References
- Ashton-James, C. E., Kushlev, K., & Dunn, E. W. (2013). Parents reap what they sow: Child-centrism and parental well-being. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4(6), 635–642. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550613479804
- Aunos, M., Goupil, G., & Feldman, M. A. (2003). Mothers with intellectual disabilities who do or do not have custody of their children. Journal on Developmental Disabilities, 10(2), 65–79. https://oadd.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/aunos.pdf
- Bailey, H. N., DeOliveira, C. A., Wolfe, V. V., Evans, E. E., & Hartwick, C. (2012). The impact of childhood maltreatment history on parenting: A comparison of maltreatment types and assessment methods. Child Abuse and Neglect, 36(3), 236–246. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.11.005
- Bellis, M. A., Hughes, K., Leckenby, N., Perkins, C., & Lowey, H. (2014). National household survey of adverse childhood experiences and their relationship with resilience to health-harming behaviors in England. BMC Medicine, 12(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-12-72
- Booth, T., & Booth, W. (1995). Unto us a child is born: The trials and rewards of parenthood for people with learning difficulties. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 20(1), 25–39. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07263869500035411
- Booth, T., & Booth, W. (2005). Parents with learning difficulties in the child protection system: Experiences and perspectives. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 9(2), 109–129. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1744629505053922
- Booth, T., Booth, W., & McConnell, D. (2004). Parents with learning difficulties, care proceedings and the family courts: Threshold decisions and the moral matrix. Child and Family Law Quarterly, 16(4), 409–422.
- Budd, K. S., & Greenspan, S. (1985). Parameters of successful and unsuccessful interventions with parents who are mentally retarded. Mental Retardation, 23(6), 269–273. PMID: 4088058.
- Buisman, R. S., Pittner, K., Compier-de Block, L. H., van den Berg, L. J., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Alink, L. R. (2018). The past is present: The role of maltreatment history in perceptual, behavioral and autonomic responses to infant emotional signals. Child Abuse & Neglect, 77, 23–34. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.12.020
- Byrne, G. (2018). Prevalence and psychological sequelae of sexual abuse among individuals with an intellectual disability: A review of the recent literature. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 22(3), 294–310. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1744629517698844
- Callow, E., Tahir, M., & Feldman, M. (2017). Judicial reliance on parental IQ in appellate-level child welfare cases involving parents with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 30(3), 553–562. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12296
- Callus, A., Bonello, I., Mifsud, C., & Fenech, R. (2019). Overprotection in the lives of people with intellectual disability in Malta: Knowing what is control and what is enabling support. Disability & Society. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2018.1547186
- Curryer, B., Stancliffe, R. J., & Dew, A. (2015). Self-determination: Adults with intellectual disability and their family. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 40(4), 394–399. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3109/13668250.2015.1029883
- Dalgard, O. S., Dowrick, C., Lehtinen, V., Vazquez-Barquero, J. L., Casey, P., Wilkinson, G., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., Page, H., & Dunn, G. (2006). Negative life events, social support and gender difference in depression. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41(6), 444–451. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-006-0051-5
- Feldman, M. A. (2002a). Parents with intellectual disabilities and their children: Impediments and supports. In D. Griffiths & P. Federoff (Eds.), Ethical dilemmas: Sexuality and developmental disability (pp. 255–292). NADD Press.
- Feldman, M. A. (2002b). Children of parents with intellectual disabilities. In R. J. McMahon, & R. D. Peters (Eds.), The effects of parental dysfunction on children (pp. 205–223). Springer.
- Feldman, M. A., Varghese, J., Ramsay, J., & Rajska, D. (2002). Relationship between social support, stress and mother-child interactions in mothers with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 15(4), 314–323. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-3148.2002.00132.x
- Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8
- Franke, H. A. (2014). Toxic stress: Effects, prevention and treatment. Children, 1(3), 390–402.
- Giano, Z., Wheeler, D. L., & Hubach, R. D. (2020). The frequencies and disparities of adverse childhood experiences in the US. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09411-z
- Granqvist, P., Forslund, T., Fransson, M., Springer, L., & Lindberg, L. (2014). Mothers with intellectual disability, their experiences of maltreatment, and their children’s attachment representations: A small-group matched comparison study. Attachment & Human Development, 16(5), 417–436. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2014.926946
- Heider, D., Bernert, S., Matschinger, H., Angermeyer, M. C., & the ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000 investigators (2007). Parental bonding and suicidality in adulthood. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 41(1), 66–73. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00048670601057742
- Hollomotz, A. (2011). Learning difficulties and sexual vulnerability: A social approach. Jessica Kinglsey.
- Hughes, K., Bellis, M. A., Hardcastle, K. A., Sethi, D., Butchart, A., Mikton, C., Jones, L., & Dunne, M. P. (2017). The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: A systematic review and meta–analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 2(8), e356–e366.
- Kolomeyer, E., Renk, K., Cunningham, A., Lowell, A., & Khan, M. (2016). Mothers’ adverse childhood experiences and negative parenting behaviors: Connecting mothers’ difficult pasts to present parenting behavior via reflective functioning. Zero to Three, 37(1), 5–12.
- Kroese, B. S., Hussein, H., Clifford, C., & Ahmed, N. (2002). Social support networks and psychological well-being of mothers with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 15(4), 324–340. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-3148.2002.00128.x
- Llewellyn, G., & McConnell, D. (2002). Mothers with learning difficulties and their support networks. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 46(1), 17–34. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2788.2002.00347.x
- Llewellyn, G., & McConnell, D. (2010). Looking back on their own upbringing. In G. Lewellyn, R. Traustadóttir, D. McConnel, & H. Sigurjónsdóttir (Eds.), Parents with intellectual disabilities: Past, presents and futures (pp. 33–47). Wiley-Blackwell.
- Madigan, S., Cyr, C., Eirich, R., Fearon, R. P., Ly, A., Rash, C., Poole, J. C., & Alink, L. R. (2019). Testing the cycle of maltreatment hypothesis: Meta-analytic evidence of the intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment. Development and Psychopathology, 31(1), 23–51. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579418001700
- Marshall, S., Stainton, T., Wall, J. M., Zhu, M., Murray, J., Wu, S., El Bouhali, A., Parada, F., Zaidman-Zait, A., & Young, R. A. (2018). Transition to adulthood as a joint parent-youth project for young persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 56(4), 263–277. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-56.5.263
- McConnell, D., Feldman, M., & Aunos, M. (2017). Parents and parenting with intellectual disabilities: An expanding field of research. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 30(3), 419–422. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12362
- McConnell, D., Feldman, M. A., Aunos, M., & Prasad, N. (2011). Parental cognitive impairment and child maltreatment in Canada. Child Abuse and Neglect, 35(8), 621–632. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.04.005
- McConnell, D., & Llewellyn, G. (2005). Social inequality, ‘the deviant parent’ and child protection practice. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 40(4), 553–566. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1839-4655.2005.tb00987.x
- McConnell, D., & Sigurjónsdóttir, H. B. (2010). Caught in the child protection net. In G. Llewellyn, R. Traustadóttir, D. McConnell, & H. B. Sigurjónsdóttir (Eds.), Parents with intellectual disabilities: Past, present and futures (pp. 171–187). Wiley-Blackwell.
- McDonald, S. W., Madigan, S., Racine, N., Benzies, K., Tomfohr, L., & Tough, S. (2019). Maternal adverse childhood experiences, mental health, and child behaviour at age 3: The all our families community cohort study. Preventive Medicine, 118, 286–294. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.11.013
- McGaw, S., Scully, T., & Pritchard, C. (2010). Predicting the unpredictable? Identifying high-risk versus low-risk parents with intellectual disabilities. Child Abuse and Neglect, 34(9), 99–710. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.02.006
- McGaw, S., Shaw, T., & Beckley, K. (2007). Prevalence of psychopathology across a service population of parents with intellectual disabilities and their children. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 4(1), 11–22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-1130.2006.00093.x
- Meppelder, M., Hodes, M., Kef, S., & Schuengel, C. (2014). Parents with intellectual disabilities seeking professional parenting support: The role of working alliance, stress and informal support. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(9), 1478–1486. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.04.006
- Mercer, J. R. (1973). Labeling the mentally retarded: Clinical and social system perspectives on mental retardation. University of California Press.
- Mevissen, L., & De Jongh, A. (2010). PTSD and its treatment in people with intellectual disabilities: A review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(3), 308–316. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.12.005
- Oral, R., Ramirez, M., Coohey, C., Nakada, S., Walz, A., Kuntz, A., Benoit, J., & Peek-Asa, C. (2016). Adverse childhood experiences and trauma informed care: The future of health care. Pediatric Research, 79(1), 227–233. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/pr.2015.197
- Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979). A parental bonding instrument. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1979.tb02487.x
- Pixa-Kettner, U. (1998). Parents with intellectual disability in Germany: Results of a nation-wide study. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 11(4), 355–364. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3148.1998.tb00043.x
- Pixa-Kettner, U., & Rohmann, K. (2012). Besondere Familien: Welche Unterstützung brauchen Eltern mit Lernschwierigkeiten und ihre Kinder? University of Bremen.
- Ponterotto, J. G., & Ruckdeschel, D. E. (2007). An overview of coefficient alpha and a reliability matrix for estimating adequacy of internal consistency coefficients with psychological research measures. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 105(3), 997–1014. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.105.3.997-1014
- Reid, C. A., Roberts, L. D., Roberts, C. M., & Piek, J. P. (2015). Towards a model of contemporary parenting: The parenting behaviours and dimensions questionnaire. PLoS One, 10(6), 1–23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114179
- Römisch, K. (2011). Entwicklung weiblicher Lebensentwürfe unter Bedingungen geistiger Behinderung. Klinkhardt.
- Saaltink, R., MacKinnon, S. P., Owen, F., & Tardif-Williams, C. (2012). Protection, participation and protection through participation: Young people with intellectual disabilities and decision making in the family context. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 56(11), 1076–1078. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2012.01649.x
- Sandelowski, M. (2000). What’s in a name? Qualitative description revisited. Research in Nursing and Health, 33(1), 77–84. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20362
- Schalock, R. L., Borthwick-Duffy, S. A., Bradley, V. J., Buntinx, W. H. E., Coulter, D. L., Craig, E. M., Gomez, S. C., Lachapelle, Y., Luckasson, R., Reeve, A., Shogren, K. A., Snell, M. E., Spreat, S., Tasse, M. J., Thompson, J. R., Verdugo-Alonso, M. A., Wehmeyer, M. L., & Yeager, M. H. (2010). Intellectual disability: Definition, classification, and systems of supports. American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
- Sheikh, M. A. (2018). Childhood physical maltreatment, perceived social isolation, and internalizing symptoms: A longitudinal, three-wave, population-based study. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(4), 481–491. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-1090-z
- Sigurjónsdóttir, H. B., & Rice, J. G. (2020). The weight of history: Child protection and parenting with a disability in 20th Century Iceland. The History of the Family, 25(2), 214–229. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2020.1751236
- Sigurjónsdóttir, H. B., & Traustadóttir, R. (2010). A family within a family. In G. Llewellyn, R. Traustadóttir, D. McConnell, & H. Sigurjónsdóttir (Eds.), Parents with intellectual disability: Past, present, futures (pp. 49–62). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470660393.ch3.
- Sullivan, P. M., & Knutson, J. F. (2000). Maltreatment and disabilities: A population-based epidemiological study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24(10), 1257–1273. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00190-3
- Thomas, C. (1997). The baby and the bath water: Disabled women and motherhood in social context. Sociology of Health & Illness, 19(5), 622–643. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.1997.tb00423.x
- Traustadóttir, R., & Sigurjónsdóttir, H. B. (2008). The ‘mother’ behind the mother: Three generations of mothers with intellectual disabilities and their family support networks. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 21(4), 331–340. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3148.2008.00450.x
- Tucker, M. B., & Johnson, O. (1989). Competence promoting vs. Competence inhibiting social support for mentally retarded mothers. Human Organization, 48(2), 95–107. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.48.2.d64q452755008t54
- Ungar, M. (2009). Overprotective parenting: Helping parents provide children the right amount of risk and responsibility. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 37(3), 258–271. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01926180802534247