Kellett, S., & Beail, N. ( 2009). Utility of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 114(3), 172–178.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Decorte, T. ( 2001). Quality control by cocaine users: Underdeveloped harm reduction strategy. European Addiction Research, 7(4), 161–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DPA. ( 2012). REPORT GPS-ITA 2012 Indaginesulconsumo di sostanzepsicotropenellapopolazioneitaliana 18–64 anni, Roma. Retrieved from http://www.droganews.it/pub/48/REPORT_GPSITA_2012%3A_Indagine_sul_consumo_di_sosta.html
   Google Scholar
• DPA. ( 2013). Relazioneannuale al Parlamento 2013 sull'uso di sostanzestupefacenti e sulletossicodipendenze in Italia. Retrieved from http://www.politicheantidroga.it/progetti-e-ricerca/relazioni-al-parla-mento/relazione-annuale-2013/presentazione.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Eisenbach-Stangl, I., Moskalewicz, J., & Thom, B. ( 2010). Two worlds of drug consumption in late modern societies. European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research, United Nations Office at Vienna (UNOV) Retrieved from http://www.euro.centre.org
   Google Scholar
• European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). ( 2009). Polydrug use: Patterns and responses. Retrieved from http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_93217_EN_EMCDDA_SI09_polydrug%20use.pdf
   Google Scholar
• European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). ( 2013). Annual report 2012: The state of the drugs problem in Europe. Retrieved from http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/annual-repo-rt/2012
   Google Scholar
• Geurtsen, G. J., Martina, J. D., Van Heugten, C. M., & Geurts, A. C. ( 2008). A prospective study to evaluate a new residential community reintegration programme for severe chronic brain injury: The Brain Integration Programme. Brain Injury, 22(7–8), 545–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gossop, M., Darke, S., Griffiths, P., Hando, J., Powis, B., Hall, W. & Strang, J. ( 1995). The Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS): Psychometric properties of the SDS in English and Australian samples of heroin, cocaine and amphetamine users. Addiction, 90(5), 607–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grund, J.P. ( 1993). Drug use as a social ritual: Functionality, symbolism and determinants of self-regulation. The Lindesmith Center, Rotterdam. Retrieved from http://www.drugtext.org/pdf/grund01.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Harding, W. ( 1988). Patterns of heroin use: What do we know?. British Journal of Addiction, 83, 1247–54.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hathaway, A. D., Comeau, N. C., & Erickson, P. G. ( 2011). Cannabis normalization and stigma: Contemporary practices of moral regulation. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 11(5), 451–469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard, M. O., Perron, B. E., Vaughn, M. G., Bender, K. A., & Garland, E. ( 2010). Inhalant use, inhalant-use disorders, and antisocial behavior: Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Journal of Studies On Alcohol And Drugs, 71(2), 201–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huepe, D., Roca, M., Salas, N., Canales-Johnson, A., Rivera-Rei, Á. A., Zamorano, L., … Ibañez, A. ( 2011). Fluid intelligence and psychosocial outcome: From logical problem solving to social adaptation. PloS One, 6(9), e24858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juárez, F., Medina-Mora, E., Berenzon, S., Villatoro, J. A., Carreño, S., López, E. K., … Rojas, E. ( 1998). Antisocial behavior: Its relation to selected sociodemographic variables and alcohol and drug use among Mexican students. Substance Use & Misuse, 33(7), 1437–1459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, C. P. ( 2001). The community integration questionnaire with new scoring guidelines: Concurrent validity and need for appropriate norms. Brain Injury, 15(8), 725–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leri, F., Bruneau, J., & Stewart, J. ( 2003). Understanding polydrug use: Review of heroin and cocaine co-use. Addiction, 98(1), 7–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie, H. H., Ahern, J., Chinaglia, M., Kerrigan, D., & Lippman, S. A. ( 2013). Social participation and drug use in a cohort of Brazilian sex workers. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 67, 491–497. doi:10.1136/jech-2012-202035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormick, R.A., & Smith, M. ( 1995). Aggression and hostility in substance abusers: The relationship to abuse patterns, coping style, and relapse triggers. Addictive Behaviors, 20(5), 555–562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, B. L., Darby, A., Benson, D. F., Cummings, J. L., & Miller, M. H. ( 1997). Aggressive, socially disruptive and antisocial behaviour associated with fronto-temporal dementia. The Journal of Mental Science, 170, 150–154.
   Google Scholar
• Nasir, S., Rosenthal, D., & Moore, T. ( 2011). The social context of controlled drug use amongst young people in a slum area in Makassar, Indonesia. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 22(6), 463–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul, K. I., & Moser, K. ( 2009). Unemployment impairs mental health: Meta-analyses. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 264–282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavarin, R. M., Berardi, D., & Consonni, D. ( 2013). Determinants of seeking treatment for cocaine abuse: A case–control study. European Addiction Research, 19(2), 61–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prinzleve, M., Haasen, C., Zurhold, H., Matali, J. L., Bruguera, E., Gerevich, J., … Krausz, M. ( 2004). Cocaine use in Europe—A multi centre study: patterns of use in different groups. European Addiction Research, 10(4), 147–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quek, L. H., Chan, G. C., White, A., Connor, J. P., Baker, P. J., Saunders, J. B., & Kelly, A. B. ( 2013). Concurrent and simultaneous polydrug use: Latent class analysis of an Australian nationally representative sample of young adults. Frontiers in Public Health. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2013.00061
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reyes, C. R., Perez, C. M., Colon, H. M., Dowell, M. H., & Cumsille, F. ( 2013). Prevalence and patterns of polydrug use in Latin America: Analysis of population-based surveys in six countries. Review of European Studies, 5(1), 10–18.
   Google Scholar
• Sander, A. M., Fuchs, K. L., High, W. M., Jr., Hall, K. M., Kreutzer, J. S., & Rosenthal, M. ( 1999). The Community Integration Questionnaire Revisited: An assessment of factor structure and validity. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 80(10), 1303–1308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheung-Tak, C., & Chan, A. C. M. ( 2004). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support: Dimensionality and age and gender differences in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(7), 1359–1369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinclair, S. J., Blais, M. A., Gansler, D. A., Sandberg, E., Bistis, K., & LoCicero, A. ( 2010). Psychometric properties of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: Overall and across demographic groups living within the United States. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 33(1), 56–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, G. W., Farrell, M., Bunting, B. P., Houston, J. E., & Shevlin, M. ( 2011). Patterns of polydrug use in Great Britain: Findings from a national household population survey. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 113(2–3), 222–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sznitman, S. R. ( 2005). “I am not a drug abuser, I am a drug user”: A discourse analysis of 44 drug users construction of identity. Addiction Research & Theory, 13(4), 333–346.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonsing, K., Zimet, G. D., & Tse, S. ( 2012). Assessing social support among South Asians: The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 5(2), 164–168.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). ( 2013). World drug report 2013. Retrieved from http://www.unodc.org/unodc/secured/wdr/wdr2013/World_Drug_Report_2013.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Valencia-Martín, J. L., Galán, I., & Rodríguez-Artalejo, F. ( 2008). The joint association of average volume of alcohol and binge drinking with hazardous driving behaviour and traffic crashes. Addiction, 103(5), 749–757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Poel, A., Rodenburg, G., Dijkstra, M., Stoele, M., & van de Mheen, D. ( 2009). Trends, motivations and settings of recreational cocaine use by adolescents and young adults in the Netherlands. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 20(2), 143–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warburton, H., Turnbull, P. J., & Warburton, M. H. ( 2005). Occasional and controller heroin use: Not a problem? New York, NY: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Wongpakaran, T., & Wongpakaran, N. ( 2012). A comparison of reliability and construct validity between the original and revised versions of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Psychiatry Investigation, 9(1), 54–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinberg, N. E. ( 1984). Drug, set, and setting: The basis for controlled intoxicant use. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zinberg, N. E., & Harding, W. M. ( 1982). Control over intoxicant use: Pharmacological, psychological and social considerations. New York, NY: Human Sciences Press.
   Google Scholar