Therapy of Disseminated Colorectal Cancer: The Emerging Role of Intratumoral Molecular Biology

References

• Berger SH, Jenh CH, Johnson LF, and Berger FG. Thymidylate synthase overproduction and gene ampli-fication in fluorodeoxyuridine-resistant human cells. Molecular Pharmacology 28: 461–467, 1985.
   Google Scholar
• Bicknell R, Harris AL. Mechanisms and therapeutic implications of angiogenesis. Current Opinion Oncology 8: 60–65, 1996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleiberg H. CPT-11 in gastrointestinal cancer. Eur J Cancer 35: 371–379. 1999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnadonna G, Valagussa P, Molitemi A, et al. Adjuvant cyclophosphamnide, methotrexate, and fluor-ouracil (CMF) in node positive breast cancer: The results of 20 years of follow-up. N Engl J Med 332: 901, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Burris HA, Fields SM. Topoisomerase I inhibitors: an overview of the camptothecin analogs. Hem Onc Clin NA 8: 333–355, 1994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conti JA, Kemeny N, Saltz L, Tong W, Chou TC and Pulliam M. Irinotecan (CPT-11) is an active agent in untreated patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 13: 195, 1994 (Abstr).
   Google Scholar
• Curt GA, Carney DN, Cowan KH Jolivet J, Carney BD, Drake JV, Chien-Song KS, Minna JD, Chabner BA. Unstable methotrexate resistance in human small cell carcinoma associated with double minute chromosomes. N Engl J Med 308: 199–202, 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Danenberg K, Metzger R, Groshen S, Schwartz EL, Wadler S, Danenberg P, Leichman C. Thymidylate synthase (TS) and thymidine phosphorylase (TP) are prognostic indicators of survival for colorectal cancer. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 16: 914, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Danenberg K, Salonga D, Park JM, Leichman, CG, Leichman L, Johnson M, Diasio R and Danenberg P. Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase (DPD) and Thymi-dylate Synthase (TS) Gene Expressions Identify a High Percentage of Colorectal Tumors Responding to 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 17: 992, 1998 (Abstr).
   Google Scholar
• Douglass HO Jr, Moertel CG, Mayer RJ, et al. Survival after postoperative combination treatment of rectal cancer. N Engl J Med 315: 1294, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenstein BI. The polymerase chain reaction: A new method of using molecular genetics for medical diagnosis. N Engl J Med 322: 181–183, 1990
   Google Scholar
• Evrard A, Robert B, Cuq P, Pelegrin A, Vian L, Cano JP. Enhancement of 5-fluorouracil cytotoxicity by human thymidine phosphorylase expression in cancer cells: in vitro and in vivo study. Proc Am Assn Cancer Res 39: 3538, 1998
   Google Scholar
• Fox SB, Engles, K, Comley M, Whitehouse R1\4, Turley H, Gater KC, Harris AL. Relationship of elevated tumor thymidine phosphorylase in node-positive breast carci-nomas due to the effects of adjuvant CMF. Annals of Oncology 8: 271–275, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Fox SB, Westwood M, Moghaddam A, Comley M, Turley H, Whitehouse R1\4, Bicknell R, Gatter KC, Harris L. The angiogenic factor platelet-derived en-dothelial cell growth factor/thymidine phosphorylase is up-regulated in breast cancer epethelium and endothe-lium. Brit J Cancer 73: 275–280, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Giantromanolaki A, Koukourakis MI, Comley M, Kaklamanis L, Turley H, Obyme K, Harrris AL, Gatter KC. Platelet derived endothelial cell growth factor (thymidine phosphoryoase) expression in lung cancer. J Pathol 181: 196–199, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Heidelberger C, Chaudhauri NK, Danenberg P, et al. Fluorininated pyrimidines. A new class of tumor inhibitory compounds. Nature 179: 663, 195
   Google Scholar
• Heidleberger C, Griesbach L, Montag BJ, et al. Studies on Fluroinated pyrimidines II. Effects on Transplanted Tumors. Cancer Res 18: 305–317, 1958.
