References
- Rupp T, Delaney KA. Inadequate analgesia in emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med. 2004;43:494–503.
- Alonso-Serra HM, Wesley K. National Association of EMS Physicians Standards and Clinical Practices Committee. Prehospital pain management [National Association of EMS Physicians position paper]. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2003;7:482–8.
- Dailey MW, Burton J, Day L, DeMartino W. Prehospital analgesic protocols in the United States: a national survey [abstract]. Acad Emerg Med. 2009;16(4 suppl):S197.
- Braude D, Richards M. Appeal for fentanyl prehospital use. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2004;8:441–2.
- Claxton AR, McGuire G, Chung F, Cruise C. Evaluation of morphine versus fentanyl for postoperative analgesia after ambulatory surgical procedures. Anesth Analg. 1997;84:509–14.
- McLean SA, Domeier RM, DeVore HK, Hill EM, Maio RF, Frederiksen SM. The feasibility of pain assessment in the prehospital setting. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2004;8:155–61.
- MD Consult Drug Monograph, Fentanyl [Internet]. Tampa, FL: Gold Standard. Available at: http://www.mdconsult.com/das/pharm/body/154020550-6/0/full/245 . Updated July 29, 2009; accessed August 13, 2009.
- Sacchetti A, Senula G, Strickland J, Dubin R. Procedural sedation in the community emergency department: initial results of the ProSCED registry. Acad Emerg Med. 2007;14:41–6.
- Deitch K, Chudnofsky CR, Dominici P. The utility of supplemental oxygen during emergency department procedural sedation with propofol: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2008;52:1–8.
- Deyo RA, Cherkin DC, Ciol MA. Adapting a clinical co-morbidity index for use with ICD-9-CM administrative databases. J Clin Epidemiol. 1992;45:613–9.
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. About the ATC/DDD System [Internet]. Oslo, Norway, 2009. Available at: http://www.whocc.no/atcddd/ . Accessed July 8, 2009.
- Bijur PE, Latimer CT, Gallagher EJ. Validation of a verbally administered numerical rating scale of acute pain for use in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2003;10:390–2.
- Bijur PE, Chang AK, Gallagher EJ. The minimum clinically significant difference in pain in older ED patients decreases over time [abstract]. Acad Emerg Med. 2009;16(4 suppl):S33.
- Galinski M, Dolveck F, Borron S, A randomized, double-blind study comparing morphine with fentanyl in prehospital analgesia. Am J Emerg Med. 2005;23:114–9.
- Berthier F, Potel G, Leconte P, Touze MD, Baron D. Comparative study of methods of measuring acute pain intensity in an ED. Am J Emerg Med. 1998;16:132–6.
- Kanowitz A, Dunn TM, Kanowitz EM, Dunn WW, Vanbuskirk K. Safety and effectiveness of fentanyl administration for prehospital pain management. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2006;10:1–7.
- Nielsen ND, Dahl MK, Hansen PA. Safety and efficiency of prehospital pain management with fentanyl administration by emergency medical technicians. Abstract at the 4th Mediterranean Emergency Medicine Congress, 2007. J Emerg Med. 2007;33(3):335.
- Thomas SH, Rago O, Harrison T, Biddinger PD, Wedel SK. Fentanyl trauma analgesia use in air medical scene transports. J Emerg Med. 2005;29:179–87.
- DeVellis P, Thomas SH, Wedel SK, Stein JP, Vinci RJ. Prehospital fentanyl analgesia in air-transported pediatric trauma patients. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1998;14:321–3.
- Raghunathan TE, Lepkowski JM, Hoewyk JV, Solenberger P. A multivariate technique for multiply imputing missing values using a sequence of regression models. Surv Methodol. 2001;27(1):85–95.
- Newgard CD. The validity of using multiple imputation for missing out-of-hospital data in a state trauma registry. Acad Emerg Med. 2006;13:314–24.
- Haukoos JS, Newgard CD. Advanced statistics: missing data in clinical research—part 2: multiple imputation. Acad Emerg Med. 2007;14:669–78.
- Little RJA, Rubin DB. Statistical Analysis with Missing Data. Second Edition. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience, 2002.
- Silvfast T, Saarnivaara L. Comparison of alfentanil and morphine in the prehospital treatment of patients with acute ischaemic-type chest pain. Eur J Emerg Med. 2001;8:275–8.
- Weldon E, Grierson R, Ariano R. Comparison of fentanyl and morphine in the prehospital treatment of patients with ischemic type chest pain [abstract]. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2008;12:95–101.
- Thomson Micromedex Healthcare. DRUGDEX Evaluations, Fentanyl [Internet]. Ann Arbor, MI, 2009. Available at: http://www.thomsonhc.com . Accessed July 8, 2009.
- Red Book, Pharmacy's Fundamental Reference. Montvale, NJ: Thomson Healthcare, 2008, pp 437, 590.
- Haukoos JS, Newgard CD. Advanced statistics: missing data in clinical research—part 1: an introduction and conceptual framework. Acad Emerg Med. 2007;14:662–8.