The possible role of dermatophyte cysteine dioxygenase in keratin degradation

References

• Ogawa H, Summerbell RC, Clemons KV, et al. Dermatophytes and host defence in cutaneous mycoses. Med Mycol 1998; 36 (Suppl. 1): 166–173.
   Google Scholar
• Nir-Paz R, Elinav H, Pierard GE, et al. Deep infection by Trichophyton rubrum in an immunocompromised patient. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 5298–5301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tateishi Y, Sato H, Akiyama M, et al. Severe generalized deep dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton rubrum (trichophytic granuloma) in a patient with atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 2004; 140: 624–625.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woodfolk JA, Slunt JB, Deuell B, Hayden ML, Platts-Mills TA. Definition of a Trichophyton protein associated with delayed hypersensitivity in humans. Evidence for immediate (IgE and IgG4) and delayed hypersensitivity to a single protein. J Immunol 1996; 156: 1695–1701.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ward GW Jr, Karlsson G, Rose G, Platts-Mills TA. Trichophyton asthma: sensitisation of bronchi and upper airways to dermatophyte antigen. Lancet 1989; 1: 859–862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward GW Jr, Woodfolk JA, Hayden ML, Jackson S, Platts-Mills TA. Treatment of late-onset asthma with fluconazole. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 104: 541–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermout S, Tabart J, Baldo A, et al. Pathogenesis of dermatophytosis. Mycopathologia 2008; 166: 267–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stipanuk MH, Ueki I, Dominy JE Jr, Simmons CR, Hirschberger LL. Cysteine dioxygenase: a robust system for regulation of cellular cysteine levels. Amino Acids 2009; 37: 55–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stipanuk MH, Bagley PJ, Coloso RM, Banks MF. Metabolism of cysteine to taurine by rat hepatocytes. Adv Exp Med Biol 1992; 315: 413–421.
   Google Scholar
• Stipanuk MH. Sulfur amino acid metabolism: pathways for production and removal of homocysteine and cysteine. Annu Rev Nutr 2004; 24: 539–577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry TL, Norman MG, Yong VW, et al. Hallervorden-Spatz disease: cysteine accumulation and cysteine dioxygenase deficiency in the globus pallidus. Ann Neurol 1985; 18: 482–489.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Emery P, Bradley H, Arthur V, Tunn E, Waring R. Genetic factors influencing the outcome of early arthritis – the role of sulphoxidation status. Br J Rheumatol 1992; 31: 449–451.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gordon C, Bradley H, Waring RH, Emery P. Abnormal sulphur oxidation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 1992; 339: 25–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brait M, Ling S, Nagpal JK, et al. Cysteine dioxygenase 1 is a tumor suppressor gene silenced by promoter methylation in multiple human cancers. PLoS One 2012; 7: e44951.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar V, Maresca B, Sacco M, et al. Purification and characterization of a cysteine dioxygenase from the yeast phase of Histoplasma capsulatum. Biochemistry 1983; 22: 762–768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maresca B, Lambowitz AM, Kumar VB, et al. Role of cysteine in regulating morphogenesis and mitochondrial activity in the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981; 78: 4596–4600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacco M, Maresca B, Kumar BV, Kobayashi GS, Medoff G. Temperature- and cyclic nucleotide-induced phase transitions of Histoplasma capsulatum. J Bacteriol 1981; 146: 117–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valtavaara M, Papponen H, Pirttila AM, et al. Cloning and characterization of a novel human lysyl hydroxylase isoform highly expressed in pancreas and muscle. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 6831–6834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudbery P, Gow N, Berman J. The distinct morphogenic states of Candida albicans. Trends Microbiol 2004; 12: 317–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunert J. Keratin decomposition by dermatophytes: evidence of the sulphitolysis of the protein. Experientia 1972; 28: 1025–1026.
   Google Scholar
• Kunert J. Keratin decomposition by dermatophytes. II. Presence of s-sulfocysteine and cysteic acid in soluble decomposition products. Z Allg Mikrobiol 1976; 16: 97–105.
   Google Scholar
• Kunert J. Physiology of keratinophilic fungi. In: Kushwaha RKS, Guarro J (eds). Biology of Dermatophytes and Other Keratinophilic Fungi. Bilbao, Spain: Revista Iberoamericana de Micologia, 2000: 77–85.
   Google Scholar
• Dominy JE Jr, Simmons CR, Karplus PA, Gehring AM, Stipanuk MH. Identification and characterization of bacterial cysteine dioxygenases: a new route of cysteine degradation for eubacteria. J Bacteriol 2006; 188: 5561–5569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook AM, Denger K, Smits TH. Dissimilation of C3-sulfonates. Arch Microbiol 2006; 185: 83–90.
   Google Scholar
• Denger K, Smits TH, Cook AM. L-cysteate sulpho-lyase, a widespread pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-coupled desulphonative enzyme purified from Silicibacter pomeroyi DSS-3(T). Biochem J 2006; 394: 657–664.
   Google Scholar
• Bragulla HH, Homberger DG. Structure and functions of keratin proteins in simple, stratified, keratinized and cornified epithelia. J Anat 2009; 214: 516–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moll R, Divo M, Langbein L. The human keratins: biology and pathology. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 129: 705–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall RC, Orwin DF, Gillespie JM. Structure and biochemistry of mammalian hard keratin. Electron Microsc Rev 1991; 4: 47–83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horvath AL. Solubility of structurally complicated materials: 3. Hair. Scientific World J 2009; 9: 255–271.
   Google Scholar
• Hill P, Brantley H, Van Dyke M. Some properties of keratin biomaterials: kerateines. Biomaterials 2010; 31: 585–593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langbein L, Schweizer J. Keratins of the human hair follicle. Int Rev Cytol 2005; 243: 1–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers MA, Langbein L, Praetzel-Wunder S, Winter H, Schweizer J. Human hair keratin-associated proteins (KAPs). Int Rev Cytol 2006; 251: 209–263.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bruce Fraser RD, Parry DA. The role of disulfide bond formation in the structural transition observed in the intermediate filaments of developing hair. J Struct Biol 2012; 180: 117–124.
   Google Scholar
• Gong H, Zhou H, McKenzie GW, et al. An updated nomenclature for keratin-associated proteins (KAPs). Int J Biol Sci 2012; 8: 258–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monod M. Secreted proteases from dermatophytes. Mycopathologia 2008; 166: 285–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lechenne B, Reichard U, Zaugg C, et al. Sulphite efflux pumps in Aspergillus fumigatus and dermatophytes. Microbiology 2007; 153: 905–913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stipanuk MH, Dominy JE Jr, Lee JI, Coloso RM. Mammalian cysteine metabolism: new insights into regulation of cysteine metabolism. J Nutr 2006; 136: 1652S–1659S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stipanuk MH, Simmons CR, Karplus PA, Dominy JE Jr. Thiol dioxygenases: unique families of cupin proteins. Amino Acids 2011; 41: 91–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasperova A, Kunert J, Horynova M, et al. Isolation of recombinant cysteine dioxygenase protein from Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Mycoses 2011; 54: e456–462.
   Google Scholar
• Dominy JE Jr, Simmons CR, Hirschberger LL, et al. Discovery and characterization of a second mammalian thiol dioxygenase, cysteamine dioxygenase. J Biol Chem 2007; 282: 25189–25198.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar D, Thiel W, de Visser SP. Theoretical study on the mechanism of the oxygen activation process in cysteine dioxygenase enzymes. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133: 3869–3882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar D, Sastry GN, Goldberg DP, de Visser SP. Mechanism of S-oxygenation by a cysteine dioxygenase model complex. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116: 582–591.
   Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi K, Hosokawa Y, Kohashi N, et al. Rat liver cysteine dioxygenase (cysteine oxidase). Further purification, characterization, and analysis of the activation and inactivation.J Biochem 1978; 83: 479–491.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sakakibara S, Yamaguchi K, Hosokawa Y, Kohashi N, Ueda I. Purification and some properties of rat liver cysteine oxidase (cysteine dioxygenase). Biochim Biophys Acta 1976; 422: 273–279.
   Google Scholar
• Dunwell JM, Culham A, Carter CE, Sosa-Aguirre CR, Goodenough PW. Evolution of functional diversity in the cupin superfamily. Trends Biochem Sci 2001; 26: 740–746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCoy JG, Bailey LJ, Bitto E, et al. Structure and mechanism of mouse cysteine dioxygenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 3084–3089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons CR, Liu Q, Huang Q, et al. Crystal structure of mammalian cysteine dioxygenase. A novel mononuclear iron center for cysteine thiol oxidation. J Biol Chem 2006; 281: 18723–18733.
   Google Scholar
• Ye S, Wu X, Wei L, et al. An insight into the mechanism of human cysteine dioxygenase. Key roles of the thioether-bonded tyrosine-cysteine cofactor.J Biol Chem 2007; 282: 3391–3402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aluri S, de Visser SP. The mechanism of cysteine oxygenation by cysteine dioxygenase enzymes. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129: 14846–14847.
   Google Scholar
• Bella DL, Hahn C, Stipanuk MH. Effects of nonsulfur and sulfur amino acids on the regulation of hepatic enzymes of cysteine metabolism. Am J Physiol 1999; 277: E144–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bella DL, Hirschberger LL, Hosokawa Y, Stipanuk MH. Mechanisms involved in the regulation of key enzymes of cysteine metabolism in rat liver in vivo. Am J Physiol 1999; 276: E326–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stipanuk MH, Londono M, Lee JI, Hu M, Yu AF. Enzymes and metabolites of cysteine metabolism in nonhepatic tissues of rats show little response to changes in dietary protein or sulfur amino acid levels. J Nutr 2002; 132: 3369–3378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grumbt M, Monod M, Yamada T, et al. Keratin degradation by dermatophytes relies on cysteine dioxygenase and a sulfite efflux pump. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133: 1550–1555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rybnikar A, Chumela J, Vrzal V, Krupka V. Immunity in cattle vaccinated against ringworm. Mycoses 1991; 34: 433–436.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raska M, Rybnikar A, Chumela J, Belakova J, Weigl E. Recombinant protein and DNA vaccines derived from hsp60 Trichophyton mentagrophytes control the clinical course of trichophytosis in bovine species and guinea-pigs. Mycoses 2004; 47: 407–417.
   Google Scholar