Human genetic susceptibility to Candida infections

References

• Brown GD, Netea MG. Immunology of Fungal Infections. Dordrecht: Springer, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Marodi L, Johnston RB Jr. Invasive Candida species disease in infants and children: occurrence, risk factors, management, and innate host defense mechanisms. Curr Opin Pediatr 2007; 19: 693–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neofytos D, Fishman JA, Horn D, . Epidemiology and outcome of invasive fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2010; 12: 220–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ. Epidemiology of invasive mycoses in North America. Crit Rev Microbiol 2010; 36: 1–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trick WE, Fridkin SK, Edwards JR, Hajjeh RA, Gaynes RP. Secular trend of hospital-acquired candidemia among intensive care unit patients in the United States during 1989–1999. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: 627–630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wingard JR, Merz WG, Rinaldi MG, . Increase in Candida krusei infection among patients with bone marrow transplantation and neutropenia treated prophylactically with fluconazole. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1274–1277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marr KA, Seidel K, White TC, Bowden RA. Candidemia in allogeneic blood and marrow transplant recipients: evolution of risk factors after the adoption of prophylactic fluconazole. J Infect Dis 2000; 181: 309–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Gibbs DL, . Results from the ARTEMIS DISK Global Antifungal Surveillance study, 1997 to 2005: an 8.5-year analysis of susceptibilities of Candida species and other yeast species to fluconazole and voriconazole determined by CLSI standardized disk diffusion testing. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 1735–1745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Netea MG, Brown GD, Kullberg BJ, Gow NA. An integrated model of the recognition of Candida albicans by the innate immune system. Nat Rev Microbiol 2008; 6: 67–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romani L. Immunity to fungal infections. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4: 1–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janeway CA Jr, Medzhitov R. Innate immune recognition. Annu Rev Immunol 2002; 20: 197–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medzhitov R. Recognition of microorganisms and activation of the immune response. Nature 2007; 449: 819–826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akira S, Uematsu S, Takeuchi O. Pathogen recognition and innate immunity. Cell 2006; 124: 783–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazi U, Martinez-Pomares L. Influence of the mannose receptor in host immune responses. Immunobiology 2009; 214: 554–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marodi L, Korchak HM, Johnston RB Jr. Mechanisms of host defense against Candida species. I. Phagocytosis by monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. J Immunol 1991; 146: 2783–2789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gantner BN, Simmons RM, Underhill DM. Dectin-1 mediates macrophage recognition of Candida albicans yeast but not filaments. EMBO J 2005; 24: 1277–1286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gow NA, Netea MG, Munro CA, . Immune recognition of Candida albicans beta-glucan by dectin-1. J Infect Dis 2007; 196: 1565–1571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemaitre B, Nicolas E, Michaut L, Reichhart JM, Hoffmann JA. The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spatzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults. Cell 1996; 86: 973–983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rock FL, Hardiman G, Timans JC, Kastelein RA, Bazan JF. A family of human receptors structurally related to Drosophila Toll. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 588–593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellocchio S, Montagnoli C, Bozza S, . The contribution of the Toll-like/IL-1 receptor superfamily to innate and adaptive immunity to fungal pathogens in vivo. J Immunol 2004; 172: 3059–3069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jouault T, Ibata-Ombetta S, Takeuchi O, . Candida albicans phospholipomannan is sensed through toll-like receptors. J Infect Dis 2003; 188: 165–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Netea MG, Van der Graaf CA, Vonk AG, . The role of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 in the host defense against disseminated candidiasis. J Infect Dis 2002; 185: 1483–1489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villamon E, Gozalbo D, Roig P, . Toll-like receptor-2 is essential in murine defenses against Candida albicans infections. Microbes Infect 2004; 6: 1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Netea MG, van de Veerdonk FL, Verschueren I, Van der Meer JW, Kullberg BJ. Role of TLR1 and TLR6 in the host defense against disseminated candidiasis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2008; 52: 118–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tada H, Nemoto E, Shimauchi H, . Saccharomyces cerevisiae- and Candida albicans-derived mannan induced production of tumor necrosis factor alpha by human monocytes in a CD14- and Toll-like receptor 4-dependent manner. Microbiol Immunol 2002; 46: 503–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Netea MG, Gow NA, Munro CA, . Immune sensing of Candida albicans requires cooperative recognition of mannans and glucans by lectin and Toll-like receptors. J Clin Invest 2006; 116: 1642–1650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Netea MG, Sutmuller R, Hermann C, . Toll-like receptor 2 suppresses immunity against Candida albicans through induction of IL-10 and regulatory T cells. J Immunol 2004; 172: 3712–3718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Netea MG, Gow NA, Joosten LA, . Variable recognition of Candida albicans strains by TLR4 and lectin recognition receptors. Med Mycol 2010; 48: 897–903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourgeois C, Majer O, Frohner IE, . Conventional dendritic cells mount a type I IFN response against Candida spp. requiring novel phagosomal TLR7-mediated IFN-beta signaling. J Immunol 2011; 186: 3104–3112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyazato A, Nakamura K, Yamamoto N, . Toll-like receptor 9-dependent activation of myeloid dendritic cells by deoxynucleic acids from Candida albicans. Infect Immun 2009; 77: 3056–3064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Veerdonk FL, Netea MG, Jansen TJ, . Redundant role of TLR9 for anti-Candida host defense. Immunobiology 2008; 213: 613–620.
   Google Scholar
• Zelensky AN, Gready JE. The C-type lectin-like domain superfamily. FEBS J 2005; 272: 6179–6217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ip WK, Takahashi K, Ezekowitz RA, Stuart LM. Mannose-binding lectin and innate immunity. Immunol Rev 2009; 230: 9–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl PD, Ezekowitz RA. The mannose receptor is a pattern recognition receptor involved in host defense. Curr Opin Immunol 1998; 10: 50–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Veerdonk FL, Marijnissen RJ, Kullberg BJ, . The macrophage mannose receptor induces IL-17 in response to Candida albicans. Cell Host Microbe 2009; 5: 329–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinsbroek SE, Taylor PR, Martinez FO, . Stage-specific sampling by pattern recognition receptors during Candida albicans phagocytosis. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4: e1000218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGreal EP, Rosas M, Brown GD, . The carbohydrate-recognition domain of Dectin-2 is a C-type lectin with specificity for high mannose. Glycobiology 2006; 16: 422–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saijo S, Ikeda S, Yamabe K, . Dectin-2 recognition of alpha-mannans and induction of Th17 cell differentiation is essential for host defense against Candida albicans. Immunity 2010; 32: 681–691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cambi A, Gijzen K, de Vries JM, . The C-type lectin DC-SIGN (CD209) is an antigen-uptake receptor for Candida albicans on dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 2003; 33: 532–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cambi A, Netea MG, Mora-Montes HM, . Dendritic cell interaction with Candida albicans critically depends on N-linked mannan. J Biol Chem 2008; 283: 20590–20599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells CA, Salvage-Jones JA, Li X, . The macrophage-inducible C-type lectin, mincle, is an essential component of the innate immune response to Candida albicans. J Immunol 2008; 180: 7404–7413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jawhara S, Thuru X, Standaert-Vitse A, . Colonization of mice by Candida albicans is promoted by chemically induced colitis and augments inflammatory responses through galectin-3. J Infect Dis 2008; 197: 972–980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jouault T, El Abed-El BM, Martinez-Esparza M, . Specific recognition of Candida albicans by macrophages requires galectin-3 to discriminate Saccharomyces cerevisiae and needs association with TLR2 for signaling. J Immunol 2006; 177: 4679–4687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown GD, Gordon S. Immune recognition. A new receptor for beta-glucans. Nature 2001; 413: 36–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown GD, Herre J, Williams DL, . Dectin-1 mediates the biological effects of beta-glucans. J Exp Med 2003; 197: 1119–1124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeibundGut-Landmann S, Gross O, Robinson MJ, . Syk- and CARD9-dependent coupling of innate immunity to the induction of T helper cells that produce interleukin 17. Nat Immunol 2007; 8: 630–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gantner BN, Simmons RM, Canavera SJ, Akira S, Underhill DM. Collaborative induction of inflammatory responses by dectin-1 and toll-like receptor 2. J Exp Med 2003; 197: 1107–1117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennehy KM, Ferwerda G, Faro-Trindade I, . Syk kinase is required for collaborative cytokine production induced through Dectin-1 and Toll-like receptors. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38: 500–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferwerda G, Meyer-Wentrup F, Kullberg BJ, Netea MG, Adema GJ. Dectin-1 synergizes with TLR2 and TLR4 for cytokine production in human primary monocytes and macrophages. Cell Microbiol 2008; 10: 2058–2066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinon F, Tschopp J. Inflammatory caspases: linking an intracellular innate immune system to autoinflammatory diseases. Cell 2004; 117: 561–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vonk AG, Netea MG, van Krieken JH, . Endogenous interleukin (IL)-1 alpha and IL-1 beta are crucial for host defense against disseminated candidiasis. J Infect Dis 2006; 193: 1419–1426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross O, Poeck H, Bscheider M, . Syk kinase signalling couples to the Nlrp3 inflammasome for anti-fungal host defence. Nature 2009; 459: 433–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar H, Kumagai Y, Tsuchida T, . Involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome in innate and humoral adaptive immune responses to fungal beta-glucan. J Immunol 2009; 183: 8061–8067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hise AG, Tomalka J, Ganesan S, . An essential role for the NLRP3 inflammasome in host defense against the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Cell Host Microbe 2009; 5: 487–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lev-Sagie A, Prus D, Linhares IM, . Polymorphism in a gene coding for the inflammasome component NALP3 and recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis in women with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 200: 303–306.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Picard C, Puel A, Bonnet M, . Pyogenic bacterial infections in humans with IRAK-4 deficiency. Science 2003; 299: 2076–2079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Bernuth H, Picard C, Jin Z, . Pyogenic bacterial infections in humans with MyD88 deficiency. Science 2008; 321: 691–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picard C, von Bernuth H, Ghandil P, . Clinical features and outcome of patients with IRAK-4 and MyD88 deficiency. Medicine (Baltimore) 2010; 89: 403–425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glocker EO, Hennigs A, Nabavi M, . A homozygous CARD9 mutation in a family with susceptibility to fungal infections. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 1727–1735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferwerda B, Ferwerda G, Plantinga TS, . Human dectin-1 deficiency and mucocutaneous fungal infections. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 1760–1767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plantinga TS, van der Velden WJ, Ferwerda B, . Early stop polymorphism in human DECTIN-1 is associated with increased Candida colonization in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49: 724–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosentul DC, Plantinga TS, Oosting M, . Genetic variation in the dectin-1/CARD9 recognition pathway and susceptibility to candidemia. J Infect Dis 2011; 204: 1138–1145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milner JD, Brenchley JM, Laurence A, . Impaired T(H)17 cell differentiation in subjects with autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome. Nature 2008; 452: 773–776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng WF, von Delwig A., Carmichael AJ, . Impaired T(H)17 responses in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis with and without autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126: 1006–1015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Veerdonk FL, Marijnissen RJ, Joosten LA, . Milder clinical hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome phenotype is associated with partial interleukin-17 deficiency. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 159: 57–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelhardt KR, McGhee S, Winkler S, . Large deletions and point mutations involving the dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) in the autosomal-recessive form of hyper-IgE syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124: 1289–1302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minegishi Y, Saito M, Morio T, . Human tyrosine kinase 2 deficiency reveals its requisite roles in multiple cytokine signals involved in innate and acquired immunity. Immunity 2006; 25: 745–755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahum A, Dadi H, Bates A, Roifman CM. The L412F variant of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is associated with cutaneous candidiasis, increased susceptibility to cytomegalovirus, and autoimmunity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127: 528–531.
   Google Scholar
• Puel A, Doffinger R, Natividad A, . Autoantibodies against IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22 in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I. J Exp Med 2010; 207: 291–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Beaucoudrey L, Samarina A, Bustamante J, . Revisiting human IL-12Rbeta1 deficiency: a survey of 141 patients from 30 countries. Medicine (Baltimore) 2010; 89: 381–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L, Okada S, Kong XF, . Gain-of-function human STAT1 mutations impair IL-17 immunity and underlie chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. J Exp Med 2011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Veerdonk FL, Plantinga TS, Hoischen A, . STAT1 mutations in autosomal dominant chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 54–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapgier A, Wynn RF, Jouanguy E, . Human complete Stat-1 deficiency is associated with defective type I and II IFN responses in vitro but immunity to some low virulence viruses in vivo. J Immunol 2006; 176: 5078–5083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupuis S, Jouanguy E, Al-Hajjar S, . Impaired response to interferon-alpha/beta and lethal viral disease in human STAT1 deficiency. Nat Genet 2003; 33: 388–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conti HR, Shen F, Nayyar N, . Th17 cells and IL-17 receptor signaling are essential for mucosal host defense against oral candidiasis. J Exp Med 2009; 206: 299–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smeekens SP, Plantinga TS, van de Veerdonk FL, . STAT1 hyperphosphorylation and defective IL12R/IL23R signaling underlie defective immunity in autosomal dominant chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. PLoS One 2011; 6: e29248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puel A, Cypowyj S, Bustamante J, . Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis in humans with inborn errors of interleukin-17 immunity. Science 2011; 332: 65–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gudlaugsson O, Gillespie S, Lee K, . Attributable mortality of nosocomial candidemia, revisited. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 1172–1177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisplinghoff H, Bischoff T, Tallent SM, . Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39: 309–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Graaf CA, Netea MG, Morre SA, . Toll-like receptor 4 Asp299Gly/Thr399Ile polymorphisms are a risk factor for Candida bloodstream infection. Eur Cytokine Netw 2006; 17: 29–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woehrle T, Du W, Goetz A, . Pathogen specific cytokine release reveals an effect of TLR2 Arg753Gln during Candida sepsis in humans. Cytokine 2008; 41: 322–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plantinga TS, Johnson MD, Scott WK, . Toll-like receptor 1 polymorphisms increase susceptibility to candidemia. J Infect Dis 2012; 205: 934–943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morre SA, Murillo LS, Spaargaren J, Fennema HS, Pena AS. Role of the toll-like receptor 4 Asp299Gly polymorphism in susceptibility to Candida albicans infection. J Infect Dis 2002; 186: 1377–1379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funderburg N, Lederman MM, Feng Z, . Human -defensin-3 activates professional antigen-presenting cells via Toll-like receptors 1 and 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104: 18631–18635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoover DM, Wu Z, Tucker K, Lu W, Lubkowski J. Antimicrobial characterization of human beta-defensin 3 derivatives. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 2804–2809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurevic RJ, Bai M, Chadwick RB, White TC, Dale BA. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in human beta-defensin 1: high-throughput SNP assays and association with Candida carriage in type I diabetics and nondiabetic controls. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 90–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson MD, Plantinga TS, van de Vosse E, . Cytokine gene polymorphisms and the outcome of invasive candidiasis: A Prospective Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis 2011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morahan G, Huang D, Wu M, . Association of IL12B promoter polymorphism with severity of atopic and non-atopic asthma in children. Lancet 2002; 360: 455–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller-Berghaus J, Kern K, Paschen A, . Deficient IL-12p70 secretion by dendritic cells based on IL12B promoter genotype. Genes Immun 2004; 5: 431–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaaf BM, Boehmke F, Esnaashari H, . Pneumococcal septic shock is associated with the interleukin-10 - 1082 gene promoter polymorphism. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168: 476–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanilova SA, Miteva LD, Karakolev ZT, Stefanov CS. Interleukin-10 - 1082 promoter polymorphism in association with cytokine production and sepsis susceptibility. Intensive Care Med 2006; 32: 260–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng L, Gu W, Chen K, . Clinical relevance of the interleukin 10 promoter polymorphisms in Chinese Han patients with major trauma: genetic association studies. Crit Care 2009; 13: R188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romani L, Mencacci A, Grohmann U, . Neutralizing antibody to interleukin 4 induces systemic protection and T helper type 1-associated immunity in murine candidiasis. J Exp Med 1992; 176: 19–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romani L, Puccetti P, Mencacci A, . Neutralization of IL-10 up-regulates nitric oxide production and protects susceptible mice from challenge with Candida albicans. J Immunol 1994; 152: 3514–3521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aydemir C, Onay H, Oguz SS, . Mannose-binding lectin codon 54 gene polymorphism in relation to risk of nosocomial invasive fungal infection in preterm neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwer N, Dolman KM, van HM, . Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) facilitates opsonophagocytosis of yeasts but not of bacteria despite MBL binding. J Immunol 2008; 180: 4124–4132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Asbeck EC, Hoepelman AI, Scharringa J, Herpers BL, Verhoef J. Mannose binding lectin plays a crucial role in innate immunity against yeast by enhanced complement activation and enhanced uptake of polymorphonuclear cells. BMC Microbiol 2008; 8: 229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babula O, Lazdane G, Kroica J, Ledger WJ, Witkin SS. Relation between recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis, vaginal concentrations of mannose-binding lectin, and a mannose-binding lectin gene polymorphism in Latvian women. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 733–737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giraldo PC, Babula O, Goncalves AK, . Mannose-binding lectin gene polymorphism, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 109: 1123–1128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Till JW, Modderman PW, de BM, . Mannose-binding lectin deficiency facilitates abdominal Candida infections in patients with secondary peritonitis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2008; 15: 65–70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rabeneck L, Crane MM, Risser JM, Lacke CE, Wray NP. A simple clinical staging system that predicts progression to AIDS using CD4 count, oral thrush, and night sweats. J Gen Intern Med 1993; 8: 5–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samaranayake LP, Holmstrup P. Oral candidiasis and human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Oral Pathol Med 1989; 18: 554–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samaranayake LP. Oral mycoses in HIV infection. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1992; 73: 171–180.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Plantinga TS, Hamza OJ, Willment JA, . Genetic variation of innate immune genes in HIV-infected african patients with or without oropharyngeal candidiasis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 55: 87–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltch AL, Bopp LH, Smith RP, . Effects of voriconazole, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and interferon gamma on intracellular fluconazole-resistant Candida glabrata and Candida krusei in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 52: 299–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vonk AG, Netea MG, van Krieken JH, . Treatment of intra-abdominal abscesses caused by Candida albicans with antifungal agents and recombinant murine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 3688–3693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dignani MC, Rex JH, Chan KW, . Immunomodulation with interferon-gamma and colony-stimulating factors for refractory fungal infections in patients with leukemia. Cancer 2005; 104: 199–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poynton CH, Barnes RA, Rees J. Interferon gamma and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for the treatment of hepatosplenic candidosis in patients with acute leukemia. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 239–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland SM, DeLeo FR, Elloumi HZ, . STAT3 mutations in the hyper-IgE syndrome. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 1608–1619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minegishi Y, Saito M, Tsuchiya S, . Dominant-negative mutations in the DNA-binding domain of STAT3 cause hyper-IgE syndrome. Nature 2007; 448: 1058–1062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagamine K, Peterson P, Scott HS, . Positional cloning of the APECED gene. Nat Genet 1997; 17: 393–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce SH, Cheetham T, Imrie H, . A common and recurrent 13-bp deletion in the autoimmune regulator gene in British kindreds with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy type 1. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 63: 1675–1684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babula O, Lazdane G, Kroica J, . Frequency of interleukin-4 (IL-4) -589 gene polymorphism and vaginal concentrations of IL-4, nitric oxide, and mannose-binding lectin in women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40: 1258–1262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi EH, Foster CB, Taylor JG, . Association between chronic disseminated candidiasis in adult acute leukemia and common IL4 promoter haplotypes. J Infect Dis 2003; 187: 1153–1156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar