References
- Baba S, Osakabe N, Yasuda A, Natsume M, Takizawa T, Nakamura T, Terao J. 2000. Bioavailability of (-)-epicatechin upon intake of chocolate and cocoa in human volunteers. Free Radic Res. 33: 635–641. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Day AJ, Canada FJ, Diaz JC, Kroon PA, Mclauchlan R, Faulds CB, Plumb GW, Morgan MA, Williamson G. 2000. Dietary flavonoid and isoflavone glycosides are hydrolysed by the lactase site of lactase phlorizin hydrolase. FEBS Lett. 468: 166–170. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Day AJ, Mellon F, Barron D, Sarrazin G, Morgan MR, Williamson G. 2001. Human metabolism of dietary flavonoids: Identification of plasma metabolites of quercetin. Free Radic Res. 35: 941–952. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Déprez S, Mila I, Huneau J-F, Tomé D, Scalbert A. 2001. Transport of proanthocyanidin dimer, trimer and polymer across monolayers of human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. Antiox Redox Signal. 3: 957–967. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- de Vries JHM, Hollman PCH, Meyboom S, Buysman MNCP, Zock PL, van Staveren WA, Katan MB. 1998. Plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of the antioxidant flavonols quercetin and kaempferol as biomarkers for dietary intake. Am J Clin Nutr. 68: 60–65. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- de Vries JHM, Hollman PCH, van Amelsfoort I, Olthof MR, Katan MB. 2001. Red wine is a poor source of bioavailable flavonols. J Nutr. 131: 745–748. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Doerge DR, Chang HC, Churchwell MI, Holder CL. 2000. Analysis of soy isoflavone conjugation in vitro and in human blood using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Drug Metab Dispos. 28: 298–307. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Donovan JL, Bell JR, Kasim KS, German JB, Walzem RL, Hansen RJ, Waterhouse AL. 1999. Catechin is present as metabolites in human plasma after consumption of red wine. J Nutr. 129: 1662–1668. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Donovan JL, Kasim KS, German JB, Waterhouse AL. 2002. Urinary excretion of catechin metabolites by human subjects after red wine consumption. Br J Nutr. 87: 31–37. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Felgines C, Talavéra S, Gonthier M-P, Texier O, Scalbert A, Lamaison J-L, Rémésy C. 2003. Strawberry anthocyanins are recovered in urine as glucuro- and sulfoconjugates in humans. J Nutr. 133: 1296–1301. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Gonthier M-P. 2003. Contribution à l'étude de la biodisponibilité des polyphénols végétaux chez l'homme et chez le rat: évaluation de l'importance des métabolites microbiens, Clermont-Ferrand, Université d'Auvergne, Blaise Pascal. 2003
- Graefe EU, Wittig J, Mueller S, Riethling AK, Uehleke B, Drewelow B, Pforte H, Jacobasch G, Derendorf H, Veit M. 2001. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of quercetin glycosides in humans. J Clin Pharmacol. 41: 492–499. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Griffiths LA, Barrow A. 1972. Metabolism of flavonoid compounds in germ-free rats. Biochem J. 130: 1161–1162. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Hackett AM. 1986. The metabolism of flavonoid compounds in mammals. Cody V, Middleton E, Harborne J. Plant Flavonoids in Biology and Medicine Biochemical, Pharmacological, Structure-Activity Relationships. New York, Alan R. Liss. 177–194
- Harborne JB, Baxter H. 1999; The Handbook of Natural Flavonoids. Chichester, John Wiley & Sons
- Hattori M, Shu YZ, El-Sedawy AI, Namba T, Kobashi K, Tomimori T. 1988. Metabolism of homoorientin by human intestinal bacteria. J Nat Prod. 51: 874–878. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Hertog MGL, Hollman PCH, Katan MB, Kromhout D. 1993. Intake of potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids and their determinants in adults in The Netherlands. Nutr Cancer. 20: 21–29. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Hollman PCH. 2001. Evidence for health benefits of plant phenols: Local or systemic effects?. J Sci Food Agr. 81: 842–852. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Hollman PCH, de Vries JHM, van Leeuwen SD, Mengelers MJB, Katan MB. 1995. Absorption of dietary quercetin glycosides and quercetin in healthy ileostomy volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr. 62: 1276–1282. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Hollman PCH, van Trijp JMP, Buysman MNCP, van der Gaag MS, Mengelers MJB, de Vries JHM, Katan MB. 1997. Relative bioavailability of the antioxidant quercetin from various foods in man. FEBS Lett. 418: 152–156. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Hollman PCH, Katan MB. 1998. Absorption, metabolism, and bioavailability of flavonoids. Rice-Evans C, Packer L. Flavonoids in Health & Disease. New York, Marcel Dekker. 483–522
- Hollman PCH, Buijsman MNCP, van Gameren Y, Cnossen PJ, de Vries JHM, Katan MB. 1999. The sugar moiety is a major determinant of the absorption of dietary flavonoid glycosides in man. Free Radic Res. 31: 569–573. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Hollman PCH, van het Hof KH, Tijburg LBM, Katan MB. 2001. Addition of milk does not affect the absorption of flavonols from tea in man. Free Radic Res. 34: 297–300. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Holt RR, Lazarus SA, Sulards MC. 2002. Procyanidin dimer B2 [epicatechin-(4 beta-8)-epicatechin] in human plasma after the consumption of a flavanol-rich cocoa. Am J Clin Nutr. 76: 798–804. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Izumi T, Piskula MK, Osawa S, Obata A, Tobe K, Saito M, Kataoka S, Kubota Y, Kikuchi M. 2000. Soy isoflavone aglycones are absorbed faster and in higher amounts than their glucosides in humans. J Nutr. 130: 1695–1699. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Kühnau J. 1976. The flavonoids. A class of semi-essential food components: Their role in human nutrition. World Rev Nutr Diet. 24: 117–191
- Lapidot T, Harel S, Granit R, Kanner J. 1998. Bioavailability of red wine anthocyanins as detected in human urine. J Agric Food Chem. 46: 4297–4302. [CROSSREF]
- Lee M-J, Wang Z-Y, Li H, Chen L, Sun Y, Gobbo S, Balentine DA, Yang CS. 1995. Analysis of plasma and urinary tea polyphenols in human subjects. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 4: 393–399. [CSA]
- Lee M-J, Maliakal P, Chen L, Meng X, Bondoc FY, Prabhu S, Lambert G, Mohr S, Yang CS. 2002. Pharmacokinetics of tea catechins after ingestion of green tea and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate by humans: Formation of different metabolites and individual variability. Cancer Epidem Biomarker Prev. 11: 1025–1032. [CSA]
- Manach C, Morand C, Crespy V, Demigné C, Texier O, Régérat F, Rémésy C. 1998. Quercetin is recovered in human plasma as conjugated derivatives which retain antioxidant properties. FEBS Lett. 426: 331–336. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Manach C, Morand C, Gil-Izquierdo A, Bouteloup-Demange C, Rémésy C. 2003. Bioavailability in humans of the flavanones hesperidin and narirutin after the ingestion of two doses of orange juice. Eur J Clin Nutr. 57: 235–242. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Matsumoto H, Inaba H, Kishi M, Tominaga S, Hirayama M, Tsuda T. 2001. Orally administered delphinidin 3-rutinoside and cyanidin 3-rutinoside are directly absorbed in rats and humans and appear in the blood as the intact forms. J Agric Food Chem. 49: 1546–1551. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Németh K, Plumb GW, Berrin J-G, et al, 2003. Deglycosylation by small intestinal epithelial cell-glucosidases is a critical step in the absorption and metabolism of dietary flavonoid glycosides in humans. Eur J Nutr. 42: 29–42. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Ness AR, Powles JW. 1997. Fruit and vegetables, and cardiovascular disease: A review. Int J Epidemiol. 26: 1–13. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Ness AR, Egger M, Powles JW. 1999. Fruit and vegetables, and ischaemic heart disease: Systematic review or misleading meta-analysis? [letter]. Eur J Clin Nutr. 53: 900–902. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Nijveldt RJ, van Nood E, van Hoorn DE, Boelens PG, van Norren K, van Leeuwen PA. 2001. Flavonoids: A review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications. Am J Clin Nutr. 74: 418–425. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Olthof MR, Hollman PCH, Vree TB, Katan MB. 2000. Bioavailabilities of quercetin-3-glucoside and quercetin-4′-glucoside do not differ in humans. J Nutr. 130: 1200–1203. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Olthof MR, Hollman PCH, Buijsman MNCP, van Amelsfoort JM, Katan MB. 2003. Chlorogenic acid, quercetin-3-rutinoside, and black tea phenols are extensively metabolized in humans. J Nutr. 133: 1806–1814. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Parr AJ, Bolwell GP. 2000. Phenols in the plant and in man. The potential for possible nutritional enhancement of the diet by modifying the phemols content or profile. J Sci Food Agric. 80: 985–1012. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Rechner AR, Kuhnle G, Bremner P, Hubbard GP, Moore KP, Rice-Evans CA. 2002. The metabolic fate of dietary polyphenols in humans. Free Radic Biol Med. 33: 220–235. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Research WCRF/AICR. 1997. Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. Washington, DC, American Institute for Cancer Research
- Richelle M, Tavazzi I, Enslen M, Offord EA. 1999. Plasma kinetics in man of epicatechin from black chocolate. Eur J Clin Nutr. 53: 22–26. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Rios LY, Bennett RN, Lazarus SA, Rémésy C, Scalbert A, Williamson G. 2002. Cocoa procyanidins are stable during gastric transit in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 76: 1106–1110. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Scheline RR. 1973. Metabolism of foreign compounds by gastrointestinal microorganisms. Pharmacol Rev. 25: 451–523. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Sesink ALA, O'Leary KA, Hollman PCH. 2001. Quercetin glucuronides but not glucosides are present in human plasma after consumption of quercetin-3-glucoside or quercetin-4′-glucoside. J Nutr. 131: 1938–1941. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Sesink ALA, Arts ICW, Faassen-Peters M, Hollman PCH. 2003. Intestinal uptake of quercetin-3-glucoside in rats involves hydrolysis by lactase phlorizin hydrolase. J Nutr. 133: 773–776. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Setchell KD, Brown NM, Desai P, Zimmer-Nechemias L, Wolfe BE, Brashear WT, Kirschner AS, Cassidy A, Heubi JE. 2001; Bioavailability of pure isoflavones in healthy humans and analysis of commercial soy isoflavone supplements, J Nutr. 131: 1362S–1375S
- Setchell KD, Faughnan MS, Avades T, Zimmer-Nechemias L, Brown NM, Wolfe BE, Brashear WT, Desai P, Oldfield MF, Botting NP, Cassidy A. 2003. Comparing the pharmacokinetics of daidzein and genistein with the use of 13C-labeled tracers in premenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 77: 411–419. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Shelnutt SR, Cimino CO, Wiggins PA, Ronis MJ, Badger TM. 2002. Pharmacokinetics of the glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of genistein and daidzein in men and women after consumption of a soy beverage. Am J Clin Nutr. 76: 588–594. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Shimoi K, Okada H, Furugori M, Goda T, Takase S, Suzuki M, Hara Y, Yamamoto H, Kinae N. 1998. Intestinal absorption of luteolin and luteolin 7-O-beta-glucoside in rats and humans. FEBS Lett. 438: 220–224. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Spencer JE, Chaudry F, Pannala AS, Srai SK, Debnam E, Rice EC. 2000. Decomposition of cocoa procyanidins in the gastric milieu. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 272: 236–241. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Stahl W, van den Berg H, Arthur J, et al, 2002. Bioavailability and metabolism. Mol Aspects Med. 23: 39–100. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Steinberg FM, Holt RR, Schmitz HH, Keen CL. 2002. Cocoa procyanidin chain length does not determine ability to protect LDL from oxidation when momomer units are controlled. J Nutr Biochem. 13: 645–652. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Unno T, Kondo K, Itakura H, Takeo T. 1996. Analysis of (−)-epigallocatechin gallate in human serum obtained after ingesting green tea. Biosci Biotech Biochem. 60: 2066–2068. [CSA]
- van het Hof KH, Kivits GAA, Westrate JA, Tijburg LBM. 1998. Bioavailability of catechins from tea: The effect of milk. Eur J Clin Nutr. 52: 356–359. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Warden BA, Smith LS, Beecher GR, Balentine D, Clevidence BA. 2001. Catechins are bioavailable in men and women drinking black tea throughout the day. J Nutr. 131: 1731–1737. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Wittig J, Herderich M, Graefe EU, Veit M. 2001. Identification of quercetin glucuronides in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Cromatogr B. 753: 237–243
- Wu X, Cao G, Prior RL. 2002. Absorption and metabolism of anthocyanins in elderly women after consumption of elderberry or blueberry. J Nutr. 132: 1865–1871. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Xu X, Wang H-J, Murphy PA, Cook L, Hendrich S. 1994. Daidzein is a more biavailable soymilk isoflavone than is genistein in adult women. J Nutr. 124: 825–832. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Zhang Y, Hendrich S, Murphy PA. 2003. Glucuronides are the main isoflavone metabolites in women. J Nutr. 133: 399–404. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]