New regimens with combined oral contraceptive pills – moving away from traditional 21/7 cycles

REFERENCES

• Cibula D. Women's contraceptive practices and sexual behaviour in Europe. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2008;13:362–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. Use of contraception in the United States: 1982–2008 Vital and Health Statistics Series 23, Number 29. May 2010. Accessed 18 August 2010 from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_23/sr23_029. pdf
   Google Scholar
• Richters J, Grulich AE, De Visser RO, et al Contraceptive practices among a representative sample of women. Aust NZ J Public Health 2003;27:210–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan WM, Anand JK. Pulmonary embolism. Lancet 1961;278:1146–7.
   Google Scholar
• Lorentz IT. Parietal lesion and “Enavid”. Br Med J 1962;2:1191.
   Google Scholar
• Lachnit-Fixson U. The rationale for a new triphasic contraceptive. The development of a new triphasic contraceptiveIn Greenblatt RD, ed. LancasterMTP Press Limited198023–9.
   Google Scholar
• Larsson-Cohn U, Fahreus L, Wallentin L, et al Effects of some ethinyloestradiol/levonorgestrel combinations on SHBG and on lipid metabolism. The development of a new triphasic contraceptiveIn Greenblatt RD, ed. LancasterMTP Press Limited198069–77.
   Google Scholar
• Hedon B. The evolution of oral contraceptives. $132#Maximising efficacy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1990;69: 7–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlaff WD, Lynch AM, Hughes HD, et al Manipulation of the pill-free interval in oral contraceptive users: The effect on follicular suppression. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;190:943–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kost K, Singh S, Vaughan B, et al Estimates of contraceptive failure from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Contraception 2008;77:10–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO Department of Reproductive Health and Research. Selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use, 2nd edn. WHO: Geneva 2004 Accessed 18 August 2010 from: http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/publications/spr/
   Google Scholar
• Sulak PJ, Scow RD, Preece C, et al Hormone withdrawal symptoms in oral contraceptive users. Obstet Gynecol 2000;95:261–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulak PJ, Carl J, Gopalakrishnan I, et al Outcomes of extended oral contraceptive regimens with a shortened hormone free interval to manage breakthrough bleeding. Contraception 2004;70:281–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider MB, Fisher M, Friedman SB, et al Menstrual and premenstrual issues in female military cadets: A unique population with significant concerns. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 1999;12:195–201.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller L, Notter KM. Menstrual reduction with extended use of combination oral contraceptive pills: Randomised controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2001;98:771–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiegratz I, Hommel HH, Zimmermann T, et al Attitude of German women and gynecologists towards long-cycle treatment with oral contraceptives. Contraception 2004;69:37–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glasier AF, Smith KB, van der Spuy ZM, et al Amenorrhea associated with contraception—an international study on acceptability. Contraception 2003; 67:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spona J, Elstein M, Feichtinger W, et al Shorter pill-free interval in combined oral contraceptives decreases follicular development. Contraception 1996;54:71–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis SA, Kuehl TJ, Spiekerman AM, et al Greater inhibition of the pituitary-ovarian axis in OC regimens with a shortened hormone free interval. Contraception 2006;74:100–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baerwald AR, Pierson RA. Ovarian follicular development during the use of oral contraception: A review. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2004;26:19–24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hannaford PC, Selvaraj S, Elliott AM, et al Cancer risk among users of oral contraceptives: Cohort data from the Royal College of General Practitioners' oral contraception study. BMJ 2007;335:651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collaborative Group on Epidemiological Studies of Ovarian Cancer. Ovarian cancer and oral contraceptives: Collaborative reanalysis of data from 45 epidemiological studies including 23,257 women with ovarian cancer and 87,303 controls. Lancet 2008;371:303–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannaford PC, Iversen L, Macfarlane TV, et al Mortality among contraceptive pill users: Cohort evidence from Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study. BMJ 2010;340:c927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ness RB, Grisso JA, Cottreau C, et al Factors related to inflammation of the ovarian epithelium and risk of ovarian cancer. Epidemiology 2000;11:111–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson FD, Hait H, Hsiu J, et al Endometrial microstructure after long term use of a 91 day extended cycle oral contraceptive regimen. Contraception 2005;71:55–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchbanks P, MacDonald JA, Wilson HG, et al Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2002;346:2025–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wingo PA, Austin H, Marchbanks PA, et al Oral contraceptives and the risk of death from breast cancer. Obstet Gynecol 2007;110:793–800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis MG, Reape KZ, Hait H. A look at the long-term safety of an extended-regimen OC. J Fam Pract 2010;59(5):E3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kroll R, Reape KZ, Margolis M. The efficacy and safety of a low-dose, 91-day, extended-regimen oral contraceptive with continuous ethinyl estradiol. Contraception 2010;81:41–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edelman AB, Gallo MF, Jensen JT, et al Continuous or extended cycle vs. cyclic use of combined oral contraceptives for contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(3):CD004695.