   Google Scholar
• Horikoshi T, Danenberg KD, Stadlbauer THW, Volk-enandt M, Shea LLC, Aigner K, Gustavsson B, Leich-man Frosing R, Ray M, Gibson NW, Spears CP and Danenberg PV. Quantitation of thymidylate synthase, dihydrofolate reductase, and DT-diaphorase gene ex-pression in human tumors using the polymerase chain reaction. Cancer Res., 52, 108–116, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Ishikawa T, Sekiguchi F, Fukase Y, Sawada N, Ishitsuka H. Positive correlation between the efficacy of capeci-tabine and doxifluridine and the ratio of thymidine phosphorylase to dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activities in human cancer xenografts. Cancer Res 58: 685–690, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Ishikawa T, Utoh M, Sawada N, Sekiguchi F, Ishitsuka H. XelodaTm (capecitabine): an orally available tumor-selective fluoropyrimidine carbamate. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 16: 727, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston PG, Lenz HJ, Leichman CG, Danenberg KD, Allegra CJ, Danenberg PV, Leichman L. Thymidylate synthase and protein expression correlate and are associated with response to 5-fluorouracil in human colorectal and gastric tumors. Cancer Res. 55:
   Google Scholar
• Kato Y, Matsukawa S, Muraoka R, Tanigawa N. Enhancement of drug sensitivity and a bystander effect in PC-9 cells transfected with platelet-derived endothe-lial cell growth factor thymidine phosphorylase cDNA. Brit J Cancer 75: 506–511, 1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koukourakis MI, Giantromanolaki A, °Byrne KJ, Comley M, Whitehouse RM, Talbot DC, Gatter KC, Harris AL. Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor expression correlates with tumor angiogenesis and prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer. Brit J Cancer 75: 477–481, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Leichman CG, Lenz HJ, Leichman L, Danenberg K, Baranda J, Groshen S, Boswell W, Metzger R, Tan M, Danenberg P. Quantitation of intratumoral thymidylate synthase expression predicts for disseminated colorectal cancer response and resistance to protracted infusion 5-fluorouracil and weekly leucovorin. J Clin Oncol 15: 3223–3229, 1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luccioni C, Beaumatin J, Bardot V, Lefrancois D. Pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism in human colon carcinomas: comparison of normal tissues, primary tumors and xenografts. Int J Cancer 58: 517–522, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Lyss AP, Lilenbaum RC, Harris BE, Diasio RB. Severe 5-fluorouracil toxicity in a patient with decreased dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity. [letter] Can-cer Invest 11: 239–240, 1993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsushita S, Tani A, Furukawa T, Sumizawa T, Miyadera K, Yamada Y, Kanzaki T, Akiyama S. The mechanism of cytotoxic action of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxy-uridine in thymidine phophorylase expressing cell lines. Proc Am Assn Cancer Res 39: 2959, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Macdonald JS, et al. Levamisole and fluorouracil for adjuvant therapy of resected colon carcinoma. N Engl J Med 322: 352–358, 1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moghaddam A, Zhang HT, Fan TP, Hu DE, Lees VC, Turley H, Fox SB, Gatter KC, Harris AL, Bicknell R. Thymidine phosphorylase is angiogenic and promotes tumor growth. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 92: 998–1002, 1995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naguib FN, el Kouni MN, Cha S. Enzymes of uracil catabolism in normal and neoplastic human tissues. Cancer Res. 45: 5405–5412, 1985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson AV, Zhang H, Moghaddam A, Bicknell R, Talbot DC, Stratford IJ, Harris AL. Increased sensitivity to the prodrug 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine and modulation of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine sensitivity in MCF-7 cells transfected with thymidine phosphorylase. Brit J Cancer 72: 669–675, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Porter DJT, Harrington JA, Almond MR, Lowen GT, Zimmerman TP, Spector T. Inactivation of dihydropy-rimidine dehydrogenase in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 47: 1165–1171, 1994.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rothenberg ML,Cox JV, DeVore RF, Hainsworth JD, Pazdur R, Rivkin SE, Macdonald JS, Geyer CE Jr, Sandbach J, Wolf DL, Mohrland JS, Elfring GL, Miller LL, Von Hoff DD. A multicenter, phase II trial of weekly irinotecan (CPT-11) in patients with previously treated colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 85: (4) 786–795, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Saltz L, Danenberg K, Patty P, Kelsen D, Kemeny N, Salonga D, Park JM and Danenberg P. High Thymidy-late Synthase (TS) Expression Does Not Preclude Activity of CPT-11 in Colorectal Cancer (CRC). Proc Am Clin Oncol. 17: 1080, 1998 (Abstr).
   Google Scholar
• Schuller J, Cassidy J, Reigner BG, Durston S, Roos B, Ishitsuka H, Utoh M, Dumont E. Tumor selectivity of XelodaTm in colorectal cancer patients. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 16: 797, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Swain SM, Lippman ME, Egan EF, Drake JC, Steinberg SM and Allegra CJ. Fluorouracil and high dose leucovorin in previously treated patients with metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 7: 890–899, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Takebayashi Y, Akiyama S, Akiba S, Yamada K, Miyadera K,Sumizawa T, Yamada Y, Murata F, Aikou T. Clinicopathologic and prognostic significance of an angiogenic factor, thymidine phosphorylase, in human colorectal carcinoma. J Nat Cancer Inst 88: 1110–1117, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Takebayashi Y, Miyadera K, Akiyama S, Hokita S, Yamada K, Akiba S, Yamada Y, Sumizawa T, Aikou T. Expression of thymidine phosphorylase in human gastric carcinoma. Japan J Cancer Res 87: 288–295, 1996.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takebayashi Y, Yamada K, Miyadera K, Sumizawa T, Furukawa T, Kinoshita F, Aoki D, Okumura H, Yamada Y, Akiyama S, Aikou T. The activity and expression of thymidine phosphorylase in human solid tumors. European J Cancer 32A: 1227–1232, 1996
   Google Scholar
• Thomas GM. Improved treatment for cervical cancer—concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy. N Engl J Med. 340: 1198–200, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• UKCCR Anal Cancer Trial Working Party. UK Coordinating Committee on Cancer Research. Epider-moid anal cancer: results from the UKCCR randomized trial of radiotherapy alone versus radiotherapy, 5-fluorouracil and mitmycin. Lancet 348: 1049–1054, October 19, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Walsh TN, Noonan N, Hollywood D, et al. A compari-son of multimodal therapy and surgery for esophageal adenocarcionoma. N Engl J Med 335: 462–467, 1996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Washtien WL. Thymidylate synthetase levels as a factor in 5-fluorodeoxyuridine and methotrexate cytotoxicity. Mol Pharmacol. 21: 723–728, 1982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Hoff DD, Burris HA, Eckhardt J, Rothenberg M, Fields SM, Chen S-F, Kuhn JG. Preclinical and phase I trials of topoisomerase I inhibitors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 34: S41—S45, 1994.
   Google Scholar