Chemokine receptors and virus entry in the central nervous system

References

• Albright AV, Shieh J TC, Itoh T, Lee B, Pleasure D, O'Connor MJ, Doms RW, Gonzalez-Scarano F. Microglia express CCR5, CXCR4, and CCR3, but of these, CCR5 is the principal coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 dementia isolates. J Virol 1999; 73: 205–213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alkhatib G, Combadiere C, Broder CC, Feng Y, Kennedy PE, Murphy PM, Berger EA. CC CKR5: A RANTES, MIP-1α, MIP-1β receptor as a fusion cofactor for macrophage-tropic HIV-1. Science 1996; 272: 1955–1958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baggiolini M, Dewald B, Moser B. Human chemokines: An update. Annu Rev Immunol 1997; 15: 675–705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldeweg T, Catalan J, Gazzard BG, Weiss RA, Boshoff C. Kaposi's sarcoma and protection from HIV dementia. Science 1998; 280: 362
   Google Scholar
• Barroga CF, Ellis R, Nelson J, Heaton RK, Atkinson JH, Mc Cutchan JA, Grant I, Spector SA. HIV-1 neurocognitive disorders and chemokine receptors. AIDS 1997; 11: 1651–1664
   Google Scholar
• Berger EA. HIV entry and tropism: the chemokine receptor connection. AIDS 1997; 11: (Suppl A) S3–S16
   Google Scholar
• Berger EA, Murphy PM, Farber JM. Chemokine receptors as HIV-1 coreceptors: Roles in viral entry, tropism, and disease. Annu Rev Immunol 1999; 17: 657–700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman JW, Guida MP, Warren J, Amat J, Brosnan CF. Localization of monocyte chemoattractant peptide-1 expression in the central nervous system in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and trauma in the rat. J Immunol 1996; 156: 3017–3023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernasconi S, Cinque P, Peri G, Sozzani S, Crociati A, Torri W, Vicenzi E, Vago L, Lazzarin A, Poli G, Mantovani A. Selective elevation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in the cerebrospinal fluid of AIDS patients with cytomegalovirus encephalitis. J Infec Dis 1996; 174: 1098–1101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berson JF, Doms RW. Structure-function studies of the HIV-1 coreceptors. Sem in Immunol 1998; 10: 237–248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bieniasz PD, Fridell RA, Aramori I, Ferson S SG, Caron MG, Cullen BR. HIV-1-induced cell fusion is mediated by multiple regions within both the viral envelope and the CCR-5 co-receptor. EMRO J 1997; 16: 2599–2609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björndal Å, Deng H, Jansson M, Fiore JR, Colognesi C, Karlsson A, Albert J, Scarlatti G, Littman DR, Fenyö EM. Coreceptor usage of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates varies according to biological phenotype. J Virol 1997; 71: 7478–7487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleul CC, Farzan M, Choe H, Parolin C, Clark-Lewis I, Sodroski J, Springer TA. The lymphocyte chemo-attractant SDF-1 is a ligand for LESTR/fusin and blocks HIV-1 entry. Nature 1996; 382: 829–833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleul CC, Wu L, Hoxie JA, Springer TA, MacKay CR. The HIV coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5 are differentially expressed and regulated on human T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 1925–1930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolin LM, Murray R, Lukacs NW, Strieter RM, Kunkel SL, Schall TJ, Bacon KB. Primary sensory neurons migrate in response to the chemokine RANTES. J Neuroimmunol 1998; 81: 49–57
   Google Scholar
• Brew BJ, Evans L, Byrne C, Pemberton L, Hurren L. The relationship between AIDS dementia complex and the presence of macrophage tropic and non-syncytium inducing isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the cerebrospinal fluid. J NeuroVirol 1996; 2: 152–157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairns JS, D'Souza MP. Chemokines and HIV-1 second receptors: The therapeutic connection. Nat Med 1998; 4: 563–568
   Google Scholar
• Carroll RG, Riley JL, Levine BL, Feng Y, Kaushal S, Ritchey DW, Bernstein W, Weislow OS, Brown CR, Berger EA, June CH, St. Louis DC. Differential regulation of HIV-1 fusion cofactor expression by CD28 costimulation of CD4+ T cells. Science 1997; 276: 273–276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang J, Jozwiak R, Wang B, Ng T, Ge YC, Bolton W, Dwyer DE, Randle C, Osborn R, Cunningham AC, Saksena ND. Unique HTV type 1 V3 region sequences derived from six different regions of brain: region-specific evolution within host-determined quasispecies. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998; 14: 25–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z, Zhou P, Ho DD, Landau N, Marx P. Genetically divergent strains of simian immunodeficiency virus use CCR5 as a coreceptor for virus entry. J Virol 1997; 71: 2705–2714
   Google Scholar
• Cho MW, Lee ME, Carney MC, Berson JF, Doms RW, Martin MA. Identification of determinants on a dual tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein that confer usage of CXCR4. J Virol 1998; 72: 2509–2515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choe H, Farzan M, Konkel M, Martin K, Sun Y, Marcon L, Cayabyab M, Berman M, Dorf ME, Gerard N, Gerard C, Sodroski J. The orphan seven-transmembrane receptor apj supports the entry of primary T-cell-line-tropic and dualtropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 1998; 72: 6113–6118
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Choe H, Farzan M, Sun Y, Sullivan N, Rollins B, Ponath PD, Wu L, Mac Kay CR, La Rosa G, Newman W, Gerard N, Gerard C, Sodroski J. The β-chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR5 facilitate infection by primary HIV-1 isolates. Cell 1996; 85: 1135–1148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cinque P, Vago L, Mengozzi M, Torri V, Ceresa D, Vicenzi E, Transidico P, Vagani A, Sozani S, Mantovani A, Lazzarin A, Poli G. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid levels of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 correlate with HIV-1 encephalitis and local viral replication. AIDS 1998; 12: 1327–1332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cocchi F, De Vico AL, Garzino-Demo A, Arya SK, Gallo RC, Lusso P. Identification of RANTES, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β as the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T cells. Science 1995; 270: 1811–1815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cocchi F, De Vico AL, Garzino-Demo A, Cara A, Gallo RC, Lusso P. The V3 domain of the HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein is critical for chemokine-mediated blockage of infection. Nat Med 1996; 2: 1244–1247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conant K, Garzino-Demo A, Nath A, Mc Arthur JC, Halliday W, Power C, Gallo RC, Major EO. Induction of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in HIV-1 Tat-stimulated astrocytes and elevation in AIDS dementia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 3117–3121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor RI, Sheridan KE, Ceradini D, Choe S, Landau NR. Change in coreceptor use correlates with disease progression in HIV-1-infected individuals. J Exp Med 1997; 185: 621–628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis CB, Dikie I, Unutmaz D, Hill CM, Arthos J, Siani MA, Thompson DA, Schlessinger J, Littman DR. Signal transduction due to HIV-1 envelope interactions with chemokine receptors CXCR4 or CCR5. J Exp Med 1997; 186: 1793–1798
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dean M, Carrington M, Winkler C, Huttley GA, Smith MW, Allikmets R, Goedert JJ, Buchbinder SP, Vittinghoff E, Gomperts E, O'Brien S. Genetic restriction of HIV-1 infection and progression to AIDS by a deletion allele of the CKR5 structural gene. Science 1996; 273: 1856–1862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng HK, Liu R, Ellmeier W, Choe S, Unutmaz D, Burkhart M, Di Marzio P, Marmon S, Sutton RE, Hill CM, Davis CB, Peiper SC, Schall TJ, Littman DR, Landau NR. Identification of a major coreceptor for primary isolates of HIV-1. Nature 1996; 381: 661–666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng HK, Unutmaz D, Kewal Ramani VN, Littman DR. Expression cloning of new receptors used by simian and human immunodeficiency viruses. Nature 1997; 388: 296–300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Marzio P, Jeffrey T, Landau NR. Chemokine receptor regulation and HIV type 1 tropism in monocyte-macrophages. AIDS Res Hum Retrovirus 1998; 14: 129–138
   Google Scholar
• Dimitrov DS, Norwood D, Stantchev TS, Feng Y, Xiao X, Broder CC. A mechanism of resistance to HIV-1 entry: Inefficient interactions of CXCR4 with CD4 and gp120 in macrophages. Virology 1999; 259: 1–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimitrov DS, Xiao X, Chabot DJ, Broder CC. HIV Coreceptors. J Membrane Biol 1998; 166: 75–90
   Google Scholar
• Di Stefano M, Wilt S, Gray F, Dubois-Dalcq M, Chiodi F. HIV Type 1 V3 sequences and the development of dementia during AIDS. AIDS Res and Hum Retroviruses 1996; 12: 471–476
   Google Scholar
• Doms RW, Peiper SC. Unwelcomed guests with master keys: how HIV uses chemokine receptors for cellular entry. Virology 1997; 235: 179–190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donaldson YK, Bell JE, Holmes EC, Hughes ES, Brown HK, Simmonds P. In vivo distribution and cytopathology of variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 showing restricted sequence variability in the V3 loop. J Virol 1994; 68: 5991–6005
   Google Scholar
• Donzella GA, Schols D, Lin SW, Este JA, Nagashima KA, Maddon PJ, Allaway GP, Sakmar TP, Henson G, De Clercq E, Moore JP. AMD3100, a small molecule inhibitor of HIV-1 entry via the CXCR4 co-receptor. Nat Med 1998; 4: 72–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doranz BJ, Rucker J, Yi Y, Smyth RJ, Samson M, Peiper SC, Parmentier M, Collman RG, Doms RW. A dual-tropic primary HIV-1 isolate that uses fusin and the β chemokine receptors CKR-5, CKR-3, and CKR-2b as fusion cofactors. Cell 1996; 85: 1149–1158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dragic T, Litwin V, Allaway GP, Martin SR, Huang Y, Nagashima KA, Cayanan C, Maddon PJ, Koup RA, Moore JP, Paxton WA. HIV-1 entry into CD4+ cells is mediated by the chemokine receptor CC-CKR-5. Nature 1996; 381: 667–673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumonceaux J, Nisole S, Chanel C, Quivet L, Amara A, Baleux F, Briant P, Hazan U. Spontaneous mutations in the env gene of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 NDK isolate are associated with a CD4-independent entry phenotype. J Virol 1998; 72: 512–519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edinger AL, Clements JE, Doms RW. Chemokine and orphan receptors in HIV-2 and SIV tropism and pathogenesis. Virology 1999; 260: 211–221
   Google Scholar
• Edinger AL, Hoffman TL, Sharron M, Lee B, O'Dowd B, Doms RW. Use of GPR1, GPR15, and STRL33 as coreceptors by diverse human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and simian immunodeficiency virus envlope proteins. Virology 1998a; 249: 367–378
   Google Scholar
• Edinger AL, Hoffman TL, Sharron M, Lee B, Yi Y, Choe W, Kolson DL, Mitrovic B, Zhou Y, Faulds D, Collman RG, Hesselgesser J, Horuk R, Doms RW. An orphan seven-transmembrane domain receptor expressed widely in the brain functions as a coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and simian immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 1998b; 72: 7934–7940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edinger AL, Mankowski JC, Doranz BJ, Margulies BJ, Lee B, Rucker J, Sharron M, Hoffman TL, Benson JF, Zink MC, Hirsch VM, Clements JE, Doms RW. CD4-independent, CCR5-dependent infection of brain capillary endothelial cells by a neurovirulent simian immunodeficiency virus strain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 14742–14747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endres MJ, Clapham PR, Marsh M, Ahuja M, Turner JD, Mc Knight A, Thomas JF, Stoebenau-Haggarty B, Choe S, Vance PJ, Wells T NC, Power CA, Sutterwala SS, Doms RW, Landau NR, Hoxie JA. CD4-independent infection bv HIV-2 is mediated by fusin/CXCR4. Cell 1996; 87: 745–756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eugen-Olsen J, Iversen A KN, Benfield TL, Koppelhus U, Garred P, for the Copenhagen AIDS Cohort. Chemokine receptor CCR2b 64I polymorphism and its relation to CD4 T-cell counts and disease progression in a Danish cohort of HIV-infected individuals. J Acq Im Def Syndromes 1998; 18: 110–116
   Google Scholar
• Farzan M, Choe H, Martin K, Marcon L, Hofmann W, Karlsson G, Sun Y, Barrett P, Marchand N, Sullivan N, Gerard N, Gerard C, Sodroski J. Two orphan seven-transmembrane segment receptors which are expressed in CD4-positive cells support simian immunodeficiency virus infection. J Exp Med 1997; 186: 405–411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farzan M, Mirzabekov T, Kolchinsky P, Wyatt R, Cayabyab M, Gerard NP, Gerard C, Sodroski J, Choe H. Tyrosine sulfation of the amino terminus of CCR5 facilitates HIV-1 entry. Cell 1999; 96: 667–676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng Y, Broder CC, Kennedy PE, Berger EA. HIV-1 entry cofactor: Functional cDNA cloning of a seven-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor. Science 1996; 272: 872–877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgibbon JE, Gaur S, Gavai M, Gregory P, Frenkel LD, John JF, Jr. Effect of the HIV-1 syncytium-inducing phenotype on disease stage in vertically-infected children. J Med Virol 1998; 55: 56–63
   Google Scholar
• Gabuzda D, He J, Ohagen A, Vallat AV. Chemokine receptors in HIV-1 infection of the central nervous system. Sem in Immunol 1998; 10: 203–213
   Google Scholar
• Gendelman HE, Lipton SA, Tardieu M, Bukrinsky MI, Nottet HS. The neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. J Leukoc Biol 1994; 56: 389–398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghorpade A, Nukuna A, Che M, Haggerty S, Persidsky Y, Carter E, Carhart L, Shafer L, Gendelman HE. Human immunodeficiency virus neurotropism: an analysis of viral replication and cytopathicity for divergent strains in monocytes and microglia. J Virol 1998b; 72: 3340–3350
   Google Scholar
• Ghorpade A, Xia MQ, Hyman BT, Persidsky Y, Nukuna A, Bock P, Che M, Limoges J, Gendelman HE, MacKay CR. Role of the β-chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR5 in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of monocytes and microglia. J Virol 1998a; 72: 3351–3361
   Google Scholar
• Glabinski AR, Ransohoff RM. Chemokines and chemokine receptors in CNS pathology. J NeuroVirol 1999; 5: 3–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godiska R, Chantry D, Dietsch GN, Gray PW. Chemokine expression in murine experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 1995; 58: 167–176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon CJ, Muesing MA, Proudfoot A EI, Power CA, Moore JP, Trkola A. Enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection by the CC-chemokine RANTES is independent of the mechanism of virus-cell fusion. J Virol 1999; 73: 684–694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta SK, Lysko PG, Pillarisetti K, Ohlstein E, Stadel JM. Chemokine receptors in human endothelial cells. Functional expression of CXCR4 and its transcriptional regulation by inflammatory cytokines. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 4282–4287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harouse JM, Bhat S, Spitalnik SL, Laughlin M, Stefano K, Silberberg DH, Gonzalez-Scarano F. Inhibition of entry of HIV-1 in neural cell lines by antibodies against galactosyl ceramide. Science 1991; 253: 320–323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harouse JM, Kunsch C, Hartle HT, Laughlin MA, Hoxie JA, Wigdahl B, Gonzalez-Scarano F. CD4-independent infection of human neural cells by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 1989; 63: 2527–2533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison JK, Jiang Y, Chen S, Xia Y, Maciejewski D, Mc Namara RK, Streit WJ, Salafranca MN, Adhikari S, Thompson DA, Botti P, Bacon KB, Feng L. Role for neuronally derived fractalkine in mediating interactions between neurons and CX3CR1-expressing microglia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 10896–10901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He J, Chen Y, Farzan M, Choe H, Ohagen A, Gartner S, Buscigilo J, Yang X, Hofmann W, Newman W, MacKay CR, Sodroski J, Gabuzda D. CCR3 and CCR5 are co-receptors for HIV-1 infection of microglia. Nature 1997; 385: 645–649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbein G, Mahlknecht U, Batliwalla F, Gregersen P, Pappas T, Butler J, O'Brien WA, Verdin E. Apoptosis of CD8+ T cells is mediated by macrophages through interaction of HIV gp120 with chemokine receptor CXCR4. Nature 1998; 395: 189–194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesselgesser J, Halks-Miller M, Del Vecchio V, Peiper SC, Hoxie J, Kolson DL, Taub D, Horuk R. CD4-independent association between HIV-1 gp120 and CXCR4: functional chemokine receptors are expressed in human neurons. Curr Biol 1997; 7: 112–121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesselgesser J, Horuk R. Chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in the central nervous system. J NeuroVirol 1999; 5: 13–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesselgesser J, Taub D, Baskar P, Greenberg M, Hoxie J, Kolson DL, Horuk R. Neuronal apoptosis induced by HIV-gp120 and the chemokine SDF-la is mediated by the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Curr Biol 1998; 8: 595–598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill CM, Kwon D, Jones M, Davis CB, Marmon S, Daugherty BL, De Martino JA, Springer MS, Unutmaz D, Littman DR. The amino terminus of human CCR5 is required for its function as a receptor for diverse human and simian immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoproteins. Virology 1998; 248: 357–371
   Google Scholar
• Horuk R, Hesselgesser J, Zhou Y, Faulds D, Halks-Millert M, Harvey S, Taub D, Samson M, Parmentier M, Rucker J, Doranz BJ, Doms RW. The CC chemokine 1–309 inhibits CCR8-dependent infection by diverse HIV-strains. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 386–391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horuk R, Martin AW, Wang Z-X, Schweitzer L, Gerassimides A, Guo H, Lu Z-H, Hesselgesser J, Perez HD, Kim J, Parker J, Hadley TJ, Peiper SC. Expression of chemokine receptors by subsets of neurons in the central nervous system. J Immunol 1997; 158: 2882–2890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Y, Paxton WA, Wolinsky SM, Neumann AU, Zhang L, He T, Kang S, Ceradini D, Jin Z, Yazdanbakhsh K, Kunstman K, Erickson D, Dragon E, Landau NR, Phair J, Ho DD, Koup RA. The role of a mutant CCR5 allele in HIV-1 transmission and disease progression. Nature Medicine 1996; 2: 1240–1243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes ES, Bell JE, Simmonds P. Investigation of the dynamics of the spread of human immunodeficiency virus to brain and other tissues by evolutionary analysis of sequences from the p17gag and env genes. J Virol 1997; 71: 1272–1280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansson M, Popovic M, Karlsson A, Cocchi F, Rossi P, Albert J, Wigzell H. Sensitivity to inhibition by β-chemokines correlates with biological phenotypes of primary HIV-1 isolates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 15382–15387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jinno A, Shimizu N, Soda Y, Haraguchi Y, Kitamura T, Hoshino H. Identification of the chemokine receptor TER1/CCR8 expressed in brain-derived cells and T cells as a new coreceptor for HIV-1 infection. Biochem Biophys Research Commun 1998; 243: 497–502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joag SV, Stephens EB, Galbreath D, Zhu W, Li Z, Foresman L, Zhao L-J, Pinson DM, Narayan O. Simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac chimeric virus whose env gene was derived from SIV-encephalitic brain is macrophage-tropic but not neurovirulent. J Virol 1995; 69: 1367–1369
   Google Scholar
• Kelly MD, Naif HM, Adams SL, Cunningham AL, Lloyd AR. Dichotomous effects of β-chemokines on HIV replication in monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. J Immunol 1998; 160: 3091–3095
   Google Scholar
• Keys B, Karis J, Fadeel B, Valentin A, Norkrans G, Hagberg L, Chiodi F. V3 sequences of paired HIV-1 isolates from blood and cerebrospinal fluid cluster according to host and show variation related to the clinical stage of disease. Virology 1993; 196: 475–483
   Google Scholar
• Korber B TM, Kunstman KJ, Patterson BK, Furtado M, Mc Evilly MM, Levy R, Wolinsky SM. Genetic differences between blood- and brain-derived viral sequences from human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients: evidence of conserved elements in the V3 region of the envelope protein of brain-derived sequences. J Virol 1994; 68: 7467–7481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostrikis LG, Huang Y, Moore JP, Wolinsky SM, Zhang L, Guo Y, Deutsch L, Phair J, Neumann AU, Ho DD. A chemokine receptor CCR2 allele delays HIV-1 disease progression and is associated with a CCR5 promoter mutation. Nat Med 1998; 4: 350–353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozak SL, Piatt EJ, Madani N, Ferro FE, Jr, Peden K, Kabat D. CD4, CXCR-4, and CCR-5 dependencies for infections by primary patient and laboratory-adapted isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 1997; 71: 873–882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunsch C, Hartle HT, Wigdahl B. Infection of human fetal dorsal root ganglion glial cells with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 involves an entry mechanism independent of the CD4 T4A epitope. J Virol 1989; 63: 5054–5061
   Google Scholar
• Lapham CK, Zaitseva MB, Lee S, Romanstseva T, Golding H. Fusion of monocytes and macrophages with HIV-1 correlates with biochemical properties of CXCR4 and CCR5. Nat Med 1999; 5: 303–308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavi E, Kolson DL, Ulrich AM, Fu L, Gonzalez-Scarano. Chemokine receptors in the human brain and their relationship to HIV infection. J NeuroVirol 1998; 4: 301–311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavi E, Strizki JM, Ulrich AM, Zhang W, Fu L, Wang Q, O'Connor M, Hoxie JA, Gonzalez-Scarano F. CXCR-4 (Fusin), a co-receptor for the type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), is expressed in the human brain in a variety of cell types, including microglia and neurons. Am J Path 1997; 151: 1035–1042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao F, Alkhatib G, Peden K WC, Sharma G, Berger EA, Farber JM. STRL33, A novel chemokine receptor-like protein, functions as a fusion cofactor for both macrophage-tropic and T cell line-tropic HIV-1. J Exp Med 1997; 185: 2015–2023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liestoel K, Goplen AK, Dunlop O, Bruun JN, Moehlen J. Kaposi's sarcoma and protection from HIV dementia. Science 1998; 280: 361–362
   Google Scholar
• Lipton SA, Gendelman HE. Dementia associated with the acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 934–940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littman DR. Chemokine receptors: keys to AIDS pathogenesis?. Cell 1998; 93: 677–680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu ZQ, Muhkerjee S, Sahni M, McCormick-Davis C, Leung K, Li Z, Gattone VH, Tian C., Doms RW, Hoffman TL, Raghavan R, Narayan O, Stephens EB. Derivation and biological characterization of a molecular clone of SHIVKU-2 that causes AIDS, neurological disease, and renal disease in rhesus macaques. Virology 1999; 260: 295–307
   Google Scholar
• Liu R, Paxton WA, Choe S, Ceradini D, Martin SR, Horuk R, MacDonald ME, Stuhlmann H, Koup RA, Landau NR. Homozygous defect in HIV-1 coreceptor accounts for resistance of some multiply-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection. Cell 1996; 86: 367–377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luster AD. Chemokines: chemotactic cytokines that mediate inflammation. N Eng f Med 1998; 338: 436–445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma Q, Jones D, Borghesani PR, Segal RA, Nagasawa T, Kishimoto T, Bronson RT, Springer TA. Impaired B-lymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis, and derailed cerebellar neuron migration in CXCR4- and SDF-1 deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 9448–9453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mack M, Luckow B, Nelson PJ, Cihak J, Simmons G, Clapham PR, Signoret N, Marsh M, Stangassinger M, Borlat F, Wells TN, Schlondorff D, Proudfoot AE. Amino-oxypentane-RANTES induces CCR5 internalization but inhibits recycling: a novel inhibitory mechanism of HIV infectivity. J Exp Med 1998; 187: 1215–1224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madani N, Kozak SL, Kavanaugh MP, Kabat D. gp120 envelope glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency viruses competitively antagonize signaling by coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 8005–8010
   Google Scholar
• Mankowski JL, Spelman JP, Ressetar HG, Strandberg JD, Laterra J, Carter DL, Clements JE, Zink MC. Neurovirulent simian immunodeficiency virus replicates productively in endothelial cells of the central nervous system in vivo and in vitro. J Virol 1994; 68: 8202–8208
   Google Scholar
• Marcon L, Choe H, Martin KA, Farzan M, Ponath PD, Wu L, Newman W, Gerard N, Gerard C, Sodroski J. Utilization of C-C chemokine receptor 5 by the envelope glycoproteins of a pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus, SIVmac239. J Virol 1997; 71: 2522–2527
   Google Scholar
• Mc Manus CM, Brosnan CF, Berman JW. Cytokine induction of MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta in human fetal microglia. J Immunol 1998; 160: 1449–1455
   Google Scholar
• Meucci O, Fatatis A, Simen AA, Bushell TJ, Gray PW, Miller RJ. Chemokines regulate hippocampal neuronal signaling and gp120 neurotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 14500–14505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michael NL, Louie LG, Rohrbaugh AL, Schultz KA, Dayhoff DE, Wang CE, Sheppard HW. The role of CCR5 and CCR2 polymorphisms in HIV-1 transmission and disease progression. Nat Med 1997; 3: 1160–1162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michael NL, Moore JP. HIV-1 entry inhibitors: Evading the issue. Nat Med 1999; 5: 740–742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mondor I, Ugolini S, Sattentau QJ. HIV-1 attachment to HeLa CD4 cells is CD4-independent, gp120 dependent and requires cell surface heparans. J Virol 1998; 72: 3623–3634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moses AL, Bloom FE, Pauza CD, Nelson JA. Human immunodeficiency virus infection of human brain capillary endothelial cells occurs via a CD4/galactosylceramide-independent mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 10474–10478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mummidi S, Ahuja SS, Gonzalez E, Anderson SA, Santiago EN, Stephan KT, Craig FE, O'Connell P, Tryon V, Clark RA, Dolan MJ, Ahuja SK. Genealogy of the CCR5 locus and chemokine system gene variants associated with altered rates of HIV-1 disease progression. Nat Med 1998; 4: 786–793
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nottet H SLM, Peridsky Y, Sasseville VG, Nukuna AN, Bock P, Zhai Q-H, Sharer LR, Mc Comb RD, Swindells S, Soderland C, Gendelman HE. Mechanisms for the trans-endothelial migration of HIV-1-infected monocytes into brain. J Immunol 1996; 156: 1284–1295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberlin E, Amara A, Bachelerie F, Bessia C, Virelizier J-L, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Schwartz O, Heard J-M, Clark-Lewis I, Legler DF, Loetscher M, Baggiolini M, Moser B. The CXC chemokine SDF-1 is the ligand for LESTR/fusin and prevents infection by T-cell-line-adapted HIV-1. Nature 1996; 382: 833–855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh J-W, Schwiebert LM, Benveniste EN. Cytokine regulation of CC and CXC chemokine expression by human astrocytes. J NeuroVirol 1999; 5: 82–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öhagen A, Ghosh S, He J, Huang K, Chen Y, Yuan M, Osathanondh R, Gartner S, Shi B, Shaw G, Gabuzda D. Apoptosis-induced by infection of primary brain cultures with diverse human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates: Evidence for a role of the envelope. J Virol 1999; 73: 897–906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan Y, Lloyd C, Zhou H, Dolich S, Deeds J, Gonzalo JA, Vath J, Gosselin M, Ma J, Dussault B, Woolf E, Alperin G, Culpepper J, Gutierrez-Ramos JC, Gearing D. Neurotactin, a membrane-anchored chemokine upregulated in brain inflammation. Nature 1997; 387: 611–617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persidsky Y, Stins M, Way D, Witte MH, Weinand M, Kim KS, Bock P, Gendelman HE, Fiala M. A model for monocyte migration through the blood-brain barrier during HIV-1 encephalitis. J Immunol 1997; 158: 3499–3510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson PK, Hu S, Salak-Johnson J, Molitor TW, Chao CC. Differential production of and migratory response to beta chemokines by human microglia and astrocytes. J Infec Dis 1997; 175: 478–481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petito CK, Cash KS. Blood-brain barrier abnormalities in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: immunohistochemical localization of serum proteins in postmortem brain. Ann Neurol 1992; 32: 658–666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piatt EJ, Madiani N, Kozak SL, Kabat D. Infectious properties of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mutants with distinct affinities for the CD4 receptor. J Virol 1997; 71: 883–890
   Google Scholar
• Pleskoff O, Treboute C, Brelot A, Heveker N, Seman M, Alizon M. Identification of a chemokine receptor encoded by human cytomegalovirus as a cofactor for HIV-1 entry. Science 1997; 276: 1874–1878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Power C, Mc Arthur JC, Nath A, Wehrly K, Mayne M, Nishio J, Langelier T, Johnson RT, Chesebro B. Neuronal death induced by brain-derived human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope genes differs between demented and nondemented AIDS patients. J Virol 1998; 72: 9045–9053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Power C, Kong P-A, Crawford TO, Wesselingh S, Glass JD, Mc Arthur JC, Trapp BD. Cerebral white matter changes in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome dementia: alterations of the blood-brain barrier. Ann Neurol 1993; 34: 339–350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Power C, Mc Arthur JC, Johnson RT, Griffin DE, Glass JD, Perryman S, Chesebro B. Demented and nondemented patients with AIDS differ in brain derived human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope sequences. J Virol 1994; 68: 4643–4649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price RW. Neurological complications of HIV infection. Lancet 1996; 348: 445–452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulliam L, Gascon R, Stubblebine M, Mc Guire D, Mc Grath MS. Unique monocyte subset in patients with AIDS dementia. Lancet 1997; 349: 692–695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ransohoff RM. Chemokines in neurological disease models: correlation between chemokine expression patterns and inflammatory pathology. J Leuk Biol 1997; 62: 645–652
   Google Scholar
• Ransohoff RM, Hamilton TA, Tani M, Staler MH, Shick HE, Major JA, Estes ML, Thomas DM, Tuohu VK. Astrocyte expression of mRNA encoding cytokines IP-10 and JE/MCP-1 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. FASEB J 1993; 7: 592–600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy RT, Achim CL, Sirko DA, Tehranchi S, Kraus FG, Wong-Staal F, Wiley CA, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Group. Sequence analysis of the V3 loop in brain and spleen of patients with HIV encephalitis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1996; 12: 477–482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves JD, Mc Knight A, Potempa S, Simmons G, Gray PW, Power CA, Wells T, Weiss RA, Talbot SJ. CD4-independent infection by HIV-2 (ROD/B): Use of the 7-transmembrane receptors CXCR-4, CCR-3, and V28 for entry. Virology 1997; 231: 130–134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves JD, Schulz TF. The CD4-independent tropism of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 involves several regions of the envelope protein and correlates with a reduced activation threshold for envelope-mediated fusion. J Virol 1997; 71: 1453–1465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzuto CD, Wyatt R, Hernandez-Ramos N, Sun Y, Kwong PD, Hendrickson WA, Sodroski J. A conserved HIV gp120 glycoprotein structure involved in chemokine receptor binding. Science 1998; 280: 1949–1953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roderiquez G, Oravecz T, Yanagishita M, Bou-Habib DC, Mostowski H, Norcross MA. Mediation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 binding by interaction of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans with the V3 region of envelope gp120-gp41. J Virol 1995; 69: 2233–2239
   Google Scholar
• Rollins BJ. Chemokines. Blood 1997; 90: 909–928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross TM, Cullen BR. The ability of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to utilize CCR-3 as a coreceptor is controlled by envelope V1/V2 sequences acting in conjunction with a CCR-5 tropic loop. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 7682–7686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rottman JB, Ganley KP, Williams K, Wu LJ, MacKay CR, Ringler DJ. Cellular localization of the chemokine receptor CCR5- Correlation to cellular target of HIV-1 infection. Am J Pathol 1997; 151: 1341–1351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubbert A, Combadiere C, Ostrowski M, Arthos J, Dybul M, Machado E, Cohn MA, Hoxie JA, Murphy PM, Fauci AS, Weissman D. Dendritic cells express multiple chemokine receptors used as coreceptors for HIV entry. J Immunol 1998; 160: 3933–3941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rucker J, Doms RW. Chemokine receptors as HIV coreceptors: Implications and interactions. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998; 14: (Suppl 3): S241–S246
   Google Scholar
• Rucker J, Edinger AL, Sharron M, Samson M, Lee B, Berson JF, Yi Y, Margulies B, Collman RG, Doranz BJ, Parmentier M, Doms RW. Utilization of chemokine receptors, orphan receptors, and herpes-virus-encoded receptors by diverse human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. J Virol 1997; 71: 8999–9007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallusto F, Mackay CR, Lanzavecchia A. Selective expression of the eotaxin receptor CCR3 by human T helper 2 cells. Science 1997; 277: 2005–2007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samson M, Edinger AL, Stordeur P, Rucker J, Verhasselt V, Sharron M, Govaerts C, Mollereau C, Vassart G, Doms RW, Parmentier M. ChemR23, a putative chemoattractant receptor, is expressed in monocyte-derived dendritic cells and macrophages and is a coreceptor for SIV and some primary HIV-1 strains. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28: 1689–1700
   Google Scholar
• Samson M, Libert F, Doranz BJ, Rucker J, Liesnard C, Farber C-M, Saragosti S, Lapoumeroulie C, Cognaux J, Forceille C, Muyldermans G, Verhofstede C, Burton-Boy G, Georges M, Imai T, Rana S, Yi Y, Smyth RJ, Collman RG, Doms RW, Vassart G, Parmentier M. Resistance to HIV-1 infection in Caucasian individuals bearing mutant alleles of the CCR-5 chemokine receptor gene. Nature 1996; 382: 722–725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders VJ, Pittman CA, White MG, Wang G, Wiley CA, Achim CL. Chemokines and receptors in HIV encephalitis. AIDS 1998; 12: 1021–1026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasseville JG, Smith MM, MacKay CR, Pauley DR, Mens-Field KG, Ringler DR, Lackner AA. Chemokines expression in simian immunodeficiency virus-induced AIDS encephalitis. Am J Path 1996; 149: 1459–1467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidtmayerova H, Alfano M, Nuovo G, Bukrinsky M. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 T-lymphotropic strains enter macrophages via a CD-and CXCR4-mediated pathway: Replication is restricted at a postentry level. J Virol 1998; 72: 4633–4642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidtmayerova H, Nottet H SLM, Nuovo G, Raabe T, Flanagan CR, Dubrovsky L, Gendelman HE, Cerami A, Bukrinsky M, Sherry B. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection alters chemokine β peptide expression in human monocytes: amplifications for recruitment of leukocytes into brain and lymph nodes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 700–704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schols D, Struyf S, Van Damme J, Este JA, Henson G, De Clercq E. Inhibition of T-tropic HIV strains by selective antagonization of the chemokine receptor CXCR4. J Exp Med 1997; 186: 1383–1388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shieh J TC, Albright AV, Sharron M, Gartner S, Strizki J, Doms RW, Gonzalez-Scarano F. Chemokine receptor utilization by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates that replicate in microglia. J Virol 1998; 72: 4243–4249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi B, De Girolami U, He J, Wang S, Lorenzo A, Busciglio J, Gabuzda D. Apoptosis induced by HIV-1 infection of the central nervous system. J Clin Inves 1996; 98: 1979–1990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimizu N, Soda Y, Kanbe K, Liu H-Y, Jinno A, Kitamura T, Hoshino H. An orphan G protein-coupled receptor, GPR1, acts as a coreceptor to allow replication of human immunodeficiency virus Types 1 and 2 in brain-derived cells. J Virol 1999; 73: 5321–5239
   Google Scholar
• Simmonds P. Neurotropism of HIV Type 1?. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1996; 12: 469–470
   Google Scholar
• Simmons G, Clapham PR, Picard L, Offord RE, Rosenkilde MM, Schwartz TW, Buser R, Wells T NC, Proudfoot AE. Potent inhibition of HIV-1 infectivity in macrophages and lymphocytes by a novel CCR5 antagonist. Science 1997; 276: 276–279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons G, Reeves JD, Mc Knight A, Dejucq N, Hibbitts S, Power CA, Aarons E, Schols D, De Clercq E, Proudfoot A EI, Clapham PR. CXCR4 as a functional coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of primary macrophages. J Virol 1998; 72: 8453–8457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons G, Wilkinson D, Reeves JD, Dittmar M, Beddows S, Weber J, Carnegie G, Desselberger U, Gray PW, Weiss RA, Clapham PR. Primary, syncytium-inducing human immunodeficiency virus type I isolates are dual-tropic and most can use either LESTR or CCR5 as coreceptors for virus entry. J Virol 1996; 70: 8355–8360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith MW, Dean M, Carrington M, Winkler C, Huttley GA, Lomb DA, Goedert JJ, O'Brien TR, Jacobson LP, Kaslow R, Buchbinder S, Vittinghoff E, Vlahov D, Hoots K, Hilgartner MW, O'Brien SJ. Contrasting genetic influence of CCR2 and CCR5 variants on HIV-1 infection and disease progression. Science 1997; 277: 959–965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth RJ, Yi Y, Singh A, Collman RG. Determinats of entry cofactor utilization and tropism in a dual tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolate. J Virol 1998; 72: 4478–4484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sørensen TL, Tani M, Jensen J, Pierce V, Lucchinetti C, Folcik VA, Qin S, Rottman J, Sellebjerg F, Strieter RM, Frederiksen JL, Ransohoff RM. Expression of specific chemokines and chemokine receptors in the central nervous system of multiple sclerosis patients. J Clin Invest 1999; 103: 807–815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sozzani S, Ghezzi S, Iannolo G, Luini W, Borsatti A, Polentarutti N, Sica A, Locati M, Mackay C, Wells T NC, Biswas P, Vicenzi E, Poli G, Montani A. Interleukin 10 increases CCR5 expression and HIV infection in human monocytes. J Exp Med 1998; 187: 439–444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strizki JM, Albright AV, Sheng H, O'Connor M, Perrin L, Gonzalez-Scarano F. Infection of primary human microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates: evidence of differential tropism. J Virol 1996; 70: 7654–7662
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tachibana K, Hirota S, Iizasa H, Yoshida H, Kawabata K, Kataoka Y, Kitamura Y, Matsushima K, Yoshida N, Nishikawa S-I, Kishimoto T, Nagasawa T. The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is essential for vascularization of the gastrointestinal tract. Nature 1998; 393: 591–594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanabe S, Heesen M, Yoshizawa I, Berman MA, Luo Y, Bleul CC, Springer TA, Okuda K, Gerard N, Dorf ME. Functional expression of the CXC-chemokine receptor-4/fusin on mouse microglial cells and astrocytes. J Immunol 1997; 159: 905–911
   Google Scholar
• Trkola A, Dragic T, Arthos J, Binley JM, Olson WC, Allaway GP, Cheng-Mayer C, Robinson J, Maddon PJ, Moore JP. CD4-dependent, antibody-sensitive interactions between HIV-1 and its co-receptor CCR-5. Nature 1996; 384: 184–187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallat AV, De Girolami U, He J, Mhashilkar A, Marasco W, Shi B, Gray F, Bell J, Keohane C, Smith TW, Gabuzda D. Localization of HIV-1 coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 in the brain of children with AIDS. Am J Pathol 1998; 152: 167–178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Rij RP, Broersen S, Goudsmit J, Coutinho RA, Schuitemaker H. The role of a stromal cell-derived factor-1 chemokine gene variant in the clinical course of HIV-1 infection. AIDS 1998; 12: F85–F90
   Google Scholar
• van'T Wout AB, Ran LJ, Kuiken CL, Kootstra NA, Pals ST, Schuitemaker H. Analysis of the temporal relationship between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 quasispecies in sequential blood samples and various organs obtained at autopsy. J Virol 1998; 72: 488–496
   Google Scholar
• Verani A, Pesenti E, Polo S, Tresoldi E, Scarlatti G, Lusso P, Siccardi AG, Vercelli D. CXCR4 is a functional coreceptor for infection of human macrophages by CXCR4-dependent primary HIV-1 isolates. J Immunol 1998; 161: 2084–2088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissman D, Rabin RL, Arthos J, Rubbert A, Dybul M, Swofford R, Venkatesan S, Farber JM, Fauci AS. Macrophage-tropic HIV and SIV envelope proteins induce a signal through the CCR5 chemokine receptor. Nature 1997; 389: 981–990
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Westmoreland SV, Rottman JB, Williams KC, Lackner AA, Sasseville VG. Chemokine receptor expression on resident and inflammatory cells in the brain of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis. Am J Pathol 1998; 152: 659–665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willett BJ, Picard L, Hoxie MJ, Turner JD, Adema K, Clapham PR. Shared usage of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by the feline and human immunodeficiency viruses. J Virol 1997; 71: 6407–6415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkler C, Modi W, Smith MW, Nelson GW, Wu X, Carrington M, Dean M, Honjo T, Tashiro K, Yabe D, Buchbinder S, Vittinghoff E, Goedert JJ, O'Brien TR, Jacobson LP, Detels R, Donfield S, Willoughby A, Gomperts E, Vlahov D, Phair J, O'Brien SJ. Genetic restriction of AIDS pathogenesis by an SDF-1 chemokine gene variant. ALIVE Study, Hemophilia Growth and Development Study (HGDS), Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study (MHCS), San Francisco City Cohort. Science 1998; 279: 389–393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong JK, Ignacio CC, Torriani F, Havlir D, Fitch N JS, Richman DD. In vivo compartmentalization of human immunodeficiency Virus: evidence from the examination of pol sequences from autopsy tissues. J Virol 1997; 71: 2059–2071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu L, Gerard N, Wyatt R, Choe H, Parolin C, Ruffing N, Borsetti A, Cardoso A, Desjardins E, Newman W, Gerard C, Sodroski J. CD4-induced interaction of primary HIV-1 gp120 glycoproteins with the chemokine” receptor CCR-5. Nature 1996; 384: 179–183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu L, Paxton WA, Kassam N, Ruffing N, Rottman JB, Sullivan N, Choe H, Sodroski J, Newman W, Koup RA, MacKay CR. CCR5 levels and expression pattern correlate with infectability by macrophage-tropic HIV-1, in vitro. J Exp Med 1997; 1185: 1681–1691
   Google Scholar
• Yi Y, Rana S, Turner JD, Gaddis N, Collman RG. CXCR-4 is expressed by primary macrophages and supports CCR5-independent infection by dual-tropic but not T-tropic isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 1998; 72: 772–777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, He T, Talal A, Wang G, Frankel SS, Ho DD. In vivo distribution of the human immunodeficiency virus/simian immunodeficiency virus coreceptors: CXCR4, CCR3, and CCR5. J Virol 1998; 72: 5035–5045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng J, Ghorpade A, Niemann D, Cotter RL, Thylin MR, Pestein L, Swartz JM, Shepard RB, Liu X, Nukuna A, Gendelman HE. Lymphotropic virons affect chemokine receptor-mediated neural signaling and apoptosis: implications for human immunodefficiency virus type 1-associated dementia. J Virol 1999a; 73: 8256–8267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng J, Thylin MR, Ghorpade A, Xiong H, Persidsky Y, Cotter R, Niemann D, Che M, Zeug Y-C, Gelhard HA, Shepard RB, Swartz JM, Gendelman HE. Intracellular CXCR4 signaling, neuronal apoptosis and neuropathogenic mechanisms of HIV-1-associated dementia. J Neuroimmunol 1999b; 98: 185–200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou Y-R, Kottman AH, Koruda M, Taniuchi I, Littman DR. Function of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in haematopoiesis and in cerebellar development. Nature 1998; 393: 595–599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar