Effectiveness of Morphine, Fentanyl, and Methoxyflurane in the Prehospital Setting

References

• McLean SA, Maio RF, Domeier RM. The epidemiology of pain in the prehospital setting [see comment]. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2002;6:402–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alonso-Serra HM, Wesley K, for the National Association of EMS Physicians Standards and Clinical Practices Committee. Prehospital pain management [National Association of EMS Physicians position paper] [see comment]. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2003;7:482–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Galinski M, Dolveck F, Borron SW, A randomized, double-blind study comparing morphine with fentanyl in prehospital analgesia. Am J Emerg Med. 2005;23:114–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickard C, O'Meara P, McGrail M, Garner D, McLean A, Le Lievre P. A randomized controlled trial of intranasal fentanyl vs intravenous morphine for analgesia in the prehospital setting. Am J Emerg Med. 2007;25:911–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woollard M, Whitfield R, Smith K, Less IS less: a randomised controlled trial comparing cautious and rapid nalbuphine dosing regimens. Emerg Med J. 2004;21:362–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ward ME, Radburn J, Morant S. Evaluation of intravenous tramadol for use in the prehospital situation by ambulance paramedics. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1997;12:158–62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barker R, Kober A, Hoerauf K, Out-of-hospital auricular acupressure in elder patients with hip fracture: a randomized double-blinded trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2006;13:19–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang T, Hager H, Funovits V, Prehospital analgesia with acupressure at the Baihui and Hegu points in patients with radial fractures: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial. Am J Emerg Med. 2007;25:887–93.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bertalanffy A, Kober A, Bertalanffy P, Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation reduces acute low back pain during emergency transport. Acad Emerg Med. 2005;12:607–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang T, Barker R, Steinlechner B, TENS relieves acute posttraumatic hip pain during emergency transport. J Trauma. 2007;62:184–188; discussion 188.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bertalanffy P, Kober A, Andel H, Hahn R, Frickey N, Hoerauf K. Active warming as emergency interventional care for the treatment of pelvic pain. BJOG. 2006;113:1031–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nuhr M, Hoerauf K, Bertalanffy A, Active warming during emergency transport relieves acute low back pain. Spine. 2004;29:1499–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borland ML, Clark LJ, Esson A. Comparative review of the clinical use of intranasal fentanyl versus morphine in a paediatric emergency department [erratum appears in Emerg Med Australas. 2009;21:246; note: dosage error in article text]. Emerg Med Australas. 2008;20:515–20.
   Google Scholar
• Cole J, Shepherd M, Young P. Intranasal fentanyl in 1–3-year-olds: a prospective study of the effectiveness of intranasal fentanyl as acute analgesia. Emerg Med Australas. 2009;21:395–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borland M, Jacobs I, King B, O'Brien D. A randomized controlled trial comparing intranasal fentanyl to intravenous morphine for managing acute pain in children in the emergency department [see comment]. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;49:335–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borland ML, Bergesio R, Pascoe EM, Turner S, Woodger S. Intranasal fentanyl is an equivalent analgesic to oral morphine in paediatric burns patients for dressing changes: a randomised double blind crossover study. Burns. 2005;31:831–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borland ML, Jacobs I, Geelhoed G. Intranasal fentanyl reduces acute pain in children in the emergency department: a safety and efficacy study. Emerg Med (Fremantle). 2002;14: 275–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Black IH, McManus J, Black IH, McManus J. Pain management in current combat operations. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2009;13: 223–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambulance Service of New South Wales. Annual Report 2006/07. New South Wales, Australia: Ambulance Service of New South Wales, July 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Ambulance Service of New South Wales. Ambulance Service of New South Wales Protocols & Pharmacology. New South Wales, Australia: Ambulance Service of New South Wales, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Macintyre PE, Schug SA, Scott DA, Visser EJ, Walker SM, APM: SE Working Group of the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists and Faculty of Pain Medicine. Acute Pain Management: Scientific Evidence (3rd Edition), ANZCA & FPM, Melbourne, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Lee JS, Hobden E, Stiell IG, Wells G. Clinically important change in the visual analog scale after adequate pain control. Acad Emerg Med. 2003;10:1128–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrar JT, Young JP Jr, LaMoreaux L, Werth J, Poole R. Clinical importance of changes in chronic pain intensity measured on an 11-point numerical pain rating scale [see comment]. Pain. 2001;94:149–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cepeda MS, Africano JM, Polo R, Alcala R, Carr D. What decline in pain intensity is meaningful to patients with acute pain? Pain. 2003;105(1–2):151–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen MP, Chen C, Brugger AM. Interpretation of visual analog scale ratings and change scores: a reanalysis of two clinical trials of postoperative pain. J Pain. 2003;4:407–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleischman RJ, Frazer DG, Daya M, Effectiveness and safety of fentanyl compared with morphine for out-of-hospital analgesia. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2010;14:167–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silfvast T, Saarnivaara L. Comparison of alfentanil and morphine in the prehospital treatment of patients with acute ischaemic-type chest pain. Eur J Emerg Med. 2001;8:275–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Finn J, Wright J, Fong J, A randomised crossover trial of patient controlled intranasal fentanyl and oral morphine for procedural wound care in adult patients with burns. Burns. 2004;30:262–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manjushree R, Lahiri A, Ghosh BR, Laha A, Handa K. Intranasal fentanyl provides adequate postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients. Can J Anaesth. 2002;49:190–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buntine P, Thom O, Babl F, Prehospital analgesia in adults using inhaled methoxyflurane. Emerg Med Australas. 2007;19:509–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babl FE, Jamison SR, Spicer M, Bernard S. Inhaled methoxyflurane as a prehospital analgesic in children. Emerg Med Australas. 2006;18:404–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Affleck G, Tennen H, Keefe FJ, Everyday life with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis: independent effects of disease and gender on daily pain, mood, and coping. Pain. 1999;83:601–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unruh AM, Ritchie J, Merskey H. Does gender affect appraisal of pain and pain coping strategies? Clin J Pain. 1999;15:31–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards RR, Fillingim RB, Yamauchi S, Effects of gender and acute dental pain on thermal pain responses. Clin J Pain. 1999;15:233–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colwell C, Mehler P, Harper J, Measuring quality in the prehospital care of chest pain patients. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2009;13:237–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar