Management of Fibromyalgia: Rationale for the Use of Magnesium and Malic Acid

References

• Yunus M B, Raman K I U P, Raman K K. Primary fibromyalgia syndrome and myofacial pain syndrome: Clinical features and muscle pathology. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1988; 69: 451–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia. Arthr Rheum 1990; 33: 160–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell I J, Vipraio G A, Morgan W W, Bowden C L. Is there a metabolic basis for the fibrositis syndrome?. Am J Med 1986; 81: 50–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett R M. Fibrositis: Evolution of an enigma. J Rheumat 1986; 13: 676–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pellegrino M J, van Fossen D, Gordon C, Ryan J M, Waylonis G W. Prevalence of mitral valve prolapse in primary fibromyalgia: a pilot investigation. Arch Phys Med Rehab 1987; 70: 541–3
   Google Scholar
• Goldenberg D L, Simms R W, Geiger A, Komaroff A L. High frequency of fibromyalgia in patients with chronic fatigue seen in a primary care practice. Arthr Rheum 1990; 33(3)381–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moldofsky H, Lue F A. The relationship of alpha and delta EEG frequencies to pain and mood in “fibrositis” patients treated with chloropromazine and Ltryptophan. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1980; 50: 71–80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yunus M B, Masi A T, Aldag J C. Short term effects of ibuprofen in primary fibromyalgia syndrome: A double blind, placebo controlled trial. J Rheumat 1989; 16: 527–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe F. The clinical syndrome of fibrositis. Am J Med 1986; 81: 7–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell J I, Fletcher E M, Michalek J E, McBroom P C, Hester G G. Treatment of primary fibrositis/fibromyalgia syndrome with ibuprofen and alprazolam. Arthr Rheum 1991; 34: 552–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockman R. The causes, pathology and treatment of chronic rheumatism. Edin Med J 1904; 15: 107–16
   Google Scholar
• Moldofsky H, Warsh J J. Plasma tryptophan and muxuloskeletal pain in non‐articular rheumatism (“fibrositis syndrome”). Pain 1978; 5: 65–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moldofsky H, Scarisbrick P. Induction of neurasthenic musculoskeletal pain syndrome by selective sleep stage deprivation. Psychosom Med 1976; 38: 35–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett R M. Fibrositis: evolution of an enigma. J Rheum 1986; 13: 676–78
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daily P A, Biship G D, Russell J I, Fletcher E M. Psychological stress and the fibrositis/fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheum 1990; 1380–85
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Russell J I. Neurohormonal aspects of fibromyalgia syndrome. Rheum Dis Clin N Am 1989; 15: 149–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fassbender H G, Wegner K. Morphologie und pathgenee des weichteilrheumatismus. Z Rheuma‐forschg 1973; 32: 355
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bennett R M, Clark S R, Goldberg L, Nelson D, Bonafede P R, Porter J, Specht D. Aerobic fitness in patients with fibrositis. Arthr Rheum 1989; 4: 454–60
   Google Scholar
• Lund N, Bengtsson A, Thorborg P. Muscle tissue oxygen pressure in primary fibromyalgia Scand. J Rheumat 1986; 15: 165–73
   Google Scholar
• Bengtsson A, Henriksson K G, Lanson J. Reduced high‐energy phosphate levels in the painful muscles of patients with primary fibromyalgia. Arth Rheum 1986; 20: 817–21
   Google Scholar
• Russell J I, Michalek J E, Vipmio G A, Fletcher E M, Wall K. Serum amino acids in fibrositis/fibromyalga syndrome. J Ftheumat 1989; 16: 158–63
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wicsncr R J, Rosen P, Grieshaber M K. Pathways of succinate formation and their contribution to improvement of cardiac function in the hypoxic rat heart. Biochem Med Metab Biol 1988; 40: 19–34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rodwell V W. Catabolism of the carbon skeletons of amino acids. Harper's Biochemistry. Appkton and Langc, R K Murray, 1990; 284–306
   Google Scholar
• Baram V, Rodemann H P. Dinarello ck Stimulation of musde protein degradation by ledcocytic pyrogcn (interfeukin‐1). N Eng J Med 1985; 308: 553–8
   Google Scholar
• Lehnhger A L. Biochemistry. Worth PuMishing. 1978; 409
   Google Scholar
• Lehningcr A L. Biochemistry. Worth PubIishing. 1978; 509–42
   Google Scholar
• Bergstrom J, Bostrom H, Furst P, Hultmm E, Vinnan E. Preliminary studies of energy‐rich phosphagens in muscle from severely ill patients. Crit Care Med 1978; 4: 197–204
   Google Scholar
• McCain G A. Role of physical fitness training in the fibrositis/fibromyalgia syndrome. Am J Med 1986; 81: 73–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garfinkel L, Garfinkel D. Magnesium regulation of the glycolytic pathway and the enymes involved. Magnesium 1985; 4: 60–72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heaton F W. Role of Magnesium in Enzyme Systems. Metal Ions in Biologic Systems, H Siegel. Marcel Dekkar, New York 1990; 119
   Google Scholar
• Brierly G P, Jung D W, Altschuld R A. Magnesium and mitochondrial ion transport. Magnesium in Cellular Proctsses and Medicine, B M Altura, J Durfach, M S Seelig. Karger, Basek 1987; 89–105
   Google Scholar
• Abraham G E. The calcium controversy. J Appl Nut 1982; 34: 69
   Google Scholar
• Siesjo B K. Calcium and cell death. Magnesium 1989; 8: 223–37
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allen V G. Influence of aluminum on magnesium metabolism. Magnesium in Cellular Processes and Medicine, B M Altura, J Durlach, M S Seelig. Karger, Basel 1987; 50–66
   Google Scholar
• Domingo J L, Goma J M, Llobct J M, Corbella J. Comparative effetts of several chelating agents on the toxicity, distribution and excretion of aluminum. Hum Toxicol 1988; 7: 259–62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Domingo J L, Goma M, Llobet J M. Citric, malic and succinic acids as possible alternatives to deferoxamine in aluminum toxicity. J Clin Toxicol 1988; 26: 67–79
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt M, Pohlmann U, Golf S, Temme H, Graef V, Roka L, Riediger H, Neppel H, Brustle A, Born C. The effects of a magnesium supplementation on the energy metabolism in competitive swimmers. Magnes Res 1989; 2: 296
   Google Scholar
• Heaton F W, Rayssiguier Y. Magnesium deficiency and membrane properties. Magnesium in cellular processes and Medicine, B M Altura, J Durfach, M S Sctlig. Karger, Basel 1987; 121–30
   Google Scholar
• Johansson B W. Magnesium infusion in decompensated hypomagnessemis patients. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copen) 1984; 54: 125–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cox I M, Campbell M J, Dowson D. Red blood cell magnesium and chronic fatigue syndrome. Lancet 1991; 337: 747–60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Galland L. Magnesium and inflammatory bowel disease. Magnesium 1988; 7: 78–83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Durlach J, Lutfalla G, Poenaru S, Reba A, Henrotte J G, Fabimi F, de Vernejoul F. Latent tetany and mitral valve prolapse due to chronic primary magnesium deficit. Magnesium Deficiency, M J Haipern, J Durlach. Karger, Bascl 1985; 102–12
   Google Scholar
• Galland L. Magnesium deficiency in mitral valve prolapse. Magnesium Deficiency, M J Halpern, J Durlach. Karger, Basel 1985; 117–19
   Google Scholar
• Fernandes J S, Pereira T, Alcazar A, Franca A, Andrade R, Pereira J N, Pessoa J, Rodrigues J C, Guerra L, Laires M J, Halpern M J. Idiopathic mitral valve prolapse and the neuromllscular form of primary magnesium deficit. Magnesium Deficiency, M J Halpern, J Mach. Karger, Basel 1985; 120–21
   Google Scholar
• Altura B M. Calcium antagonist properties of magnesium: implications for anthigraine actions. Magnesium 1985; 4: 169–75
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abraham G E. Primary dysmenorrhea. Clin Obs Gyn 1978; 21: 139
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheeseman A J, Clark J B. Influence of the malate‐aspamte shuttle on oxidative metabolism is a synaptosomes. J Neurochem 1988; 50: 1559–65
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wiesner R J, Kreutzer U, Rosen P, Grieshaber M K. Subcellular distribution of malate‐asmte cycle intermediates during normoxia and anoxia in the heart. Biochim Biophys Acta 1988; 936: 114–23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoehl C, Oestreich R, Rosen P, Wiesner R, Grieshaber M. Evidence for succinate production by reduction of fumarate during hypoxia in isolated adult rat heart cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 1987; 259: 527–35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson M A, Cascarano J. The energy‐yielding oxidation of NADH by fumarate in submitochon‐drial particles of rat tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta 1970; 216: 54–62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wiesner R J, Rosen P, Grieshaber M K. Pathways of succinate formation and their contribution to improvement of cardiac function in the hypoxic rat heart. Biochem Med Metab Biol 1988; 40: 19–34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dunaev V V, Tishkin V S, Milonova N P, Belay I M, Makarenko A N, Garmash S N. Effect of malic acid salts on physical working capacity and its restoration after exhausting muscular work. Farmakol Toksikol 1988; 51(3)21–25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bobyleva‐Guamero V, Lardy H A. The role of malate in exercise‐induced enhancement of mitochondrial respiration. Arch Biochem Biophys 1986; 245(2)470–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agbanyo F R, Moses G, Taylor N F. Lmalate transport and proton symport in vesicles prepared from Pseudomonas putida. Biochem Cell Biol 1986; 64(11)1190–94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Belikova Y O, Kotlyar A B, Vinogradov A D. Oxidation of malate by the mitochondrial succinate ‐ubiquinone reductase. Biochim Biophys Acta 1988; 936: 1–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carlsen B D, Lambeth D O, Ray P D. Synthesis of malate from phosphoenolpyruvate by rabbit liver mitochondria: implications for lipogencsis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1988; 965: 1–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bobyleva‐Guarriero V, Battelli D, Bellei M, Lardy H A. Sources of intramitochondrial malate. FASEBJ 1989; 3: 2208–11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kostin V I. Use of malate and NAD for the correction of blood supply and oxygen balance of the acutely ischemic myocardium. Farmakol Toksikol 1986; 49(33)44–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schantz P G, Sjoberg B, Svedenhag J. Malate‐aspartate and alpha‐glycerophosphate shuttle enzyme levels in human skeletal muscle: Methodological considerations and effect of endurance training. Acta Physol Scand 1986; 128: 397–407
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gordon S E, Kraemer W J, Pedro J G. Increased acid‐base buffering capacity via dietary supplementation: anaerobic exercise implications. J Appl Nut 1991; 43: 40–8
   Google Scholar
• Taroni F, Di Donato S. Purification and properties of cytosolic malic enzyme from human skeletal muscle. Int J Biochem 1988; 20(8)857–66
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abraham G E. The effects of nutrients on premenstrual mood in nutrients and brain function, W B Essman. Karger, Basel 1987; 167
   Google Scholar
• Katsurada A, Iritani N, Fukuda H, Noguchi T, Tanaka T. TranscriDtional and wsttranscrim tional regulation of malic enzyme synthesis by ‐insulin and triiodothyronine. Bi&him Biophis Acts 1988; 950: 113–17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kobayashi M, Morishita H, Okajima K. Successfid treatment with succinate supplement in a patient with a deficiency of Complex I (NADH‐CoQ reductase). The Fourth International Congress of Inborn Errors of Metabolism. 1987; 148
   Google Scholar
• Lehninger A L. Biochemistry. Worth Publishing 1978; 411
   Google Scholar
• Mayes P A. Oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial transport systems. Harper's Biochemistry. Appleton and Lange, R K Murray, 1990; 112–23
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein A. Biostatistin. MacMillilan 1965; 61
   Google Scholar