Quantifying Dehydration in the Fire Service Using Field Methods and Novel Devices

References

• Sawka MN, Young AJ, Francesconi RP, Muza SR, Pandolf KB. Thermoregulatory and blood responses during exercise at graded hypohydration levels. J Appl Physiol. 1985;59:1394–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montain SJ, Coyle EF. Influence of graded dehydration on hyperthermia and cardiovascular drift during exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1992;73:1340–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawka MN, Young AJ, Latzka WA, Neufer PD, Quigley MD, Pandolf KB. Human tolerance to heat strain during exercise: influence of hydration. J Appl Physiol. 1992;73:368–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Alonso J, Mora-Rodriguez R, Below PR, Coyle EF. Dehydration reduces cardiac output and increases systemic and cutaneous vascular resistance during exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1995;79:1487–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Alonso J, Mora-Rodriguez R, Below PR, Coyle EF. Dehydration markedly impairs cardiovascular function in hyperthermic endurance athletes during exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1997;82:1229–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawka MN. Physiological consequences of hypohydration: exercise performance thermoregulation. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992;24:657–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawka MN, Coyle EF. Influence of body water and blood volume on thermoregulation and exercise performance in the heat. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1999;27:167–218.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bosco JS, Greenleaf JE, Bernauer EM, Card DH. Effects of acute dehydration and starvation on muscular strength and endurance. Acta Physiol Pol. 1974;25:411–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mnatzakian PA, Vaccaro P. Effects of 4% dehydration and rehydration on hematological profiles and muscular endurance of college wrestlers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1982;14(suppl):117s.
   Google Scholar
• Serfass RC, Stull GA, Alexander JF, Ewing JL. The effects of rapid weight loss and attempted rehydration on strength and endurance of the handgripping muscles in college wrestlers. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1968;55:46–52.
   Google Scholar
• Craig FN, Cummings EG. Dehydration and muscular work. J Appl Physiol. 1966;21:670–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinchan G, Gauttam RK, Tomar OS, Bajaj AC. Effects of primary hypohydration on physical work capacity. Int J Biometeorol. 1988;32:176–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLellan TM, Cheung SS, Latzka WA, Effects of dehydration, hypohydration, and hyperhydration on tolerance during uncompensable heat stress. Can J Appl Physiol. 1999;24:349–61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ramsey JD, Kwon YG. Recommended alert limits for perceptual motor loss in hot environments. Int J Indust Ergonom. 1992;9:245–57.
   Google Scholar
• Hancock PA. Task categorization and the limits of human performance in extreme heat. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1982;53:778–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hancock PA, Vasmatzidis I. Effects of heat stress on cognitive performance: the current state of knowledge. Int J Hyperthermia. 2003;19:355–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopinathan PM, Pichan G, Sharma VM. Role of dehydration in heat stress-induced variations in mental performance. Arch Environ Health. 1998;43:15–7.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma VM, Sridharan K, Pichan G, Panwar MR. Influence of heat-stress induced dehydration on mental functions. Ergonomics. 1986;29:791–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cian C, Koulmann N, Barraud PS, Raphel C, Jimenez C, Melin B. Influence of variations in body hydration on cognitive function: effect of hyperhydration, heat stress, and exercise-induced dehydration. J Psychophysiol. 2000;14(1):29–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett AL, Brown J, Derchak A, DiMarzo M, Edwards ST. Health and Safety Guidelines for Firefighter Training. College Park, MD: University of Maryland Center for Firefighter Safety Research and Development, 2006, pp 38–9.
   Google Scholar
• Espinosa N, Contreras M. Safety and Performance Implications of Hydration, Core Body Temperature, and Post-Incident Rehabilitation. Irvine, CA: Orange County Fire Authority, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Graff L. A Handbook of Routine Urinalysis. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, 1983, pp 2–19.
   Google Scholar
• Casa DJ, Armstrong LE, Hillman SK, National Athletic Trainers’ Association position statement: fluid replacement for athletes. J Athl Training. 2000;35:212–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casa DJ, Clarkson PM. American College of Sports Medicine roundtable on hydration and physical activity: consensus statements. Cur Sport Med Rep. 2005;4:115–27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walsh NP, Laing SJ, Oliver SJ, Saliva parameters as potential indices of hydration status during acute dehydration. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36:1535–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh NP, Montague JC, Callow N, Rowlands AV. Saliva flow rate, total protein concentration and osmolality as potential markers of whole body hydration status during progressive acute dehydration in humans. Arch Oral Biol. 2004;49:149–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith DL. Fire fighter physiology. In: International Association of Fire Chiefs. Live Fire Training: Principles and Practice. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2010, pp 54–75.
   Google Scholar
• National Fire Protection Association. NFPA 1584: Standard on the Rehabilitation Process for Members during Emergency Operations and Training Exercises. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Dickinson E, Bogucki S, Van Gelder CM. EMS on the fireground. Vol 4. Chap 12. Hauda W, DeAtley C, Bogucki S (eds). Special operations medical support. In: Cone DC, O'Connor RE, Fowler R (eds). Emergency Medical Services: Clinical Practice and Systems Oversight. Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Cheuvront S, Ely BR, Kenefick RW, Sawka MN. Biological variation and diagnostic accuracy of dehydration assessment markers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92:565–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheuvront SN, Haymes EM, Sawka MN. Comparison of sweat loss estimates for women during prolonged high-intensity running. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34:1344–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horn GP, Gutzmer S, Fahs CA, Physiological recovery from firefighting activities in rehabilitation and beyond. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2011;15:214–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popowski LA, Opplinger RA, Lambert GP, Johnson RF, Johnson AK, Gisolfi CV. Blood and urinary measures of hydration status during progressive acute dehydration. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33:747–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith DL, Shalmiyeva I, DeBlois J, Winke M. Salivary osmolality as a measure of moderate dehydration. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2012;16:128–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ely BR, Cheuvront SN Kenefick RW, Sawka MN. Limitations of salivary osmolality as a marker of hydration status. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43:1080–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunter RL, Delinger WD, Porter TL, Stewart R, Reed J. Hydration level monitoring using embedded piezoresistive microcantilever sensors. Med Eng Phys. 2005;27:215–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart R, Reed J, Zhong J, Morton K, Porter TL. Human hydration level monitoring using embedded piezoresistive microcantilever sensors. Med Eng Phys. 2007;29:1084–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong LE. Assessing hydration status: the elusive gold standard. J Am Coll Nutr. 2007;26(5 suppl):575S–584S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong LE, Maresh CM, Castellani JW, Urinary indices of hydration status. Int J Sport Nutr. 1994;4:265–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar