Regulation of HIV-1 infection in astrocytes: Expression of Nef, TNF-α and IL-6 is enhanced in coculture of astrocytes with macrophages

References

• Baldwin G C, Chung G Y, Kaslander C, Esmail T, Reisfeld R A. Colony-stimulating factor enhancement of myeloid effector cell cytotoxicity towards neuroectodermal tumour cells. Br J Haematol 1993; 83: 545–553
   Google Scholar
• Benos D J, Hahn B H, Bubien J K, et al. Envelope glycoprotein gp 120 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 alters ion transport in astrocytes: Implications for AIDS dementia complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 494–498
   Google Scholar
• Brack-Werner R, Kleinschmidt A, Ludvigsen A, Mellert W, Neumann M, Herrmann R, Khim M CL, Burny A, Muller-Lantzch N, Stavrou D, Erfle V. Infection of human brain cells by HTV-1: restricted virus production in chronically infected human glial cell lines. AIDS 1992; 6: 273–285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung I Y, Benveniste E N. Tumor necrosis factor-a production by astrocytes. J Immunol 1990; 144: 2999–3007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conant K, Tomatore C, Atwood W, Meyers K, Traub R, Major E O. In vivo and in vitro infection of the astrocyte by HTV-l. Adv Neuroimmunol 1994; 4: 287–289
   Google Scholar
• Fiala M, Singer E, Graves M C, Tourtelotte W W, Stewart J A, Schable C A, Rhodes R H, Vinters H V. AIDS dementia complex complicated by cytomegalovirus encephalopathy. J Neurol 1993; 240: 223–231
   Google Scholar
• Gendelman H E, Genis P, Jett M, Zhai Q, Nottet H S. An experimental model system for HTV-1-induce brain injury. Adv Neuroimmunol 1994; 4: 189–193
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Genis P, Jett M, Bernton E W, Boyle T, Gelbard H A, Dzenko K, Keane R W, Resnick L, Mizrachi Y, Volsky D J, Epstein L G, Gendelman H E. Cytokines and arachidonic acid metabolites produced during HIV-infected macrophage-astroglia interactions: Implications for the neuropathogenesis of HTV disease. J Exp Med 1992; 176: 1703–1718
   Google Scholar
• Gilles P N, Lathey J L, Spector S A. Replication of macrophage-tropic and T-cell tropic strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is augmented by macrophage-endothelial contact. J Virol 1995; 69: 2133–2139
   Google Scholar
• Haskill S, Dudding L, Huang E-S. Cytomegalovirus and macrophage interaction. Molecular Aspects of Human Cytomegalovirus Diseases, Y Becker, G Darai, E-S Huang. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1993; 101–118
   Google Scholar
• Koenig S, Gendelman H, Oienstein J, Dal Canto M C, Pezeshkpour G M, Yungbluth M, Janotta M, Aksamit A, Martin M A, Fauci A S. Detection of AIDS virus in macrophages in brain tissue from AIDS patients with encephalopathy. Science 1986; 233: 1089–1093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohleisen B, Neumann M, Herrmann R, Brack-Werner R, Krohn K JE, Ovod V, Ranki A, Erfle V. Cellular localization of Nef expressed in persistentiy HIV-1 infected low-producer astrocytes. AIDS 1992; 6: 1427–1436
   Google Scholar
• Koyanagi Y, O'Brien W A, Zhao J Q, Golde D W, Gasson J C, Chen I SY. Cytokines alter production of HTV-l from primary mononuclear phagocytes. Science 1988; 241: 1673–1675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles S A, Rezai A R, Salazar-Gonzales J F, Meyden M V, Stevens R H, Logan D M, Mitsuyasu R T, Taga T, Hirano T, Kishimoto T, Martinez-Maza O. AIDS Kaposi sarcoma-derived cells produce and responsd to interleukin 6. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 4068–4072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina J-M, Schindler R, Ferriani R, Sakaguchi M, Vannier E, Dinarello C A, Groopman J E. Production of cytokines by peripheral blood monocytes/macrophages infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HTV-l). J Infect Dis 1990; 161: 888–893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moroni S C, Rossi A. Enhanced Survival and Differentiation In Vitro of Different Neuronal Populations by some Interleukins. Intron Development Neuroscience 1995; 13: 41–49
   Google Scholar
• Neumann M, Felber B K, Kleinschmidt A, Froese B, Erfle V, Pavlakis G N, Brack-Werner R. Restriction of human immunodeficiency virus type -1 production in a human astrocytoma cell line is associated with a cellular block in Rev function. J Virol 1995; 69: 2159–2167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nottet H SLM, Jett M, Flanagan C R, Zhai Q-H, Persidsky Y, Rizzino A, Bernton E W, Genis P, Baldwin T, Schwartz J, LaBenz C J, Gendelman H E. A regulatory role for astrocytes in HTV-l encephalitis. J Immunol 1995; 154: 3567–3581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ovod V, Lagerstedt A, Ranki A, Gombert F O, Spohn R, Tahtinenen M, Jung G, Krohn K JE. Immunological variation and imrnunohistochemical localization of HTV-l Nef demonstrated with monoclonal antibodies. AIDS 1992; 6: 25–34
   Google Scholar
• Parmentier H K, van Wichen D F, Meyling F H, Goudsmit J, Schuurman H J. Epitopes of human immunodeficiency virus regulatory proteins tat, naf, and rev are expressed in normal human tissue. Am J Pathol 1992; 141: 1209–1216
   Google Scholar
• Poli G, Fauci A S. The role of monocyte/ macrophages and cytokines in the pathogenesis of HTV infection. Pathobiol 1992; 60: 246–251
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pomerantz R J, Trono D, Feinberg M B, Baltimore D. Cells Nonproductively Infected with HTV-l Exhibit an Aberrant Pattern of Viral RNA Expression: A Molecular Model for Latency. Cell 1990; 61: 1271–1276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulliam L, Moore D, West D C. Human cytomegalovirus induces IL-6 and TNF-α from macrophages and microglial cells: possible role in neurotoxicity. J Neurovirol 1995; 1: 219–227
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranki A, Lagerstedt A, Ovod V, Aavik E, Krohn K JE. Expression kinetics and subcellular localization of HTV-l regulatory proteins Nef, Tat and Rev in acutely and chronically infected lymphoid cell lines. Arch Virol 1994; 139: 365–378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranki A, Nyberg M, Ovod V, Haltia M, Elovaara M, Raininko R, Haapasalo H, Krohn. Abundant expression of HTV Nef and Rev proteins in brain astrocytes in vivo is associated with dementia. AIDS 1995; 9: 1001–1008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes R H. Histopathologic features in the central nervous system of 400 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome cases: implications of rates of occurrence. Hum Pathol 1993; 24: 1189–1198
   Google Scholar
• Saito Y, Sharer L R, Epstein L G, Michaels J, Mintz M, Louder M, Golding K, Cvetkovitch T A, Blumberg B M. Overexpression of nef as a marker for restricted HTV-l infection of astrocytes in postmortem pediatric central nervous tissues. Neurology 1994; 44: 474–481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selmaj K, Shafit-Zagardo B, Aqunio D A, Farooq M, Raine C S, Norton W T, Brosnan C F. Tumor necrosis factor-induced proliferation of astrocytes from mature brain is associated with down-regulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA. J Neurochemistry 1991; 57: 823–30
   Google Scholar
• Shapshak P, Sun N CJ, Resnick L, Hsu M YK, Tourtellotte W W, Schmid P, Conrad A, Fiala M, Imagawa D T. The detection of HTV by in situ hybridization. Modern Pathol 1990; 3: 146–153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subbramanian R A, Cohen E A. Molecular biology of the human immunodeficiency virus accessory proteins. J Virol 1994; 68: 6831–6835
   Google Scholar
• Tornatore C, Nath A, Amemiya K, Major E. Persistent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in human fetal glial cells reactivated by T-cell factor(s) or by the cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha interleukin-1 beta. J Virol 1991; 65: 6094–6100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tornatore C, Meyers K, Atwood W, Conant K, Major E. Temporal patterns of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transcripts in human fetal astrocytes. J Virol 1994a; 68: 93–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tornatore C, Chandra R, Berger J, Major E. HTV-1 infection of subcortical astrocytes in the pediatric central nervous system. Neurology 1994b; 44: 481–487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilcek J, Lee T H. Tumor necrosis factor. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 7313–7316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitkovic L, Wood G, Major E O, Fauci A S. Human astrocytes stimulate HTV-1 expression in a chronically infected promonocytic clone via interleukin-6. AIDS Res Human Retroviruses 1991; 7: 723–727
   Google Scholar
• Vitkovic L, da Cunha A, Tyor W R. Cytokine expression and pathogenesis in AIDS brain. HIV, AIDS and the Brain, R W Price, S W Perry. Raven Press, New York 1994; 203–222
   Google Scholar
• Volsky D J, Shahabuddin M, Mizrachi Y. The role of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HTV-1) in neurologic disorders of AIDS. Molecular Neurovirology, R P Roos. Human Press, Inc., Totowa, N.J. 1992; 527–589
   Google Scholar
• Wesselingh S L, Glass J, McArthur J C, Griffin J W, Griffin D E. Cytokine dysregulation in HTV-associated disease. Adv Neuroimmunol 1994; 4: 199–206
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wiley C, Schrier R D, Nelson J A, Lampaert P W, Oldstone M BA. Cellular localization of human immunodeficiency virus infection within the brains of acquired immune deficiency patients with encephalopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 7089–7093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilt S G, Milward E, Zhou J M, Nagasato K, Patton H, Rusten R, Griffin D E, O'Connor M, Dubois-Dalcq M. In vitro evidence for a dual role of tumor necrosis factor-α in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HTV-1) encephalopathy. Ann Neurol 1995; 37: 381–394
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeung M C, Pulliam L, Lau A S. The HTV envelope protein gp 120 is toxic to human brain-cell cultures through the induction of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. AIDS 1994; 9: 137–143
   Google Scholar
• Yoshioka M, Shapshak P, Sun N CJ, Nelson S J, Svenningsson A, Tate L, Pardo V, Resnick L. Simultaneous detection of ferritin and HTV-1 in reactive microglia. Acta Neuropathologica 1992; 84: 297–306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshioka M, Shapshak P, Srivastava A K, Stewart R V, Nelson S J, Bradley W G, Berger J R, Rhodes R H, Sun N CJ, Nakamura S. Expression of HTV-1 and interleukin-6 in lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia of patients with AIDS. Neurology 1994; 44: 1120–1130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar