Prothrombotic mutations, family history and the risk of thrombosis in postmenopausal women: implications for hormone replacement therapy

References

• Kannel WB, Wilson PW. Risk factors that attenuate the female coronary disease advantage. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:57–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosano GM, Vitale C, Fini M. Hormone replacement therapy and cardioprotection: what is good and what is bad for the cardiovascular system? Ann NY Acad Sci 2006;1092:341–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and mortality. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1769–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush TL, Barrett-Connor E, Cowan LD, et al. Cardiovascular mortality and non contraceptive use of estrogen in women: results from the Lipid Research Clinics Program Follow-up Study. Circulation 1987;75:1102–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shlipak MG, Angeja BG, Go AS, Frederick PD, Canto JG, Grady D. Hormone therapy and in-hospital survival after myocardial infarction in postmenopausal women. Circulation 2001;104: 2300–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA 1998;280:605–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manson JE, Hsia J, Johnson KC, et al. Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 2003;349:523–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grodstein F, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ. Hormone therapy and coronary heart disease: the role of time since menopause and age at hormone initiation. J Womens Health 2006;15:35–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, Manson JE, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA 2007;297:1465–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins P, Rosano G, Casey C, et al. Management of cardiovascular risk in the peri-menopausal woman: a consensus statement of European cardiologists and gynaecologists. Eur Heart J 2007;28:2028–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santen RJ, Allred DC, Ardoin SP, et al. Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:s1–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreassi MG, Botto N, Maffei S. Factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A substitution and hormone therapy: indications for molecular screening. Clin Chem Lab Med 2006;44:514–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straczek C, Oger E, Yon de Jonage-Canonico MB, et al. Estrogen and Thromboembolism Risk (ESTHER) Study Group. Prothrombotic mutations, hormone therapy, and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women: impact of the route of estrogen administration. Circulation 2005;112:3495–500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosendaal FR, Vessey M, Rumley A, et al. Hormonal replacement therapy, prothrombotic mutations and the risk of venous thrombosis. Br J Haematol 2002;116:851–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe G, Woodward M, Vessey M, Rumley A, Gough P, Daly E. Thrombotic variables and risk of idiopathic venous thromboembolism in women aged 45–64 years. Relationships to hormone replacement therapy. Thromb Haemost 2000;83:530–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kottke-Marchant K. Genetic polymorphisms associated with venous and arterial thrombosis: an overview. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2002;126:295–304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glueck CJ, Wang P, Fontaine RN, Tracy T, Sieve-Smith L, Lang JE. Effect of exogenous estrogen on atherothrombotic vascular disease risk related to the presence or absence of the factor V Leiden mutation (resistance to activated protein C). Am J Cardiol 1999;84:549–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glueck CJ, Wang P, Fontaine RN, Tracy T, Sieve-Smith L, Lang JE. The effect of exogenous estrogen on atherothrombotic vascular disease risk relates to the presence or absence of the 20210 G/A prothrombin gene mutation: a cross-sectional study of 230 hyperlipidemic women. Circulation 2000;102:II278–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Psaty BM, Smith NL, Lemaitre RN, et al. Hormone replacement therapy, prothrombotic mutations, and the risk of incident nonfatal myocardial infarction in postmenopausal women. JAMA 2001;285:906–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federici C, Gianetti J, Andreassi MG. Genomic medicine and thrombotic risk: who, when, how and why? Int J Cardiol 2006;106:s3–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown CA, McKinney KQ, Young KB, Norton HJ. The C677T methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism influences the homocysteine-lowering effect of hormone replacement therapy. Mol Genet Metab 1999;67:43–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botto N, Spadoni I, Giusti S, Ait-Ali L, Sicari R, Andreassi MG. Prothrombotic mutations as risk factors for cryptogenic ischemic cerebrovascular events in young subjects with patent foramen ovale. Stroke 2007;38:2070–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson JC, Hodis HN, Pickar JH, Lobo RA. Coronary heart disease and menopause management: the swinging pendulum of HRT. Atherosclerosis 2009;207:336–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grady D, Rubin SM, Petitti DB, et al. Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:1016–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:321–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLennan A, Lester S, Moore V. Oral oestrogen replacement therapy versus placebo for hot flushes (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;4:CD002978.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ouyang P, Michos ED, Karas RH. Hormone replacement therapy and the cardiovascular system. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:1741–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, et al. Women's Health Initiative Steering Committee. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291:1701–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grady D, Herrington D, Bittner V, et al. HERS Research Group. Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA 2002;288:49–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prentice RL, Langer RD, Stefanick ML, et al. Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Combined analysis of Women's Health Initiative observational and clinical trial data on postmenopausal hormone treatment and cardiovascular disease. Am J Epidemiol 2006;163:589–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grodstein F, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Rexrode K. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and stroke: role of time since menopause and age at initiation of hormone therapy. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:861–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manson JE, Allison MA, Rossouw JE, et al. WHI and WHI-CACS Investigators. Estrogen therapy and coronary-artery calcification. N Engl J Med 2007;356:2591–602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosmi B, Legnani C, Bernardi F, Coccheri S, Palareti G. Value of family history in identifying women at risk of venous thromboembolism during oral contraception: observational study. CBMJ 2001;322:1024–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosmi B, Legnani C, Bernardi F, Coccheri S, Palareti G. Role of family history in identifying women with thrombophilia and higher risk of venous thromboembolism during oral contraception. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:1105–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu O, Robertson L, Twaddle S, et al. Thrombosis: Risk and Economic Assessment of Thrombophilia Screening (TREATS) Study. Screening for thrombophilia in high-risk situations: a meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis. Br J Haematol 2005;131:80–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar