11
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Essential Fatty Acids in Clinical Dermatology

Pages 301-313 | Published online: 13 Jul 2009

References

  • Sinclair HM. Deficiency of essential fatty acids and atherosclerosis, etcetera. Lancet 1956; i: 381–3
  • Brenner BR. Nutritional and hormonal factors influencing desaturation of essential fatty acids. Prog Lipid Res 1981; 20: 41–47
  • Christie WW. The Analysis of Fatty Acids. Lipid Analysis. Pergamon Press, Oxford 1982; 63–92
  • Van Dorp DA. Recent developments in the biosynthesis and analysis of prostaglandin. Ann NY Acad Sri 1971; 180: 181–9
  • Crawford MA. Essential fatty acids and their prostanoid derivatives. Br Med Bull 1983; 39: 210–13
  • Evans HM, Bishop KS. On the existence of a hitherto unrecognised dietary factor essential for reproduction. Science 1922; 56: 630–1
  • Burr GO, Burr MM. A new deficiency disease produced by the rigid exclusion of fat from the diet. J Biol Chem 1929; 82: 345–67
  • Burr GO, Burr MM. On the nature and the role of the fatty acids essential in nutrition. J Biol Chem 1930; 86: 587–621
  • Turpeinen O. Further studies on the unsaturated fatty acids essential in nutrition. J Nutr 1938; 15: 351–66
  • Reid ME. Production and counteraction of fatty acids deficiency in the guinea-pig. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1954; 86: 708–9
  • Lambert MR, Jacobson NL, Allen RS, Zaleter JH. Lipid deficiency in the calf. J Nutr 1954; 52: 259–72
  • Witz WM, Beeson WM. The physiological effect of a fat deficient diet on the pig. J Animal Sci 1951; 10: 112–24
  • White EA, Foy JR, Cerecedo LR. Essential fatty acid deficiency in the mouse. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1943; 54: 301–2
  • Hanson AE, Weise HF. Studies with dogs maintained on diets low in fats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1943; 52: 205–8
  • Davidson BC, Cantrill RC, Varaday D. The reversal of essential fatty acid deficiency symptoms in the cheetah. S Afr J Zool 1986; 21: 161–4
  • McCullough JL, Schreiber SH, Ziboh VA. Cell proliferation kinetics of epidermis in the essentia] fatty acid deficient rat. J Invest Dermatol 1978; 70: 318–20
  • Lowe J, Stoughton RB. The essential fatty acid deficient hairless mouse: a model of epidermal proliferative disease. Br J Dermatol 1977; 96: 155–8
  • Lowe NJ. EFA deficient hairless mouse: the effects of topical agents on the epidermis. Br J Dermatol 1977; 96: 160–5
  • Prottey C. Investigation of functions of essential fatty acids in the skin. Br J Dermatol 1977; 97: 29–38
  • Anon. The epidermal barrier. Lancet 1987; i: 1414
  • Gray GM, White RJ, Mayer JR. 1-(3-0-acyl)-B-glucosyl-N-dihydroxypentatriacontadienoylsphingosine, a major component of the glucosylceramides of pig and human epidermis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1978; 528: 127–37
  • Abraham W, Wertz PW, Downing DT. Linoleate-rich acylglucosyl ceramides of pig epidemis: structure determination by proton magnetic resonance. J Lipid Research 1985; 26: 761–6
  • Friedman Z. Essential fatty acids revisited. Am J Dis Child 1980; 134: 397–408
  • Caffrey BB, Jonsson HT. Role of essential fatty acids in cutaneous wound healing in rats. Prog Lipid Res 1981; 20: 641–7
  • Hulsey TK, O'Neill JA, Neblett WR. Experimental wound healing in essential fatty acid deficiency. J Pediatr Surg 1980; 15: 505
  • Kramar J, Levine VE. Influence of fats and fatty acids on the capillaries. J Nutr 1953; 50: 149–60
  • Sinclair HM. Essential fatty acids and the skin. Br Med Bull 1958; 14: 258–62
  • IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. The nomenclature of lipids. Eur J Biochem 1967; 2: 127–32
  • IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. The nomenclature of lipids. Biochem J 1967; 105: 897–902
  • Chapkin RS, Ziboh VA. Inability of skin enzyme preparations to biosynthesize arachidonic acid from linoleic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1984; 124: 784–92
  • Chapkin RS, Ziboh VA, Marcelo CL, et al. Human epidermal preparations can elongate gamma linoleic acid into gammahomolinolenic acid. J Invest Dermatol 1986; 86: 468
  • Bandyopadhyay GT, Imagawa W, Wallace D, Nandi S. Linoleate metabolites enhance the in vitro proliferative response of mouse mammary epithelial cells to epithelial growth factor. J Biol Chem 1987; 262: 2750–6
  • Mead JF, Fulco AJ. The Unsaturated and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Health and Disease. CC Thomas, Springfield, VA 1976
  • Kunan W-H, Holman RT. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. American Oil Chemists' Society, Champaign, IL 1977
  • Greenburg SM, Calbert CE, Savage EE, Deuel HJ. The inter-relation of linoleate and linolenate in supplying the essential fatty acid requirement in the rat. J Nutr 1950; 41: 473–86
  • Horrobin DF. The regulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis by the manipulation of essential fatty acid metabolism. Rev Pure Appl Pharmacol Sci 1983; 4: 339–83
  • Peluffo RO, De Gomez Dumas INT, De Alaniz MJT, Brenner RR. Effect of protein and insulin on linoleic acid desaturation of normal and diabetic rats. J Nutr 1971; 101: 1075–84
  • Jamal GA, Carmichael H, Weir Al. Gamma-linolenic acid in diabetic neuropathy. Lancet 1986; i: 1098
  • Keen H, Matlock MB. Complications of diabetes mellitus: role of essential fatty acids. Omega-6 Essential Fatty Acids. Pathophysiology and Roles in Clinical Medicine, DF Horrobin. Wiley-Liss, New York 1990; 447–54
  • Kinsella JE, Brucker G, Mai J, Shimp J. Metabolism of trans fatty acids with emphasis on the effects of trans, trans octadecadienoate on lipid composition, essential fatty acids and prostaglandins: an overview. Am J Clin Nutr 1981; 34: 2307–18
  • Beare-Rogers JL, Gray CM, Hollywood R. The linoleic acid and trans fatty acids of margarines. Am J Clin Nutr 1979; 32: 1805–9
  • Kochar SP, Matsui T. Essential fatty acids and trans contents of some oils, margarines and other food fats. British Food Manufacturing Industries Research Association, London 1982; 793, Technical Circular
  • Hunter JE. Trans fatty acids in tumour development. JNCI 1982; 69: 319–20
  • De Schrijver R, Privett OS. Inter-relationship between dietary trans fatty acids and the 6 and 9 desaturase in the rat. Lipids 1981; 17: 27–34
  • Hill EG, Johnson SB, Lawson LD, Maufouz MM, Holman RT. Perturbation of the metabolism of essential fatty acids by dietary partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982; 79: 953–7
  • Mercuri O, De Tomas ME, Ifarle H. Prenatal protein depletion and delta 9, delta 6 and delta 5 desaturases in the rat. Prostaglandins 1979; 17: 543–7
  • Hassam AG, Sinclair AJ, Crawford MA. The incorporation of orally fed radioactive gamma-linolenic acid and linoleic acid into the liver and brain lipids of suckling rats. Lipids 1975; 10: 417–20
  • Hielia S, Bordoni A, Celadon M, Turchetto E, Biagi PL, Rossi CA. Age related changes in linoleate and alpha-linoleate desaturation by rat liver microsomes. Biochem Biophys Res Common 1989; 163: 138–55
  • Kirtland SJ. Prostaglandin E,: a review. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 1988; 32: 165–74
  • Hansen HS. Dietary Essential Fatty Acids and in vivo prostaglandin production in mammals. Wld Rev Nutr Diet 1983; 42: 102–34
  • Corracher R, Ferrari S, de Gironcoli M, et al. Effect of fish oil supplementation on erythrocyte lipid pattern, malondialdehyde production and glutathione-peroxidase activity in psoriasis. Clin Chim Acta 1989; 179: 121–32
  • Berdanier CD. Role of membrane lipids in metabolic regulations. Nutr Rev 1988; 46: 145–9
  • Murphy MG. Dietary fatty acids and membrane protein function. J Nutr Biochem 1990; 1: 68–79
  • Santoli D, Zurier RB. Prostaglandin E precursor fatty acids inhibit human IL-2 production by a prostaglandin E-independent mechanism. J Immunol 1989; 143: 1303–9
  • Hansen AE, Wiese HF, Boelsche AN, Adam DJD. Role of linoleic acid in infant nutrition. Clinical and chemical study of 428 infants fed on milk mixtures varying in kind and amount of fat. Pediatrics 1963; 31: 171–92
  • Brown WR, Hansen AE, Burr GO, McQuarrie I. Effect of prolonged use of an extremely low fat diet on an adult human subject. J Nutr 1938; 16: 511–24
  • Hansen AE. Study of iodine number of serum fatty acids in infantile eczema. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1933; 30: 1198
  • Hansen AE. Serum lipid changes and the therapeutic effects of various oils in infantile eczema. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1933; 31: 160–1
  • Faber HR, Roberts DB. Studies in infantile eczema II serum lipids with special reference to the saturation of the fatty acids. J. Pediatrics 1935; 6: 490–3
  • Hansen AE, Knott EM, Wiese HF, et al. Eczema and essential fatty acids. Am J Dis Child 1947; 73: 1–18
  • Finnerud CW, Kesle RL, Wiese HF. Ingestion of lard in the treatment of eczema and allied dermatoses. Archs Dermatol Syph (Chicago) 1941; 44: 849–61
  • Cornbleet T. The use of maize oil (unsaturated fatty acids) in the treatment of eczema. Archs Dermatol Syph (Chicago) 1935; 36: 1033–5
  • Azerad E, Grupper C. Le traitement de Teczema par les acides gras non satures. Sem Hop Paris 1949; 25: 684–7
  • Taub SJ, Zakon SJ. The use of the unsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of eczema. JAMA 1935; 105: 1675
  • Ginsberg GE, Bernstein C. Effects of oils containing unsaturated fatty acids on patients with dermatitis. Arch Dermatol Syph (Chicago) 1937; 36: 1033–5
  • Petit JHS. Use of unsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of eczema. Br Med J 1954; i: 79–81
  • Brown WR, Hansen AE. Arachidonic acid and linoleic acid in serum of normal and eczematous human subjects. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1937; 30: 113–6
  • Manku MS, Horrobin DF, Morse NL, Wright S, Burton JL. Reduced levels of prostaglandin precursors in the blood of atopic patients: defective delta-6-desaturase function as a biochemical basis for atopy. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes Medicine 1982; 2: 615–18
  • Manku MS, Horrobin DF, Morse NL, Wright S, Burton JL. Essential fatty acids in the plasma phospholipids of patients with atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol 1984; 110: 643–8
  • Strannegard I-L, Svennerholm L, Strannegard O. Essential fatty acids in serum lecithin of children with atopic dermatitis and in umbilical cord serum of infants with high or low IgE levels. Int Archs Allergy Appl Immunol 1984; 82: 422–3
  • Bordoni A, Biagi PL, Masi M, Ricci G, Fanelli C, Patrizi A, Ceccolini E. Evening primrose oil in the treatment of children with atopic eczema. Drugs Clin Exp Res 1988; 14: 291–7
  • Bamford JTM, Renicr RW, Gibson CM. Atopic eczema unresponsive to evening primrose oil. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985; 13: 959–63
  • Muhlemann M, Manku MS, Leonard TJ, Cream JJ. Essential fatty acids in the plasma phospholipids of patients with atopic cataracts. Br J Dermatol 1987; 116: 179–82
  • Wright S, Sanders TAB. Adipose tissue fatty acid composition in patients with atopic eczema. Eur J Human Nutr, In Press
  • Wright S. Essential fatty acids and atopic eczema. MD Thesis, Cambridge University. 1988
  • Rocklin RE, Thistle L, Gallant L, Manku MS, Horrobin DF. Altered arachidonic acid content in polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells from patients with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma. Lipids 1986; 21: 17–20
  • Wright S, Bolton CH. Breast milk fatty acid composition in the mothers of children with atopic eczema. Br. J Nutr 1989; 62: 693–7
  • Galli E, Picardo M, De Luca C, et al. Essential fatty acids in cord blood lymphocytes of infants 'at risk' for atopy. Paed Res 1989; 26: 519
  • Wright S. Atopic dermatitis and essential fatty acids: a biochemical basis for atopy. Acta Dermatato-Vener (Stockholm) 1985; 143.5, suppl 114
  • Melnik BC, Plewig G. Is the origin of atopy linked to deficient conversion of n-6 fatty acids to prostaglandin E,: J Am. Dermatol 1989; 21: 557–63
  • Lovell CR, Burton JL, Horrobin DF. Treatment of atopic eczema with evening primrose oil. Lancet 1981; i: 278
  • Wright S, Burton JL. Evening primrose seed oil improves atopic eczema. Lancet 1982; ii: 1120–2
  • Schalin-Karrila M, Manila L, Jansen CT, Uottila P. Evening primrose oil in the treatment of atopic eczema: effect on clinical status, plasma phospholipid fatty acids and circulating blood prostaglandins. Br J Dermatol 1987; 117: 11–19
  • Meigel W, Dettke T, Meigel EM, Leuze V. Additive orale theraple der atopischen dermatitis mit ungesattigten fettsauren. Z Hautkr 1987; 62: 101–3, suppl
  • Sugai T. Clinical evaluation of oral evening primrose oil in atopic patients. Skin Res (Tokyo) 1987; 29: 330–8
  • Biagi P, Bordoni A, Masi M, Ricci G, Fauelli C, Patrizi A, Ceccolini E. A long-term study of the use of evening primrose oil in atopic children. Drugs Clin Exp Res 1988; 14: 285–90
  • Belch JJF, Ansell D, Madhok R, O'Dowd A, Sturrock RD. Effects of altering dietary essential fatty acids on requirements for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind placebo study. Ann Rheum Dis 1988; 47: 96–102
  • Peto R. Why do we need systematic overviews of randomised trials. Stat Med 1987; 6: 233–40
  • Morse PF, Horrobin DF, Stewart JCM, et al. Meta-analysis of placebo controlled studies of the efficacy of Epogram in the treatment of atopic eczema: relationship between plasma essential fatty acid changes and clinical response. Br J Dermatol 1989; 121: 75–90
  • Wright S. N-6 essential fatty acids and atopic eczema. J Dermatol Treatment 1989; i: 47–9
  • Burton JL. Essential Fatty Acids in Atopic Eczema: Clinical Studies. Omega-6 Essential Fatty Acids, DF Horrobin. Wiley-Liss, New York 1990
  • Bjorneboe A, Soyland E, Gunn-Elin A, Bjomeboe GEA, Rajka G, Drevon CA. Effect of dietary supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1987; 117: 463–9
  • Kromann N, Green A. Epidemiological studies in the Upernavik District, Greenland. Acta Med Scand 1980; 208: 401–6
  • Voorhees JJ. Leukotrienes and other lipoxygenase products in the pathogenesis and therapy of psoriasis and other dermatoses. Arch Dermatol 1983; 119: 541–7
  • Yardley HJ, Summerly R. Lipid composition in normal and diseased epidermis. Pharmacol Ther 1981; 13: 357–83
  • Forster S, Ilderton E, Norris JFB, Summerly R, Yardley HJ. Characterisation and activity of phospholipase A2 in normal human epidermis and in lesion-free epidermis of patients with psoriasis or eczema. Br J Dermatol 1985; 112: 135–7
  • Flower RJ. Lipocortin and the mechanism of action of the glucocorticoids. Br J Pharmacol 1988; 94: 987–1015
  • Terano T, Salmon JA, Higgs GA, Moncada S. EPA as a modulator of inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol 1986; 35: 779–85
  • Corey EJ. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by DLHA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983; 80: 3581–4
  • Bittiner SB, Tucker WFG, Cartwright I, Bleehen SS. A double blind randomised, placebo-controlled trial offish oil in psoriasis. Lancet 1988; i: 378–380
  • Maurice PDL, Allen BR, Barkley A, Cockbill SR, Stammers J, Bather C. Effects of dietary supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid in patients with psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1987; 117: 599–606
  • Kettle AH, Baughn R, Orengo IF, Black H, Wolf JE. The effect of dietary fish oil supplementation on psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988; 18: 1267–73
  • Bjorneboe A, Smith AK, Bjorneboe G-EAA, et al. Effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids on the clinical manifestations of psoriasis. Br J. Dermatol 1988; 118: 77–83
  • Ziboh VA, Cohen KA, Ellis CN, Voorhes JJ. Effects of dietary supplementation offish oil on neutrophil and'epidermal fatty acids. Archs. Dermatol 1986; 122: 1227–82
  • Strong AMM, Horrobin DF, Manku MS, Huang Y.-S. Prostaglandin precursors in plasma phospholipids of patients with psoriasis. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Med 1984; 14: 185–90
  • Vahlguist C, Beme B, Boberg M, Michaelsson G, Vessby B. The fatty acid spectrum in plasma and adipose tissue of patients with psoriasis. Arch Dermatol Res 1985; 278: 114–19
  • Grattan C, Burton JL, Manku MS, Horrobin DF. Essential fatty acids in plasma phospholipids of patients with ichthyosis, acne and psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1990; 15: 174–7
  • Hebbom P, Jablonska S, Beutner EH, Langer A, Wolksa H. Action of topically applied arachidonic acid on the skin of patients with psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 1988; 124: 387–91
  • Stewart ME, Grahek MO, Cambier LS, Downing DT. Dilutional effect of increased sebaceous gland activity on the proportion of linoleic acid in sebaceous wax esters and in epidermal ceramides. J Invest Dermatol 1986; 87: 733–6
  • Cunliffe WJ. Acne. Martin Dunitz, London 1989
  • Stewart ME, Stars JK, Strauss JS, Downing DT. Increased proportions of linoleate in human sebaceous lipids during treatment with 13 cis-retinoic acid. Clin Res 1986; 34: 783a
  • Downing DT, Stewart ME, Wertz PW, Strauss JS. Essential fatty acids and acne. J Am Acad Dermat 1986; 14: 221–5

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.