   Google Scholar
• den Tonkelaar I, Oddens BJ. Preferred frequency and characteristics of menstrual bleeding in relation to reproductive status, oral contraceptive use and hormone replacement therapy use. Contraception 1999;59:357–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrist LC, Arias RD, Nucatola D, et al Women's and providers' attitudes toward menstrual suppression with extended use of oral contraceptives. Contraception 2004;70:359–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulak PJ, Buckley T, Kuehl TJ. Attitudes and prescribing preferences of health care professionals in the United States regarding use of extended-cycle oral contraceptives. Contraception 2006;73:41–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerschultz KL, Sucato GS, Hennon TR, et al Extended cycling of combined hormonal contraceptives in adolescents: Physician views and prescribing practices. J Adolesc Health 2007;40:151–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loudon NB, Foxwell M, Potts DM, et al Acceptability of an oral contraceptive that reduces the frequency of menstruation: The tri-cycle pill regimen. Br Med J 1977;2:487–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cachrimanidou AC, Hellberg D, Nilsson S, et al Long-interval treatment regimen with a desogestrel-containing oral contraceptive. Contraception 1993;48:205–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson FD, Hait H. A multicenter randomised study of an extended cycle oral contraceptive. Contraception 2003;68:89–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller L, Hughes JP. Continuous combination oral contraceptive pills to eliminate withdrawal bleeding: A randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:653–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archer DF, Jensen JT, Johnson JV, et al Evaluation of a continuous regimen of lenonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol: phase 3 study results. Contraception 2006;74:439–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foidart JM, Sulak PJ, Schellschmidt, et al The use of an oral contraceptive containing ethinylestradiol and drospirenone in an extended regimen over 126 days. Contraception 2006;73:34–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidman DS, Yeshaya A, Ber A, et al A prospective follow-up of two 21/7 cycles followed up by two extended regimen 84/7 cycles with contraceptive pills containing ethinyl estradiol and drospirenone. Isr Med Ass J 2010;12:400–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edelman AB, Koontz SL, Nichols MD, et al Continuous oral contraceptives: Are bleeding patterns dependent on the hormones given? Obstet Gynecol 2006;107:657–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwiecien M, Edelman A, Nichols MD, et al Bleeding patterns and patient acceptability of standard or continuous dosing regimens of a low-dose oral contraceptive: A randomized trial. Contraception 2003;67:9–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulak P, Willis S, Kuehl T, et al Research submission: Headaches and oral contraceptives: Impact of eliminating the standard 7 day placebo interval. Headache 2007;47: 27–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legro RS, Pauli JG, Kunselman AR, et al Effects of continuous versus cyclical oral contraception: A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:420–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulak PJ, Kaunitz AM, London AM, et al Extended regimen oral contraceptives – practical management. J Fam Practice 2007;56:S1–S8.
   Google Scholar
• Bachmann G, Sulak PJ, Sampson-Landers C, et al Efficacy and safety of a low-dose 24 day combined oral contraceptive containing 20 mcg ethinylestradiol and 3 mg drospirenone. Contraception 2004;70:191–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahrendt H-J, Makalova D, Parke S et al Bleeding pattern and cycle control with an estradiol-based oral contraceptive: A seven-cycle, randomised comparative trial of estradiol valerate/dienogest and ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel. Contraception 2009;80:436–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kost K, Singh S, Vaughan B, et al Estimates of contraceptive failure from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Contraception 2008;77:10–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinauer J, Autry AM. Extended cycle combined hormonal contraception. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2007;34:43–55, viii.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoogland HJ, Skouby SO. Ultrasound evaluation of ovarian activity under oral contraceptives. Contraception 1993;47:583–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klipping C, Duijkers I, Trummer D, et al Suppression of ovarian activity with a drospirenone-containing oral contraceptive in a 24/4 regimen. Contraception 2008;78: 16–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar