Amla prevents fructose-induced hepatic steatosis in ovariectomized rats: role of liver FXR and LXRα

References

• Johnson RJ, Segal MS, Sautin Y, et al. Potential role of sugar (fructose) in the epidemic of hypertension, obesity and the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2007 Oct;86:899–906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald I. Influence of fructose and glucose on serum lipid levels in men and pre- and postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 1966;18:369–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotto AM Jr. Evolving concepts of dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease: the Louis F. Bishop Lecture. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:1219–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim JS, Mietus-Snyder M, Valente A, Schwarz J-M, Lustig RH. The role of fructose in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and the metabolic syndrome. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 7:251–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Targher G, Day CP, Bonora E. Risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. N Engl J Med 2010;363:1341–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam B, Younossi ZM. Treatment options for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2010;3:121–37
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Satapathy SK, Sanyal AJ. Novel treatment modalities for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010;21:668–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokozawa T, Kim HY, Kim HJ, Okubo T, Chu D-C, Juneja LR. Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) prevents dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress in the ageing process. Br J Nutr 2007;97:1187–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabu MC, Kuttan R. Anti-diabetic activity of medicinal plants and its relationship with their antioxidant property. J Ethnopharmacol 2002;81:155–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asmawi MZ, Kankaanranta H, Moilanen E, Vapaatalo H. Anti-inflammatory activities of Emblica officinalis Gaertn leaf extracts. J Pharm Pharmacol 1993;45:581–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koshy SM, Bobby Z, Hariharan AP, Gopalakrishna SM. Amla (Emblica officinalis) extract is effective in preventing high fructose diet-induced insulin resistance and atherogenic dyslipidemic profile in ovariectomized female albino rats. Menopause 2012;19:1146–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chawla A, Repa JJ, Evans RM, Mangelsdorf DJ. Nuclear receptors and lipid physiology: opening the X-files. Science 2001;294: 1866–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damirchi A, Mehdizade R, Ansar MM, Soltani B, Babaei P. Effects of aerobic exercise training on visceral fat and serum adiponectin concentration in ovariectomized rats. Climacteric 2010;13:171–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babaei P, Mehdizadeh R, Ansar MM, Damirchi A. Effects of ovariectomy and estrogen replacement therapy on visceral adipose tissue and serum adiponectin levels in rats. Menopause Int 2010;16:100–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brunt EM. Pathology of fatty liver disease. Modern Pathol 2007;20:S40–8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein JL, DeBose-Boyd RA, Brown MS. Protein sensors for membrane sterols. Cell 2006;124:35–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyazaki M, Dobrzyn A, Man WC, et al. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 gene expression is necessary for fructose-mediated induction of lipogenic gene expression by sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c-dependent and -independent mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2004;279:25164–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koo H-Y, Miyashita M, Cho BHS, Nakamura MT. Replacing dietary glucose with fructose increases ChREBP activity and SREBP-1 protein in rat liver nucleus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009;390:285–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton JD, Goldstein JL, Brown MS. SREBPs: activators of the complete program of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in the liver. J Clin Invest 2002;109:1125–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton JD, Shah NA, Warrington JA, et al. Combined analysis of oligonucleotide microarray data from transgenic and knockout mice identifies direct SREBP target genes. PNAS 2003;100: 12027–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ntambi JM, Miyazaki M. Recent insights into stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1. Curr Opin Lipidol 2003;14:255–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao C, Dahlman-Wright K. Liver X receptor in cholesterol metabolism. J Endocrinol 2010;204:233–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein JL, Brown MS. The LDL receptor. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009;29:431–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desvergne B, Wahli W. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: nuclear control of metabolism. Endocr Rev 1999; 20:649–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz K, Lawn RM, Wade DP. ABC1 gene expression and ApoA-I-mediated cholesterol efflux are regulated by LXR. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000;274:794–802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy MA, Venkateswaran A, Tarr PT, et al. Characterization of the human ABCG1 gene: liver X receptor activates an internal promoter that produces a novel transcript encoding an alternative form of the protein. J Biol Chem 2001;276:39438–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calpe-Berdiel L, Rotllan N, Fiévet C, Roig R, Blanco-Vaca F, Escolà-Gil JC. Liver X receptor-mediated activation of reverse cholesterol transport from macrophages to feces in vivo requires ABCG5/G8. J Lipid Res 2008;49:1904–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Repa JJ, Berge KE, Pomajzl C, Richardson JA, Hobbs H, Mangelsdorf DJ. Regulation of ATP-binding cassette sterol transporters ABCG5 and ABCG8 by the liver X receptors alpha and beta. J Biol Chem 2002;277:18793–800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yvan-Charvet L, Wang N, Tall AR. Role of HDL, ABCA1, and ABCG1 transporters in cholesterol efflux and immune responses. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis Vasc Biol 2010;30:139–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu L, Hammer RE, Li-Hawkins J, et al. Disruption of Abcg5 and Abcg8 in mice reveals their crucial role in biliary cholesterol secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:16237–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu L, Li-Hawkins J, Hammer RE, et al. Overexpression of ABCG5 and ABCG8 promotes biliary cholesterol secretion and reduces fractional absorption of dietary cholesterol. J Clin Invest 2002;110:671–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu L, York J, von Bergmann K, Lutjohann D, Cohen JC, Hobbs HH. Stimulation of cholesterol excretion by the liver X receptor agonist requires ATP-binding cassette transporters G5 and G8. J Biol Chem 2003;278:15565–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Rogers PM, Su C, Varga G, Stayrook KR, Burris TP. Regulation of cholesterologenesis by the oxysterol receptor, LXRalpha. J Biol Chem 2008;283:26332–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miao B, Zondlo S, Gibbs S, Cromley D, et al. Raising HDL cholesterol without inducing hepatic steatosis and hypertriglyceridemia by a selective LXR modulator. J Lipid Res 2004; 45:1410–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao G, Beyer TP, Yang XP, et al. Phospholipid transfer protein is regulated by liver X receptors in vivo. J Biol Chem 2002;277:39561–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph SB, McKilligin E, Pei L, et al. Synthetic LXR ligand inhibits the development of atherosclerosis in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:7604–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honzumi S, Shima A, Hiroshima A, Koieyama T, Terasaka N. Synthetic LXR agonist inhibits the development of atherosclerosis in New Zealand White rabbits. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011;1811:1136–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grefhorst A, Elzinga BM, Voshol PJ, et al. Stimulation of lipogenesis by pharmacological activation of the liver X receptor leads to production of large, triglyceride-rich very low density lipoprotein particles. J Biol Chem 2002;277:34182–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalaany NY, Mangelsdorf DJ. LXRS AND FXR: The yin and yang of cholesterol and fat metabolism. Ann Rev Physiol 2006;68:159–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rader DJ. Liver X receptor and farnesoid X receptor as therapeutic targets. Am J Cardiol 2007;100:n15–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert G, Amar MJA, Guo G, Brewer HB Jr, Gonzalez FJ, Sinal CJ. The farnesoid X-receptor is an essential regulator of cholesterol homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2003;278:2563–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu L, Gupta S, Xu F, et al. Expression of ABCG5 and ABCG8 is required for regulation of biliary cholesterol secretion. J Biol Chem 2005;280:8742–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe M, Houten SM, Wang L, et al. Bile acids lower triglyceride levels via a pathway involving FXR, SHP, and SREBP-1c. J Clin Invest 2004;113:1408–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilz S, Samuel V, Morino K, Savage D, Choi CS, Shulman GI. Activation of the farnesoid X receptor improves lipid metabolism in combined hyperlipidemic hamsters. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006;290:E716–22
   Google Scholar
• Anila L, Vijayalakshmi NR. Flavonoids from Emblica officinalis and Mangifera indica-effectiveness for dyslipidemia. J Ethnopharmacol 2002;79:81–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jo Y, Lee PCW, Sguigna PV, DeBose-Boyd RA. Sterol-induced degradation of HMG CoA reductase depends on interplay of two Insigs and two ubiquitin ligases, gp78 and Trc8. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011;108:20503–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehrke M, Lebherz C, Millington SC, et al. Diet-dependent cardiovascular lipid metabolism controlled by hepatic LXRalpha. Cell Metab 2005;1:297–308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janowski BA, Willy PJ, Devi TR, Falck JR, Mangelsdorf DJ. An oxysterol signalling pathway mediated by the nuclear receptor LXR alpha. Nature 1996;383:728–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu X, Li S, Wu J, Xia C, Lala DS. Liver X receptors interact with corepressors to regulate gene expression. Mol Endocrinol 2003;17:1019–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelcer N, Tontonoz P. Liver X receptors as integrators of metabolic and inflammatory signaling. J Clin Invest 2006;116: 607–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph SB, Laffitte BA, Patel PH, et al. Direct and indirect mechanisms for regulation of fatty acid synthase gene expression by liver X receptors. J Biol Chem 2002;277:11019–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefebvre P, Cariou B, Lien F, Kuipers F, Staels B. Role of bile acids and bile acid receptors in metabolic regulation. Physiol Rev 2009;89:147–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmins JM, Lee J-Y, Boudyguina E, et al. Targeted inactivation of hepatic Abca1 causes profound hypoalphalipoproteinemia and kidney hypercatabolism of apoA-I. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:1333–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellington CL, Walker EKY, Suarez A, et al. ABCA1 mRNA and protein distribution patterns predict multiple different roles and levels of regulation. Lab Invest 2002;82:273–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaisman BL, Lambert G, Amar M, et al. ABCA1 overexpression leads to hyperalphalipoproteinemia and increased biliary cholesterol excretion in transgenic mice. J Clin Invest 2001; 108:303–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singaraja RR, Van Eck M, Bissada N, et al. Both hepatic and extrahepatic ABCA1 have discrete and essential functions in the maintenance of plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in vivo. Circulation 2006;114:1301–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abidi P, Zhou Y, Jiang J-D, Liu J. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase-dependent stabilization of hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor mRNA by herbal medicine berberine. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:2170–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savkur RS, Bramlett KS, Michael LF, Burris TP. Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase expression by the farnesoid X receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005;329:391–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HY, Okubo T, Juneja LR, Yokozawa T. The protective role of amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) against fructose-induced metabolic syndrome in a rat model. Br J Nutr 2010;103:502–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park S-H, Kim J-L, Lee E-S, et al. Dietary ellagic acid attenuates oxidized LDL uptake and stimulates cholesterol efflux in murine macrophages. J Nutr 2011;141:1931–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshimura Y, Nishii S, Zaima N, Moriyama T, Kawamura Y. Ellagic acid improves hepatic steatosis and serum lipid composition through reduction of serum resistin levels and transcriptional activation of hepatic ppara in obese, diabetic KK-A(y) mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013;434:486–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar