A vascular piece in the puzzle of adipose tissue dysfunction: mechanisms and consequences

References

• Bagi Z, Feher A, Cassuto J. (2012). Microvascular responsiveness in obesity: Implications for therapeutic intervention. Brit J Pharm, 165:544–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bento C, Fernandes R, Matafome P, et al. (2010a). Methylglyoxal-induced imbalance in the ratio of vascular endothelial growth factor to angiopoietin 2 secreted by retinal pigment epithelial cells leads to endothelial dysfunction. Exp Phys, 95:955–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bento C, Fernandes R, Ramalho J, et al. (2010b). The chaperone-dependent ubiquitin ligase CHIP targets HIF-1α for degradation in the presence of methylglyoxal. PloS One, 5:e15062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berner A, Brouwers O, Pringle R, et al. (2012). Protection against methylglyoxal-derived AGEs by regulation of glyoxalase 1 prevents retinal neuroglial and vasodegenerative pathology. Diabetologia, 55:845–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boden G. (2011). Obesity, insulin resistance and free fatty acids. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes, 18:1–11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brownlee, M. (2005). The pathobiology of diabetic complications: A unifying mechanism. Diabetes, 54:1615–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bugianesi E, McCullough A, Marchesini G. (2005). Insulin resistance: A metabolic pathway to chronic liver disease. Hepatology, 42:987–1000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantero A, Portero-Otín M, Ayala V, et al. (2007). Methylglyoxal induces advanced glycation end product (AGEs) formation and dysfunction of PDGF receptor-beta: Implications for diabetic atherosclerosis. FASEB J (Official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology), 21:3096–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao Y. (2007). Angiogenesis modulates adipogenesis and obesity. J Clin Invest, 117:2362–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen B, Lam L, Wang Y, et al. (2006). Hypoxia dysregulates the production of adiponectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 independent of reactive oxygen species in adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Research Comm, 341:549–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christiaens V, Lijnen R. (2010). Angiogenesis and development of adipose tissue. Molec Cell Endocrin, 318:2–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai M, Chang T, Wang H, et al. (2010). Oxidative stress and aging: Is methylglyoxal the hidden enemy? Canadian J Phys Pharm, 88:273–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhar A, Dhar I, Jiang B, et al. (2011). Chronic methylglyoxal infusion by minipump causes pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and induces type 2 diabetes in Sprague-Dawley rats. Diabetes, 60:899–908
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donath Y, Shoelson E. (2011). Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory disease. Nature Rev Immunol, 11:98–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elias I, Franckhauser S, Ferré T, et al. (2012). Adipose tissue overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor protects against diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes, 61:1801–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Famulla S, Schlich R, Sell H, Eckel J. (2012). Differentiation of human adipocytes at physiological oxygen levels results in increased adiponectin secretion and isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis. Adipocyte, 1:132–41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farb M, Ganley-Leal L, Mott M, et al. (2012). Arteriolar function in visceral adipose tissue is impaired in human obesity. Arteriosclerosis, Thromb, Vasc Biol, 32:467–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujisaka S, Usui I, Ikutani M, et al. (2013). Adipose tissue hypoxia induces inflammatory M1 polarity of macrophages in an HIF-1α-dependent and HIF-1α-independent manner in obese mice. Diabetologia, 56:1403–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galic S, Oakhill S, Steinberg R. (2010). Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Molec Cell Endocrin, 316:129–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gealekman O, Guseva N, Gurav K, et al. (2012). Effect of rosiglitazone on capillary density and angiogenesis in adipose tissue of normoglycaemic humans in a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia, 55:2794–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentil C, Le Jan S, Philippe J, et al. (2006). Is oxygen a key factor in the lipodystrophy phenotype? Lipids Health Disease, 5:1–11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Georgescu A, Popov D, Constantin A, et al. (2011). Dysfunction of human subcutaneous fat arterioles in obesity alone or obesity associated with Type 2 diabetes. Clin Sci, 120:463–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golay A, Ybarra J. (2005). Link between obesity and type 2 diabetes. Best practice and research. Clin Endocrin Metab, 19:649–63
   Google Scholar
• Goldin A, Beckman J, Schmidt M, Creager M. (2006). Advanced glycation end products: Sparking the development of diabetic vascular injury. Circulation, 114:597–605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez-Ambrosi J, Catalán V, Rodríguez A, et al. (2010). Involvement of serum vascular endothelial growth factor family members in the development of obesity in mice and humans. J Nutri Biochem, 21:774–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goossens H. (2008). The role of adipose tissue dysfunction in the pathogenesis of obesity-related insulin resistance. Physiol Behav, 94:206–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goossens H, Bizzarri A, Venteclef N, et al. (2011). Increased adipose tissue oxygen tension in obese compared with lean men is accompanied by insulin resistance, impaired adipose tissue capillarization, and inflammation. Circulation, 124:67–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guilherme A, Virbasius V, Puri V, Czech P. (2008). Adipocyte dysfunctions linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature reviews. Molec Cell Biol, 9:367–77
   Google Scholar
• Gustafson B. (2010). Adipose tissue, inflammation and atherosclerosis. J Athero Thromb, 17:332–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halberg N, Khan T, Trujillo E, et al. (2009). Hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha induces fibrosis and insulin resistance in white adipose tissue. Molec Cell Biol, 29:4467–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausman J, Richardson L. (2004). Adipose tissue angiogenesis. J Animal Sci, 82:925–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He Q, Gao Z, Yin J, et al. (2011). Regulation of HIF-1{alpha} activity in adipose tissue by obesity-associated factors: adipogenesis, insulin, and hypoxia. Am J Physiol Endocrin Metab, 300:877–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemmeryckx B, Loeckx D, Dresselaers T, et al. (2010). Age-associated adaptations in murine adipose tissues. Endocrine J, 57:925–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosogai N, Fukuhara A, Oshima K, et al. (2007). Adipose tissue hypoxia in obesity and its impact on adipocytokine dysregulation. Diabetes, 56:901–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwai M, Chen R, Imura Y, Horiuchi M. (2007). Tak-536, a new AT1 receptor blocker, improves glucose intolerance and adipocyte differentiation. Am J Hyper, 20:579–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwai M, Tomono Y, Inaba S, et al. (2009). AT2 receptor deficiency attenuates adipocyte differentiation and decreases adipocyte number in atherosclerotic mice. Am J Hyper, 22:784–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia X, Wu L. (2007). Accumulation of endogenous methylglyoxal impaired insulin signaling in adipose tissue of fructose-fed rats. Molec Cell Biochem, 306:133–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang C, Qu A, Matsubara T, et al. (2011). Disruption of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 in adipocytes improves insulin sensitivity and decreases adiposity in high-fat diet-fed mice. Diabetes, 60:2484–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juge-Aubry E, Henrichot E, Meier C. (2005). Adipose tissue: A regulator of inflammation. Best Practice Res Clin Endocrin Metab, 19:547–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jun J, Shin M. (2012). Acute hypoxia induces hypertriglyceridemia by decreasing plasma triglyceride clearance in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrin Metab, 303:377–88
   Google Scholar
• Kakiuchi-Kiyota S, Vetro J, Suzuki S, et al. (2009). Effects of the PPARgamma agonist troglitazone on endothelial cells in vivo and in vitro: Differences between human and mouse. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 237:83–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kakiuchi-Kiyota S, Arnold L. (2011). Evaluation of direct and indirect effects of the PPARÎ3 agonist troglitazone on mouse endothelial cell proliferation. Toxicol Pathol, 39:1032–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalupahana S, Moustaid-Moussa N. (2012a). The renin-angiotensin system: a link between obesity, inflammation and insulin resistance. Obesity Rev (Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity), 13:136–49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalupahana S, Massiera F, Quignard-Boulange A, et al. (2012b). Overproduction of angiotensinogen from adipose tissue induces adipose inflammation, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. Obesity, 20:48–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaneto H, Katakami N, Matsuhisa M, Matsuoka T. (2010). Role of reactive oxygen species in the progression of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. Mediators Inflam, 2010:1–11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim J, Kim S, Kim S, et al. (2012). Accumulation of argpyrimidine, a methylglyoxal-derived advanced glycation end product, increases apoptosis of lens epithelial cells both in vitro and in vivo. Exp Molec Med, 44:167–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura R, Takahashi N, Murota K, et al. (2011). Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) suppresses postprandial lipidemia through fatty acid oxidation in enterocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Comm, 410:1–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan J, Danzer C, Simka T, et al. (2012). Dietary obesity-associated Hif1α activation in adipocytes restricts fatty acid oxidation and energy expenditure via suppression of the Sirt2-NAD+ system. Genes Develop, 26:259–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemoine Y, Ledoux S, Quéguiner I, et al. (2012). Link between adipose tissue angiogenesis and fat accumulation in severely obese subjects. J Clin Endocrin Metab, 97:775–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lijnen R. (2008). Angiogenesis and obesity. Cardio Res, 78:286–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mack I, Belaiba S, Djordjevic T, et al. (2009). Functional analyses reveal the greater potency of preadipocytes compared with adipocytes as endothelial cell activator under normoxia, hypoxia, and TNFalpha exposure. Am J Physiol Endocrin Metab, 297:735–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannerås-Holm L, Krook A. (2012). Targeting adipose tissue angiogenesis to enhance insulin sensitivity. Diabetologia, 55:2562–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matafome P, Santos-Silva D, Crisóstomo J, et al. (2012). Methylglyoxal causes structural and functional alterations in adipose tissue independently of obesity. Arch Physiol Biochem, 118:58–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matafome P, Sena C, Seiça R. (2013). Methylglyoxal, obesity, and diabetes. Endocrine, 43:1–37
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maury E, Brichard M. (2010). Adipokine dysregulation, adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic syndrome. Molec Cell Endocrin, 314:1–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moeschel K, Beck A, Weigert C, et al. (2004). Protein kinase C-zeta-induced phosphorylation of Ser318 in insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) attenuates the interaction with the insulin receptor and the tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1. J Biol Chem, 279:25157–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neels G, Thinnes T, Loskutoff J. (2004). Angiogenesis in an in vivo model of adipose tissue development. FASEB J, 19:1–19
   Google Scholar
• Negre-Salvayre A, Salvayre R, Augé N, et al. (2009). Hyperglycemia and glycation in diabetic complications. Antiox Redox Sig, 11:3071–109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negro R. (2008). Endothelial effects of antihypertensive treatment: Focus on irbesartan. Vasc Health Risk Manage, 4:89–101
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Niu J, Azfer A, Zhelyabovska O, et al. (2008). Monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 promotes angiogenesis via a novel transcription factor, MCP-1-induced protein (MCPIP). J Biol Chem, 283:14542–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olefsky M, Glass K. (2010). Macrophages, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Ann Rev Physiol, 72:219–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozcan U, Cao Q, Yilmaz E, et al. (2004). Endoplasmic reticulum stress links obesity, insulin action, and type 2 diabetes. Science, 306:457–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang C, Gao Z, Yin J, et al. (2008). Macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue may promote angiogenesis for adipose tissue remodeling in obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrin Metab, 295:313–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park S, David E, Huang Park B, et al. (2012). In vivo delivery of cell-permeable antisense hypoxia-inducible factor 1α oligonucleotide to adipose tissue reduces adiposity in obese mice. J Cont Release (Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society), 161:1–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasarica M, Rood J, Ravussin E, et al. (2010). Reduced oxygenation in human obese adipose tissue is associated with impaired insulin suppression of lipolysis. J Clin Endocrin Metab, 95:4052–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pino E, Wang H, McDonald M. (2012). Roles for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and PPARγ coactivators 1α and β in regulating response of white and brown adipocytes to hypoxia. J Bio Chem, 287:18351–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qatanani M, Lazar M. (2007). Mechanisms of obesity-associated insulin resistance: Many choices on the menu. Genes Develop, 21:1443–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajala W, Scherer E. (2003). Minireview: The adipocyte – At the crossroads of energy homeostasis, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Endocrinology, 144:3765–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rausch E, Weisberg S, Vardhana P, Tortoriello V. (2008). Obesity in C57BL/6J mice is characterized by adipose tissue hypoxia and cytotoxic T-cell infiltration. Inter J Obesity, 32:451–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regazzetti C, Peraldi P, Grémeaux T, et al. (2009). Hypoxia decreases insulin signaling pathways in adipocytes. Diabetes, 58:95–103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riboulet-Chavey A, Pierron A, Durand I, et al. (2006). Methylglyoxal impairs the insulin signaling pathways independently of the formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Diabetes, 55:1289–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigues T, Paulo M, Santos-Silva D, et al. (2013). Reduction of methylglyoxal-induced glycation by pyridoxamine improves adipose tissue microvascular lesions. J Diab Res, 2013:1–9
   Google Scholar
• Rodrigues T, Matafome P, Seiça R. (in press). Methylglyoxal further impairs adipose tissue metabolism after partial decrease of blood supply. Arch Physiol Biochem
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutkowski M, Davis E, Scherer E. (2009). Mechanisms of obesity and related pathologies: The macro- and microcirculation of adipose tissue. FEBS J, 276:5738–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scalia R. (2013). The microcirculation in adipose tissue inflammation. Rev Endo Metab Disorders, 14:69–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segawa K, Fukuhara A, Hosogai N, et al. (2006). Visfatin in adipocytes is upregulated by hypoxia through HIF1alpha-dependent mechanism. Biochem Biophys Research Comm, 349:875–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semenza L. (2004). Hydroxylation of HIF-1: Oxygen sensing at the molecular level. Physiology, 19:176–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sena C, Matafome P, Crisóstomo J, et al. (2012). Methylglyoxal promotes oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Pharm Res (Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society), 65:497–506
   Google Scholar
• Spencer M, Unal R, Zhu B, et al. (2011). Adipose tissue extracellular matrix and vascular abnormalities in obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrin Metab, 96:1990–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steckelings M, Rompe F, Kaschina E, et al. (2010). The past, present and future of angiotensin II type 2 receptor stimulation. J Renin-Angio-Aldo Syst (JRAAS), 11:67–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steckelings M, Rompe F, Kaschina E, Unger T. (2009). The evolving story of the RAAS in hypertension, diabetes and CV disease: Moving from macrovascular to microvascular targets. Fund Clinical Pharm, 23:693–703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suganami T, Ogawa Y. (2010). Adipose tissue macrophages: their role in adipose tissue remodeling. J Leukocyte Biol, 88:33–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun K, Wernstedt I, Kusminski M, et al. (2012). Dichotomous effects of VEGF-A on adipose tissue dysfunction. Proc National Acad Sci USA, 109:5874–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tam J, Duda G, Perentes Y, et al. (2009). Blockade of VEGFR2 and not VEGFR1 can limit diet-induced fat tissue expansion: Role of local versus bone marrow-derived endothelial cells. PloS One, 4:e4974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilg H, Moschen R. (2006). Adipocytokines: mediators linking adipose tissue, inflammation and immunity. Nature Rev Immunology, 6:772–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobin L, Simonsen L, Bülow J. (2010). Real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasound determination of microvascular blood volume in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue in man. Evidence for adipose tissue capillary recruitment. Clin Physiol Func Imag, 30:447–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomono Y, Iwai M, Inaba S, et al. (2008). Blockade of AT1 receptor improves adipocyte differentiation in atherosclerotic and diabetic models. Am J Hyper, 21:206–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trayhurn P, Wang B, Wood S. (2008a). Hypoxia in adipose tissue: a basis for the dysregulation of tissue function in obesity? Brit J Nutrition, 100:227–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trayhurn P, Wang B, Wood S. (2008b). Hypoxia and the endocrine and signalling role of white adipose tissue. Arch Physiol Biochem, 114:267–76
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Treins C, Giorgetti-Peraldi S, Murdaca J, et al. (2002). Insulin stimulates hypoxia-inducible factor 1 through a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/target of rapamycin-dependent signaling pathway. J Bio Chem, 277:27975–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuchiya K, Yoshimoto T, Hirono Y, et al. (2006). Angiotensin II induces monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression via a nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent pathway in rat preadipocytes. Am J Physiol Endocrin Metab, 291:E771–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uden V, Kenneth S, Rocha S. (2008). Regulation of hypoxia inducible factor-1α by NF-kB. Biochem J, 412:477–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueki K, Kondo T. (2004). Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS-1) and SOCS-3 cause insulin resistance through inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate proteins. Mol Cell Biol, 24:5434–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vázquez-Vela M, Torres N, Tovar R. (2008). White adipose tissue as endocrine organ and its role in obesity. Arch Med Res, 39:715–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villela N, Kramer-Aguiar L. (2009). Metabolic disturbances linked to obesity: The role of impaired tissue perfusion. Arquivos brasileiros de endocrinologia e metabolismo, 53:238–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vona-Davis L, Rose P. (2009). Angiogenesis, adipokines and breast cancer. Cyto Growth Factor Rev, 20:193–201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang B, Wood S, Trayhurn P. (2007). Dysregulation of the expression and secretion of inflammation-related adipokines by hypoxia in human adipocytes. Pflügers Archiv: Euro J Physiol, 455:479–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weir R. (2007). Targeting mechanisms of hypertensive vascular disease with dual calcium channel and renin-angiotensin system blockade. J Human Hyper, 21:770–79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellen K, Hotamisligil G. (2003). Obesity-induced inflammatory changes in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest, 112:1785–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellen K, Hotamisligil G. (2005). Inflammation, stress, and diabetes. J Clin Invest, 115:1111–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weyer C, Foley E, Bogardus C, et al. (2000). Enlarged subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte size, but not obesity itself, predicts type II diabetes independent of insulin resistance. Diabetologia, 43:1498–506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood S, De Heredia F, Wang B, Trayhurn P. (2009). Cellular hypoxia and adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity. Proc Nutrition Soc, 68:370–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2000). Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. WHO Tech Rep Series, 894:1–253
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamakawa M, Liu X, Date T, et al. (2003). Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 mediates activation of cultured vascular endothelial cells by inducing multiple angiogenic factors. Circ Res, 93:664–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye J. (2008). Emerging role of adipose tissue hypoxia in obesity and insulin resistance. Int J Obesity, 33:22–25
   Google Scholar
• Ye J. (2009). Emerging role of adipose tissue hypoxia in obesity and insulin resistance. Int J Obesity, 33:54–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye J, Gao Z, Yin J, He Q. (2007). Hypoxia is a potential risk factor for chronic inflammation and adiponectin reduction in adipose tissue of ob/ob and dietary obese mice. Am J Physiol Endocrin Metab, 293:1118–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarember K, Malech L. (2005). HIF-1α: A master regulator of innate host defenses? J Clin Invest, 115:2003–5
   Google Scholar
• Zhang H, Zhang C. (2009). Regulation of microvascular function by adipose tissue in obesity and type 2 diabetes: Evidence of an adipose-vascular loop. Am J Biomed Sci, 1:1–13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang X, Lam K, Ye H, et al. (2011). Adipose tissue-specific inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α induces obesity and glucose intolerance by impeding energy expenditure in mice. Am Soc Biochem Molec Biol, 285:32869–77
   Google Scholar