Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Myocardial Oxygenation

References

• Adappa M G., Jacobson L B., Hetzer R, Hill J D., Kamm B, Kerth W J. Cold hyperkalemic cardiac arrest versus intermittent aortic cross-clamping and topical hypothermia for coronary bypass surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978; 75: 171–178
   Google Scholar
• Alto L E., Dhalla N S. Myocardial cation contents during induction of calcium paradox. Am J Physiol 1979; 237: H713–H719
   Google Scholar
• Apstein C S., Gravino F, Hood W B., Jr. Limitations of lactate production as an index of myocardial ischemia. Circulation 1979; 60: 877–888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archie J P., Kirklin J W. Effect of hypothermic perfusion of myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary resistance. Surg Forum 1973; 24: 186–188
   Google Scholar
• Archie J P., Jr. Myocardial oxygen transport in dogs after hypothermic ischemic cardiac arrest. J Surg Res 1978; 24: 556–562
   Google Scholar
• Badeer H S. Influence of cooling the heart on reactive hyperemia of the coronary bed in the heart-lung preparation. Circ Res 1965; 16: 19–25
   Google Scholar
• Badeer H S. Effect of hypothermia on the contractile »capacity» of the myocardium. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1967; 53: 651–656
   Google Scholar
• Bahnson H T., Spencer F C., Busse E FG, Davis F W. Cusp replacement and coronary artery perfusion in open operations on the aortic valve. Ann Surg 1960; 152: 494–505
   Google Scholar
• Baird R J., Labrosse C J., Lajos T Z., Thomas G W. Effects of a selective bypass of the left ventricle. Circulation 1963; 27: 835–840
   Google Scholar
• Baird R J., Dutka F, O'Kumori M, de la Rocha A, Goldbach M M., Hill T J., MacGregor D C. Surgical aspects of regional myocardial blood flow and myocardial pressure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1975; 69: 17–29
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barlett R H., Gazzaniga A B. Physiology and pathophysiology of extracorporeal circulation. Current Techniques in Extracorporeal Circulation, M I. Ionescu, G H. Wooler. Butterworths, London 1976; 1–44
   Google Scholar
• Barnard R J., Buckberg G D., Manganaro A J. Ventricular volume a major determinant of minimum subendocardial vascular resistance. Circulation 1978; 57(58)87, Suppl II
   Google Scholar
• Barner H B., Standeven J W., Jellinek M, Menz L J., Hahn J W. Topical cardiac hypothermia for myocardial preservation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1977; 73: 856–867
   Google Scholar
• Barner H B., Laks H, Codd J E., Standeven J W., Jellinek M, Kaiser G C., Menz L J., Tyras D, Pennington D G., Hahn J W., Willman V L. Cold blood as the vehicle for potassium cardioplegia. Ann Thorac Surg 1979; 28: 509–521
   Google Scholar
• Barratt-Boyes B G., Harris E A., Kenyon A M., Lindop C A., Seelye E R. Coronary perfusion and myocardial metabolism during open-heart surgery in man. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1976; 72: 133–141
   Google Scholar
• Baur H R., Steele B W., Preimesberger K F., Gobel F L. Serum myocardial creatine kinase (CK-MB) after coronary arterial bypass surgery. Am J Cardiol 1979; 44: 679–686
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Behrendt D M., Jochim K E. Effect of temperature of cardioplegic solution. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978; 76: 353–357
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bercot M, Deloche A, Piwnica A, Carpentier A, Dubost Ch. Selective cardiac hypothermia versus coronary perfusion. A study of ischaemic complications in two series of 100 consecutive valvular patients. J Cardiovasc Surg 1974; 16: 232–240
   Google Scholar
• Bing R J., Fenton J C. Cardiac metabolism. Annu Rev Med 1965; 16: 1–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bixler T J., Gardner T J., Flaherty J T., Goldman R A., Gott V L. Beneficial effects of alkalctic reperfusion following ischemic cardiac arrest. J Surg Res 1978; 24: 488–494
   Google Scholar
• Bixler T J., Flaherty J T., Gardner T J., Bulkley B H., Schaff H V., Gott V L. Effects of calcium administration during post-ischemic reperfusion on myocardial contractility, stiffness, edema, and ultrastructure. Circulation 1978; 58: 184–193, Suppl I
   Google Scholar
• Bixler T, Magee P, Gardner T, Flaherty J, Gott V. Reversal of subendocardial ischemia by pulsatile perfusion in hypertrophied ventricles. Circulation 1978; 57(58)97, Suppl I
   Google Scholar
• Black P R., van Devanter S, Cohn L H. Effects of hypothermia on systemic and organ system metabolism and function. J Surg Res 1976; 20: 49–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleese N, Döring V, Kalmar P, Pokar H, Polonius M-J, Steiner D, Rodewald G. Intraoperative myocardial protection by cardioplegia in hypothermia. Clinical findings. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978; 75: 405–413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bomfim V, Kaijser L, Olin C. Myocardial protection during aortic valve replacement. Physiological and metabolic effects of selective coronary perfusion on the fibrilating heart. Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978; 12: 207–212
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bomfim V, Kaijser L, Bendz R, Sylvén C, Olin C. Myocardial protection during aortic valve replacement. Cardiac metabolism and enzyme release following hypothermic cardioplegia. Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1980; 14: 43–49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordiuk J M., McKenna P J., Giannelli S, Jr, Ayres S M. Alterations in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and O2 hemoglobin affinity in patients undergoing open heart surgery. Circulation 1971; 43(44)141–146, Suppl I
   Google Scholar
• Braimbridge M V., Chayen J, Bitensky L, Hearse D J., Jynge P, Cankovic-Darracott S. Cold cardioplegia or continuous coronary perfusion? Report on preliminary clinical experience as assessed cytochemically. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1977; 74: 900–906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brantigan J W., Perna A M., Gardner T J., Gott V L. Intramyocardial gas tensions in the canine heart during anoxic cardiac arrest. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1972; 134: 67–72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brazier J, Cooper N, Buckberg G. The adequacy of subendocardial oxygen delivery. The interaction of determinants of flow, arterial oxygen content and myocardial oxygen need. Circulation 1974; 49: 968–977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brazier J, Hottenrott C, Buckberg G. Noncoronary collateral myocardial blood flow. Ann Thorac Surg 1975; 19: 426–435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brazier J, Cooper N, McConnel D H., Buckberg G D. Studies of the effects of hypothermia on regional myocardial blood flow and metabolism during cardiopulmonary bypass. III. Effects of temperature, time and perfusion pressure in fibrillating hearts. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1977; 73: 102–109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bregman D, Bailin M, Bowman F O., Parodi E N., Haubert S M., Edie R N., Spotnitz H M., Reemtsma K, Malm J R. A pulsatile assist device (PAD) for use during cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 1977; 24: 574–581
   Google Scholar
• Bretschneider J H., Hubner G, Knoll D, Lohr B, Nordbeck H, Spieckerrmann P G. Myocardial resistance and tolerance to ischemia. Physiological and biochemical basis. J Cardiovasc Surg 1975; 16: 241–260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brody W R., Reitz B A., Andrews M J., Roberts W C., Michaelis L L. Long-term morphologic and hemodynamic evaluation of the left ventricle after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1975; 70: 1073–1087
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown A H., Braimbridge M V., Niles N R., Gerbode F, Aguilar M J. The effect of excessively high perfusion pressures on the histology, histochemistry, birefringence, and function of the myocardium. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1969; 58: 655–663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckberg G D., Towers B, Paglia D E., Mulder D G., Maloney J V. Subendocardial ischemia after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1972; 64: 669–684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckberg G D., Olinger G N., Mulder D G. Depressed postoperative cardiac performance: Prevention by adequate myocardial protection during cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1975; 70: 974–988
   Google Scholar
• Buckberg G D. Left ventricular subendocardial necrosis. Collective review. Ann Thorac Surg 1977; 24: 379–393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckberg G D., Brazier J R., Nelson R L., Goldstein S M., McConnell D H., Cooper N. Studies of the effects of hypothermia on regional myocardial blood flow and metabolism during cardiopulmonary bypass. I. The adequately perfused beating, fibrillating, and arrested heart. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1977; 73: 87–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckberg G D. A proposed »solution» to the cardioplegic controversy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1979; 77: 803–815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buja L M., Levitsky S, Ferrans V J., Souther S G., Roberts W C., Morrow A G. Acute and chronic effects of normothermic anoxia on canine hearts. Circulation 1971; 43(44)44–50, Suppl I
   Google Scholar
• Butler M J., Britton B J., Wood W G., Mainwaring-Burton R, Irving M H. Plasma catecholamine concentrations during operation. Br J Surg 1977; 64: 786–790
   Google Scholar
• Carlens P. Central haemodynamics in the immediate postoperative period after aortic valve replacement. Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1977; 11: 187–193
   Google Scholar
• Carlsten A, Hallgren B, Jagenburg R, Svanborg A, Werkö L. Myocardial metabolism of glucose, lactic acid, amino acids and fatty acids in healthy human individuals at rest and at different work loads. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1961; 13: 418–428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmeliet E, Vereecke J. Electrogenesis of the action potential and automaticity. Handbook of Physiology, Section, R M. Berne, N Sperelakis, S R. Geiger. The Heart, American Physiological Society, Bethesda, Maryland 1979; 2: 269–344, The Cardiovascular System, Volume I
   Google Scholar
• Cerra F B., Lajos T Z., Montes M, Siegel J H. Quantitative assessment of late fibrosis after reversible myocardial anoxia. J Surg Res 1975; 18: 185–195
   Google Scholar
• Chitwood W R., Jr, Hill R C., Sink J D., Sabiston D C., Jr, Wechsler A S. Assessment of ventricular diastolic properties and systolic function in man by sonomicrometry. Surg Forum 1979; 30: 266–268
   Google Scholar
• Chitwood W R., Sink J D., Hill R C., Wechsler A S., Sabiston D C. The effect of hypothermia on myocardial oxygen consumption and transmural coronary blood flow in the potassium-arrested heart. Ann Surg 1979; 190: 106–116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu R CJ, Blundell P E., Scott H J., Cain S. The importance of monitoring intramyocardial temperature during hypothermic myocardial protection. Ann Thorac Surg 1979; 28: 317–322
   Google Scholar
• Ciardullo R C., Schaff H V., Flaherty J T., Gott V L. Myocardial ischemia during cardiopulmonary bypass. The hazards of ventricular fibrillation in the presence of a critical coronary stenosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1977; 73: 746–757
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ciardullo R C., Schaff H V., Flaherty J T., Donahoo J S., Gott V L. Comparison of regional myocardial blood flow and metabolism distal to a critical coronary stenosis in the fibrillating heart during alternate periods of pulsatile and nonpulsatile perfusion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978; 75: 193–205
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clark R E., Christlieb I Y., Henry P D., Fisher A E., Nora J D., Williamson J R., Sobel B E. Nifepidine: a myocardial protective agent. Am J Cardiol 1979; 44: 825–831
   Google Scholar
• Coffman J D., Gregg D E. Oxygen metabolism and oxygen debt repayment after myocardial ischemia. Am J Physiol 1961; 201: 881–887
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohn L H., Collins J J., Jr. Local cardiac hypothermia for myocardial protection. Ann Thorac Surg 1974; 17: 135–140
   Google Scholar
• Conti V R., Bertranou E G., Blackstone E H., Kirklin J W., Digerness S B. Cold cardioplegia versus hypothermia for myocardial protection. Randomized clinical study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978; 76: 577–589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook D A. A practical and theoretical appraisal of the significance of P50 and 2.3-diphosphoglycerate determinations in the routine chemical pathology department. Med Lab Sci 1976; 33: 287–297
   Google Scholar
• Craver J M., Sams A B., Hatcher C R., Jr. Potassium-induced cardioplegia. Additive protection against ischemic myocardial injury during coronary revascularization. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978; 76: 24–27
   Google Scholar
• Cukingnan R A., Carey J S. Normothermic coronary perfusion during aortic valve replacement. Ann Thorac Surg 1978; 25: 215–219
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham J N., Jr, Abbas J S., Adams P X., Nathan I, Klugman I, Spencer F S. Constant-pressure aortic root perfusion versus cardioplegia and hypothermia. Comparison of methods of myocardial protection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1979; 77: 496–503
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham J S., Adams P X., Knopp E A., Baumann F G., Snively S L., Gross R I., Nathan I M., Spencer F C. Preservation of ATP, ultrastructure, and ventricular function after aortic cross-clamping and reperfusion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1979; 78: 708–720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danjort W H., Naegle S, Bing R J. Effect of ischemia and reoxygenation on glycolytic reactions and adenosinetriphosphate in heart muscle. Circ Res 1960; 8: 965–971
   Google Scholar
• Delva E, Maillé J-G, Solymoss B C., Chabot M, Grondin C M., Bourassa M G. Evaluation of myocardial damage during coronary artery grafting with serial determinations of serum CPK-MB isoenzyme. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978; 75: 467–475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis R C., Hechtman H B., Berger R L., Vito L, Weisel R D., Valeri C R. Transfusion of 2,3-DPG-enriched red blood cells to improve cardiac function. Ann Thorac Surg 1978; 26: 17–26
   Google Scholar
• Dijkhuizen P, Buursma A, Fongers T ME, Gerding A M., Oeseburg B, Zijlstra W G. The oxygen binding capacity of human hemoglobin. Pflügers Archiv 1977; 369: 223–231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domenech R J. Regional diastolic coronary blood flow during diastolic ventricular hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 1978; 12: 639–645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Döring V, Baumgarten H G., Bleese N, Kalmar H, Pokar H, Gercken G. Metabolism and structure of the magnesiumaspartate-procaine arrested ischaemic heart of rabbit and man. Basic Res Cardiol 1976; 71: 119–132
   Google Scholar
• Edie R N., Haubert S M., Malm J R. The use of haemodilution and non-haemic prime for cardiopulmonary bypass. Current Techniques of Extracorporeal Circulation, M I. Ionescu, G H. Wooler. Butterworths, London 1976; 117–138
   Google Scholar
• Edoute Y, Kotzé J CN, Lochner A. Oxidative phosphorylation rate: an index for evaluation of mitochondrial function in myocardial ischemia. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1979; 11: 831–833
   Google Scholar
• Eisele J H., Smith N T. Cardiovascular effects of 40 per cent nitrous oxide in man. Anesth Analg (Cleve) 1972; 51: 956–962
   Google Scholar
• Elert O, Otterman U. Cardioplegic hemoglobin perfusion: A method of providing optimal myocardial protection. Thorac Cardiovasc Surgeon 1979; 27: 245–247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis R J., Pryor W, Ebert P A. Advantages of potassium cardioplegia and perfusion hypothermia in left ventricular hypertrophy. Ann Thorac Surg 1977; 24: 299–306
   Google Scholar
• Ellis R J., Mangano D T., Van Dyke D C. Relationship of wedge pressure to end-diastolic volume in patients undergoing myocardial revascularization. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1979; 78: 605–613
   Google Scholar
• Engelman R M., Adler S, Gouge T H., Chandra R, Boyd A D., Baumann F G. The effect of normothermic anoxic arrest and ventricular fibrillation on the coronary flow distribution of the pig. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1975; 69: 858–869
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Engelman R M., Spencer F C., Boyd A D., Chandra R. The significance of coronary arterial stenosis during cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1975; 70: 869–879
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Engelman R M., Levitsky S, Wyndham C R. Optimal conditions for reperfusion during cardiopalmonary bypass. Circulation 1977; 56(Suppl II)148–156
   Google Scholar
• Engelman R M., Auvil J, O'Donoghue M J., Levitsky S. The significance of multidose cardioplegia and hypothermia in myocardial preservation during ischemic arrest. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978; 75: 555–563
   Google Scholar
• Engelman R M., Rousou J H., Longo F, Auvil J, Vertrees R A. The time course of myocardial high-energy phosphate degradation during potassium cardioplegic arrest. Surgery 1979; 86: 138–147
   Google Scholar
• Engelman R M., Rousou J H., O'Donoghue M J., Longo F, Dobbs W A. A comparison of intermittent and continuous arrest for prolonged hypothermic cardioplegia. Ann Thorac Surg 1980; 29: 217–223
   Google Scholar
• Enright L P., Staroscik R N., Reis R L. Left ventricular function after occlusion of the ascending aorta. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1970; 60: 737–745
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fey K, Follette D, Livesay J, Nelson R, Bugyi H, DeLand E, Buckberg G D. Effects of membrane stabilization on the safety of hypothermic arrest after aortic cross-clamping. Circulation 1977; 56(Suppl II)143–147
   Google Scholar
• Flameng W, Borgers M, Daenen W, Stalpaert G. Ultrastructural and cytochemical correlates of myocardial protection by cardiac hypothermia in man. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1980; 79: 413–424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foglia R P., Steed D L., Follette D M., DeLand E, Buckberg G D. Iatrogenic myocardial edema with potassium cardioplecia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1979; 78: 217–222
   Google Scholar
• Follette D, Fey K, Livesay J, Nelson R L., Maloney J V., Buckberg G D. The beneficial effects of citrate reperfusion of ischemic heart on cardiopulmonary bypass. Surg Forum 1976; 27: 244–246
   Google Scholar
• Follette D, Fey K, Livesay J, Maloney J V., Jr, Buckberg G D. Studies on myocardial reperfusion injury. I. Favorable modification by adjusting reperfusate pH. Surgery 1977; 82: 149–155
   Google Scholar
• Follette D, Fey K, Mulder D, Maloney J V., Jr, Buckberg G D. Prolonged safe aortic clamping by combining membrane stabilization, multidose cardioplegia, and appropriate pH reperfusion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1977; 74: 682–694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folletre D M., Mulder D G., Maloney J V., Buckberg G D. Advantages of blood cardioplegia over continuous coronary perfusion or intermittent ischemia. Experimental and clinical study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978; 76: 604–619
   Google Scholar
• Gamble W J., LaFarge C G., Fyler D C., Weisul J, Monroe R G. Regional coronary venous oxygen saturation and myocardial oxygen tension following abrupt changes in ventricular pressure in the isolated dog heart. Circ Res 1974; 34: 672–681
   Google Scholar
• Geha A S., Baue A E. Graded coronary stenosis and coronary flow during acute normovolemic anemia. World J Surg 1978; 2: 645–652
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gharagozloo F, Bulkley B H., Hutchins G M., Bixler T J., II, Schaff H V., Flaherty J T., Gardner T J. Potasium-induced cardioplegia during normothermic cardiac arrest. Morphologic study of the effect of varying concentrations of potassium on myocardial anoxic injury. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1979; 77: 602–607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillette P C., Pinsky W W., Lewis R M., Bornet E P., Wood J M., Entman M L., Schwartz A. Myocardial depression after elective ischemic arrest. Subcellular biochemistry and prevention. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1979; 77: 608–618
   Google Scholar
• Glantz S A., Parmley W W. Factors which affect the diastolic pressure-volume curve. Circ Res 1978; 42: 171–180
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldschlager N, Gerbode F, Osborn J J., Cohn K E. Patterns of myocardial oxygen and lactate extraction in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Am Heart J 1972; 83: 167–178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein S M., Nelson R L., McConnell D H., Buckberg G D. Cardiac arrest after aortic cross-clamping: Effects of conventional vs pharmacologic arrest on myocardial supply demand balance. Surg Forum 1975; 26: 271–273
   Google Scholar
• Graham B, Wilkinson P L., Moyers J R., Hamilton W K., Chatterjee K M., Ports T A., Ullyot D J. Intraoperative changes in hemoglobin oxygen affinity in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass. Anesthesiology 1979; 51: 93, Suppl
   Google Scholar
• Gray R J., Harris W S., Shah P K., Miyamoto T M., Matloff J M., Swan H JC. Coronary sinus blood flow and sampling for detection of unrecognized myocardial ischemia and injury. Circulation 1977; 56(Suppl II)58–61
   Google Scholar
• Gregg D E., Fischer L C. Distribution of myocardial blood flow. Handbook of Physiology, Section 2, Circulation, Vol. II, W F. Hamilton, P Dow. American Physiological Society, Washington, D.C. 1963; 1530–1533
   Google Scholar
• Gregory I C. The oxygen and carbon monoxide capacities of foetal and adult blood. J Physiol (Lond) 1974; 236: 625–634
   Google Scholar
• Griepp R B., Stinson E B., Shumway N E. Profound local hypothermia for myocardial protection during open-heart surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1973; 66: 731–741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griggs D M., Jr, Tchokoev V V., DeClue J W. Effect of beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation on regional myocardial metabolism: Importance of coronary vessel patency. Am Heart J 1971; 82: 492–502
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guy C R., Eliot R S. The pathophysiologic vulnerability of the subendocardium of the left ventricle. Adv Cardiol 1973; 9: 42–52
   Google Scholar
• Habal S M., Weiss M B., Spotnitz H M., Parodi E M., Wolff M, Cannon P J., Hoffman B F., Malm J R. Effects of pulsatile and nonpulsatile coronary perfusion on performance of the canine left ventricle. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1976; 72: 742–755
   Google Scholar
• Hagl S, Heimisch W, Meisner H, Erben R, Baum M, Mendler N. The effect of hemodilution on regional myocardial function in the presence of coronary stenosis. Basic Res Cardiol 1977; 72: 344–364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris E A., Parimelazhagan K N., Seelye E R., Barratt-Boyes B G. Optimization of coronary perfusion rate during cardiac surgery in man. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1979; 77: 662–668
   Google Scholar
• Havia T, Niinikoski J. Intramyocardial gas tensions in the canine heart. Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1977; 11: 89–96
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hearse D J., Stewart D A., Braimbridge M V. Hypothermic arrest and potassium arrest: metabolic and myocardial protection during elective cardiac arrest. Circ Res 1975; 36: 481–489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hearse D J., Stewart D A., Braimbridge M V. Myocardial protection during bypass and arrest. A possible hazard with lactate-containing infusates. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1976; 72: 880–884
   Google Scholar
• Hearse D J., Stewart D A., Braimbridge M V. Myocardial protection during ischemic cardiac arrest. The importance of magnesium in cardioplegic infusates. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978; 75: 877–885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hearse D J., Stewart D A., Braimbridge M V. Myocardial protection during ischemic cardiac arrest. Possible deleterious effects of glucose and mannitol in coronary infusates. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978; 76: 16–23
   Google Scholar
• Hearse D J. Oxygen deprivation and early myocardial contractile failure: A reassessment of the possible role of adenosine triphosphate. Am J Cardiol 1979; 44: 1115–1121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hefner L L., Coghlan H C., Jones W B., Reeves T J. Distensibility of the dog left ventricle. Am J Physiol 1961; 201: 97–101
   Google Scholar
• Hempelmann G, Piepenbrock S, Frerk Chr, Schleussner E. Beeinflussung von Herz-Kreislaufparametern durch Calcium-Glukonat und Calcium-Chlorid. Anaesthesist 1978; 27: 516–522
   Google Scholar
• Hewitt R L., Lolley D M., Adrouny G A., Drapanas T. Protective effect of glycogen and glucose on the anoxic arrested heart. Surgery 1974; 75: 1–10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heydorn W H., Moores W Y., Mack J, Dembitsky W. The importance of hyperkalemia in a cold perfusion solution: a correlative study examining myocardial function, metabolism, tissue gases and substrates. Ann Thorac Surg 1979; 28: 281–289
   Google Scholar
• Hill A V. The possible effects of the aggregation of the molecules of hemoglobin on its oxygen dissociation curve. J Physiol (Lond) 1910; 40: iv–vii
   Google Scholar
• Hill R C., Chitwood W R., Jr, Kleinman L H., Wechsler A S. Compressive forces of fibrillation in normal hearts during maximal coronary dilation by adenosine. Surg Forum 1977; 28: 257–259
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirvonen J, Huttunen P, Nuutinen L, Pekkarinen A. Catecholamines and free fatty acids in plasma of patients undergoing cardiac operations with hypothermia and bypass. J Clin Pathol 1978; 31: 949–955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoel B L. Some aspects of the clinical use of thermodilution in measuring cardiac output. With particular reference to the Swan-Ganz thermodilution catheter. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1978; 38: 383–388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman J IE. Determinants and prediction of transmural myocardial perfusion. Circulation 1978; 58: 381–391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman J IE, Buckberg G D. The myocardial supply: demand ratio- a critical review. Am J Cardiol 1978; 41: 327–332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffstein S, Weissman G, Fox A C. Lysosomes in myocardial infarction: studies by means of cytochemistry and subcellular fractionation, with observations on the effects of methylprednisolone. Circulation 1976; 53(Suppl I)34–40
   Google Scholar
• Hohorst H J. Lactate. Methods on Enzymatic Analysis, 1st edition, H U. Bergmayer. Verlag Chemie Weinheim. 1962; 622
   Google Scholar
• Holland C E., Jr, Olson R E. Prevention by hypothermia of paradoxical calcium necrosis in cardiac muscle. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1975; 7: 917–928
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hottenrott C E., Towers B, Kurkji H J., Moloney J V., Buckberg G D. The hazard of ventricular fibrillation in hypertrophied ventricles during cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1973; 66: 742–753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hottenrott C, Maloney J V., Jr, Buckberg G D. Studies of the effects of ventricular fibrillation on the adequacy of regional myocardial flow. I. Electrical vs. spontaneous fibrillation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1974; 68: 615–625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hottenrott C, Buckberg G D. Studies of the effects of ventricular fibrillation on the adequacy of regional myocardial flow. II. Effects of ventricular distention. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1974; 68: 626–633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hottenrott C, Maloney J V., Buckberg G. Studies of the effects of ventricular fibrillation on the adequacy of regional myocardial flow. III. Mechanisms of ischemia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1974; 68: 634–645
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hottenrott C, Nelson R L., McConnell D H., Goldstein S M., Buckberg G D. Effect of mannitol on coronary flow in ventricles made ischemic by fibrillation or arrest during bypass. Surg Forum 1975; 26: 266–268
   Google Scholar
• Hultgren H N., Miyagawa M, Buch W, Angell W W. Ischemic myocardial injury during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Am Heart J 1973; 85: 167–176
   Google Scholar
• Isom O W., Kutin N D., Falk E A., Spencer F C. Patterns of myocardial metabolism during cardiopulmonary bypass and coronary perfusion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1973; 66: 705–721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isselhard W. Experimental ischemia: total ischemia of the heart (metabolic recovery from total anaerobiosis). Brain and Heart Infarct, K J. Zulch, et al. Springer, Berlin 1977; 125–136
   Google Scholar
• James T N. Anatomy of the coronary arteries and veins. The Heart, J W. Hurst, P. B. Logue. McGraw-Hill, New York 1970; 32–47
   Google Scholar
• Jan K-M, Chier S. Effect of hematocrit variations on coronary hemodynamics and oxygen utilization. Am J Physiol 1977; 233: H106–H113
   Google Scholar
• Jennings R B., Kaltenbach J P., Sommers H M. Mitochondrial metabolism in ischemic injury. Arch Pathol 1967; 84: 15–19
   Google Scholar
• Jennings R B., Ganote C E. Mitochondrial structure and function in acute myocardial ischemic injury. Circ Res 1976; 38(Suppl I)80–91
   Google Scholar
• Jennings R B., Hawkins H K., Lowe J E., Hill M L., Klotman S, Reimer K A. Relation between high-energy phosphate and lethal injury in myocardial ischemia in the dog. Am J Pathol 1978; 92: 187–214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jynge P, Hearse D J., Braimbridge M V. Myocardial protection during ischemic cardiac arrest. A possible hazard with calcium-free cardioplegic infusates. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1977; 73: 848–855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahles H, Gebhard M M., Mezger V A., Nordbeck H, Preusse C J., Spieckermann P G. The role of ATP and lactic acid for mitochondrial function during myocardial ischemia. Basic Res Cardiol 1979; 74: 611–620
   Google Scholar
• Kairaluoma M I., Saarela E, Tuononen S, Pokela R, Kärkölä P, Nuutinen L, Larmi T KI. Myocardial reactive hyperemia caused by initial myocardial anoxia during aortic valve replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978; 75: 716–721
   Google Scholar
• van Kampen E J., Zijlstra W G. Standardization of hemoglobinometry. II. The hemoglobinecyanide method. Clin Chim Acta 1961; 6: 538–544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane J J., Murphy M L., Bissett J K., de Soyza N, Doherty J E., Straub K D. Mitochondrial function, oxygen extraction, epicardial S-T segment changes and tritiated digoxin distribution after reperfusion of ischemic myocardium. Am J Cardiol 1975; 36: 218–224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz A M. Cardiac action potential. Physiology of the Heart, A M. Katz. Raven Press, New York 1977; 229–256
   Google Scholar
• Katz A M. Ionic and pharmacological actions on cardiac rate and rhythm. Physiology of the Heart, A M. Katz. Raven Press, New York 1977; 355–379
   Google Scholar
• Katz A M. The ischemic heart. Physiology of the Heart, A M. Katz. Raven Press, New York 1977; 419–433
   Google Scholar
• Katz A M. Valvular heart disease. Physiology of the Heart, A M. Katz. Raven Press, New York 1977; 381–396
   Google Scholar
• Katz A M., Reuter H. Cellular calcium and cardiac cell death. Am J Cardiol 1979; 44: 188–190
   Google Scholar
• Kaufmann R, Fleckenstein A. Die Bedeutung der Aktionspotential-Dauer und der Ca++ -Ionen beim Zustandekommen der positiv-inotropen Kältewirkungen am Warrbluter-Myokard. Pflügers Archiv 1965; 285: 1–18
   Google Scholar
• Kay H R., Levine F H., Fallon J T., Grotte G J., Butchan E G., Rao S, McEnany M T., Austen W G., Bucklsy M J. Effect of cross-clamp time, temperature, and cardioplegic agents on myocardial function after induced arrest. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978; 76: 590–603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay H R., Butchart E, Sbokos C, Eldridge R, Austen W G., McEnany M T. Correlation between ischemic metabolism and postischemic cardiac function. J Surg Res 1978; 24: 193–200
   Google Scholar
• Kelman G R., Nunn J F. Nomograms for correction of blood PO2, PCO2, pH and base excess for time and temperature. J Appl Physiol 1966; 21: 1484–1490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khuri S F., Brawley R K., O'Riordan J B., Donahoo J S., Pitt B, Gott V L. The effect or cardiopulmonary bypass perfusion pressure on myocardial gas tensions in the presence of coronary stenosis. Ann Thorac Surg 1975; 20: 661–670
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• King E G. Influence of mechanical ventilation and pulmonary disease on pulmonary artery pressure monitoring. Can Med Ass J 1979; 121: 901–904
   Google Scholar
• Kirklin J W., Conti V R., Blackstone E H. Prevention of myocardial damage during cardiac operations. N Engl J Med 1979; 301: 135–141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsch U, Rodewald G, Kalmar P. Induced ischemic arrest: clinical experience with cardioplegia in open-heart surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1972; 63: 121–130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kivisoari J. Oxygen and tissue repair. Academical thesis, Turku 1975; 1–30
   Google Scholar
• Kjekshus J K. Mechanisms for flow distribution in normal and ischemic myocardium during increased preload in dogs. Circ Res 1973; 33: 489–499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinman L H., Wechsler A S. Pressure-flow characteristics of the coronary collateral circulation during cardiopulmonary bypass: effects of ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 1978; 58: 233–239
   Google Scholar
• Kleinman L H., Yarbrough J W., Symmonds J B., Wechsler A S. Pressure-flow characteristics of the coronary collateral circulation during cardiopulmonary bypass: effects of hemodilution. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978; 75: 17–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klingen G. Circulatory adaptation after aortic valve replacement. A clinical study preoperatively and in the early postoperative period. Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978; 12: 213–220
   Google Scholar
• Kloner R A., Ganote C E., Whalen D A., Jennings R B. Effect of transient period of ischemia on myocardial cells: II. Fine structure during the first few minutes of reflow. Am J Pathol 1974; 74: 399–413
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kones R J. Metabolism of the acutely ischemic and hypoxic heart. Crit Care Med 1973; 1: 321–330
   Google Scholar
• Koster J K., Cohn L H., Collins J J., Jr, Sanders J H., Muller J E., Young E. Continuous hypothermic arrest versus intermittent ischemia for myocardial protection during coronary revascularization. Ann Thorac Surg 1977; 24: 330–336
   Google Scholar
• Krian A, Bircks W, Schulte H D. Zur Aussagekraft postoperativer Serum-Enzym-Bestimmungen nach kardiochirurgischen Eingriffen. Thoraxchirurgie 1978; 26: 325–330
   Google Scholar
• Kruty F, Gvozdják A, Bada V, Niederlander T R., Gvozdják J, Kaplán M. The effect of glucagon on the heart muscle: relation between metabolic processes and contractility. Biochem Pharmacol 1978; 27: 2153–2155
   Google Scholar
• Kübler W, Katz A M. Mechanism of early »pump» failure of the ischemic heart: possible role of adenosine triphosphate depletion and inorganic phosphate accumulation. Am J Cardiol 1977; 40: 467–471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kübler W, Spieckermann P G. Regulation of glycolysis in the ischemic and the anoxic myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1970; 1: 350–377
   Google Scholar
• Kugler G. Myocardial release of inosine, hypoxanthine and lactate during pacing-induced angina in humans with coronary artery disease. Eur J Cardiol 1979; 9: 227–240
   Google Scholar
• Laks H, Standeven J, Blair O, Hahn J, Jellinek M, Willman V L. The effects of cardiopulmonary bypass with crystalloid and colloid hemodilution on myocardial extravascular water. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1977; 73: 129–138
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laks H, Barrier H B., Standeven J W., Hahn J W., Jellinek M, Menz L J. Myocardial protection by intermittent reperfusion with cardioplegic solution versus intermittent coronary perfusion with cold blood. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978; 76: 158–172
   Google Scholar
• Langer G A. The structure and function of the myocardial cell surface. Am J Physiol 1978; 235: H461–H468
   Google Scholar
• Langou R A., Wiles J C., Peduzzi P N., Hammond G L., Cohen L S. Incidence and mortality of perioperative myocardial infarction in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Circulation 1977; 56(Suppl II)54–58
   Google Scholar
• Lappas D G., Buckley M J., Laver M B., Daggett W M., Lowenstein E. Left ventricular performance and pulmonary circulation following addition of nitrous oxide to morphine during coronary-artery surgery. Anesthesiology 1975; 43: 61–69
   Google Scholar
• Lazar H L., Foglia R P., Manganaro A J., Buckberg G D. Detrimental effects of premature use of inotropic drugs to discontinue cardiopulmonary bypass. Surg Forum 1978; 29: 276–278
   Google Scholar
• Lazar H L., Buckberg G D., Manganaro A J., Foglia R P., Becker H, Mulder D G., Maloney J V. Reversal of ischemic damage with secondary blood cardioplegia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1979; 78: 688–697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lell W A., Walker D R., Blackstone E H., Kouchoukos N T., Allarde R. Evaluation of myocardial damage in patients undergoing coronary-artery bypass procedures with halothane-N2O-anesthesia and adjuvants. Anest Analg 1977; 56: 556–563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitsky S, Feinberg H. Biochemical changes of ischemia. Ann Thorac Surg 1975; 20: 21–29
   Google Scholar
• Litwak R S., Jurado R A., Lukban S B., Mitchell B A., Kahn M, Berger S, Estioko M R., Alcdort L. Perfusion without donor blood. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1972; 64: 714–728
   Google Scholar
• Lowry O H., Passonneau J V., Hasselberger F X., Schulz D W. Effect of ischemia on known substrates and co-factors of the glycolytic pathway in brain. J Biol Chem 1964; 239: 18–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas S K., Magee P G., Flaherty J T., Gott V L., Gardner T J. Additive myocardial protection during ischemic arrest with propranolol and potassium cardioplegia. Surg Forum 1979; 30: 257–259
   Google Scholar
• Maddour G, Pappas G, Jenkins M, Battock D, Trow R, Smith S C., Jr, Steele P. Effect of pulsatile and non-pulsatile flow during cardiopulmonary bypass on left ventricular ejection fraction early after aortocoronary bypass surgery. Am J Cardiol 1976; 37: 1000–1006
   Google Scholar
• Maloney J V., Jr, Nelson R L. Myocardial preservation during cardiopulmonary bypass: an overview. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1975; 70: 1040–1050
   Google Scholar
• Mangiardi J L., Aiken J E., Behrer A, Fochr J E. Coronary blood flow during moderate and profound hypothermia. J Cardiovasc Surg 1965; 6: 349–355
   Google Scholar
• Maroko P R., Braunwald E. Effects of metabolic and pharmacologic interventions on myocardial infarct size following coronary occlusion. Circulation 1976; 53(Suppl I)162–168
   Google Scholar
• Maunuksela E-L. Hemodynamic response to different anesthetics during open-heart surgery. Acta Anaesth Scand, Suppl 1977; 65: 1–71
   Google Scholar
• Mavroudis C. To pulse or not to pulse. Ann Thorac Surg 1978; 25: 259–271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mavroudis C, Ebert P A. Hemodilution causes decreased compliance in puppies. Circulation 1978; 58(Suppl I)155–159
   Google Scholar
• McCallister L P., Munger P L., Tyers G FO, Hughes H C. The effect of different methods of protecting the myocardium on lysosomal activation and acid phosphatase activity in the dog heart after one hour of cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1975; 69: 644–663
   Google Scholar
• McConn R. The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve in healt and disease. Surg Clin North Am 1975; 55: 627–658
   Google Scholar
• McConnell D H., Brazier J R., Cooper N, Buckberg G D. Studies of the effects of hypothermia on regional myocardial blood flow and metabolism during cardiopulmonary bypass. II. Ischemia during moderate hypothermia in continually perfused beating hearts. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1977; 73: 95–101
   Google Scholar
• Meretoja O A., Loaksonen V O. Hemodynamic effects of preload and sodium nitroprusside in patients subjected to coronary bypass surgery. Circulation 1978; 58: 815–825
   Google Scholar
• Misbach G A., Glantz S A. Changes in the diastolic pressure-diameter relation alter ventricular function curves. Am J Physiol 1979; 237: H644–H648
   Google Scholar
• Miyamoto A TM, Robinson L, Matloff J M., Norman J R. Perioperative infarction: effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on collateral circulation in an acute canine model. Circulation 1978; 58(Suppl I)147–155
   Google Scholar
• Moffitt E A., Rosevear J W., McGoon D G. Myocardial metabolism during hypothermic coronary perfusion in man. Acta Anaesth Scand, Suppl 1966; 23: 696–703
   Google Scholar
• Moffitt E A., Rosevear J W., Towsend C H., McGoon D C. Myocardial metabolism in patients having aortic valve replacement. Anesthesiology 1969; 31: 310–320
   Google Scholar
• Monroe R G., Strange R H., LaFarge C G., Levy J. Ventricular performance, pressure-volume relationship, and O2 consumption during hypothermia. Am J Physiol 1964; 206: 67–73
   Google Scholar
• Moodie D S., Feldt R H., Kaye M P., Strelow D A., van der Hagen L J. Measurement of cardiac output by thermodilution: development of accurate measurements at flows applicable to the pediatric patient. J Surg Res 1978; 25: 305–311
   Google Scholar
• Moore C H., Gordon F T., Allums J A., Reeves T J., Lombardo T A., Barclay G W., Brady A B., Sweet R L. Diagnosis of perioperative myocardial infarction after coronary artery bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 1977; 24: 323–329
   Google Scholar
• Moores W Y., Hannon J P., Crum J D., Willford D S. Continuous and pulsatile extracorporeal coronary perfusion in the beating and fibrilating swine myocardium: effects on left ventricular function. Surg Forum 1977; 28: 262–264
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morgan A, Anderson W, Bevilacqua R, Cohn L, Moore F D., Collins J J., Jr. Effects of computer-controlled transfusion on recovery from cardiac surgery. Ann Surg 1973; 178: 391–398
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mueller H S., Evans R, Ayres S M. Effect of dopamine on hemodynamics and myocardial metabolism in shock following acute myocardial infarction in man. Circulation 1978; 57: 361–365
   Google Scholar
• Nagaoka H, Katori M. Inhibition of kinin formation by a kallikrein inhibitor during extracorporeal circulation in open-heart surgery. Circulation 1975; 52: 325–332
   Google Scholar
• Nayler W G., Fassold E, Yepez C. Pharmacological protection of mitochondrial function in hypoxic heart muscle: effect of verapamil, propranolol, and methylprednisolone. Cardiovasc Res 1978; 12: 152–161
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nayler W G., Yepez C E., Fassold E, Ferrari R. Prolonged protective effect of propranolol in hypoxic heart muscle. Am J Cardiol 1978; 42: 217–225
   Google Scholar
• Neely J R., Rovetto M J., Whitmer J T. Rate-limiting steps of carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism in ischemic hearts. Acta Med Scand, Suppl 1976; 587: 9–15
   Google Scholar
• Neill W A., Kremkau E L. Criteria for detecing ischemic myocardial hypoxia from lactate and pyruvate data during atrial pacing in humans. J Lab Clin Med 1974; 83: 428–435
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neill W A., Oxendine J, Phelps N, Anderson R P. Subendocardial ischemia provoked by tachycardia in conscious dogs with coronary stenosis. Am J Cardiol 1975; 35: 30–36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nelson R, Fey K, Follette D M., Livesay J J., DeLand E C., Maloney J V., Jr, Buckberg G D. Intermittent infusion of cardioplegic solution during aortic cross-clamping. Surg Forum 1976; 27: 241–243
   Google Scholar
• Nelson R L., Goldstein S M., McConnell D H., Maloney J V., Jr, Buckberg G D. Improved myocardial performance after aortic cross-clamping by combining pharmacologic arrest with topical hypothermia. Circulation 1976; 54(Suppl III)11–16
   Google Scholar
• Nelson R L., Goldstein S M., McConnell D H., Maloney J V., Jr, Buckberg G D. Studies of the effects of hypothermia on regional myocardial blood flow and metabolism during cardiopulmonary bypass. V. Profound topical hypothermia during ischemia in arrested hearts. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1977; 73: 201–207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niinikoski J, Hunt T K. Oxygen tension in human wounds. Surgery 1972; 71: 22–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noonan D C., Burnett R W. Quality-control system for blood pH and gas measurements, with use of a tonometered bicarbonate-chloride solution and duplicate samples of whole blood. Clin Chem 1974; 20: 660–665
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nyström S-O. Circulatory adaptation after aortic valve replacement. A clinical study in the early postoperative period with special reference to treatment with chlorpromazine. Scan J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, Suppl 1973; 11: 1–53
   Google Scholar
• Ochsner J L. Adequacy of myocardial protection. Ann Thorac Surg 1979; 28: 305–306
   Google Scholar
• O'Connor F, Castillo-Olivares J L., Romero G, Equeras M G., Juffe A, Gosalvez M, Fiquera D. Anoxic cardiac arrest: its effect on myocardial mitochondrial metabolism. J Cardiovasc Surg 1975; 16: 493–499
   Google Scholar
• Oliver I T. A spectrophotometric method for the determination of creatine phosphokinase and myokinase. Biochem J 1955; 61: 116–122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver M F. Metabolism of the normal and ischaemic myocardium. Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine, C J. Dickinson, J Marks. MTP Press, Lancaster, England 1978; 145–164
   Google Scholar
• Olsson R A. Myocardial reactive hyperemia. Circ Res 1975; 37: 263–270
   Google Scholar
• Opie L H. Effects of regional ischemia on metabolism of glucose and fatty acids. Relative rates of aerobic and anaerobic energy production during myocardial infarction and comparison with effects of anoxia. Circ Res 1976; 38(Suppl I)52–74
   Google Scholar
• Pace N L. A critique of flow-directed pulmonary arterial catheterization. Anesthesiology 1977; 47: 455–465
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pogátsa G, Dubecz E, Gábor Gy. Effects of enhanced coronary flow during cardiopulmonary bypass: development of myocardial edema. Basic Res Cardiol 1978; 73: 551–558
   Google Scholar
• Powell W J., DiBona D R., Flores J, Frega R, Leaf A. Effects of hyperosmotic mannitol in reducing ischemic cell swelling and minimizing myocardial necrosis. Circulation 1976; 53(Suppl I)45–49
   Google Scholar
• Race D, Stirling G R., Morris K N. Induced ventricular fibrillation in open-heart surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1964; 47: 271–282
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rahimtoola S H., Loeb H S., Ehsani A, Sinno M Z., Chuquimia R, Lal R, Rosen K M., Gunnar R M. Relationship of pulmonary artery to left ventricular diastolic pressures in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1972; 46: 283–290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao K S., Schultz R W., Feinberg H, Levitsky S. Metabolic evidence that regional hypothermia induced by cold saline protects the heart during ischemic arrest. J Surg Res 1976; 20: 421–425
   Google Scholar
• Rayford C R., Khouri E M., Lewis F B., Gregg D E. Evaluation of use of left coronary artery inflow and O2 content of coronary sinus blood as a measure of left ventricular metabolism. J Appl Physiol 1959; 14: 817–822
   Google Scholar
• Reibel D K., Rovetto M J. Myocardial adenosine salvage rates and restoration of ATP content following ischemia. Am J Physiol 1979; 237: H247–H252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reis R L., Cohn L H., Morrow A G. Effect of induced ventricular fibrillation on ventricular performance and cardiac metabolism. Circulation 1969; 35(36)234–243, Suppl I
   Google Scholar
• Remensnyder J P., Austen W G. Diastolic pressure-volume relationships of the left ventricle during hypothermia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1965; 49: 339–351
   Google Scholar
• von Restorff W, Höfling B, Holtz J, Bassenge W. Effect of incresed blood fluidity through hemodilution on coronary circulation at rest and during excercise in dogs. Pflügers Archiv 1975; 357: 15–24
   Google Scholar
• Rich T L., Brady A J. Potassium contracture and utilization of high-energy phosphates in rabbit heart. Am J Physiol 1974; 226: 105–113
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie J M., Cohen P J. Cocaine; procaine and other synthetic local anesthetics. The Pharmacological Basis of the Therapeutics, Fifth edition, L S. Goodman, A Gillman. Macmillan Publishing, New York 1975; 379–403
   Google Scholar
• Robb-Nicholson C, Currie W D., Wechsler A S. Effects of verapamil on myocardial tolerance to ischemic arrest. Comparison to potassium arrest. Circulation 1978; 58(Suppl I)119–124
   Google Scholar
• Roberts A J., Abel R M., Alonso D R., Subramanian V A., Paul J S., Gay W A., Jr. Advantages of hypothermic potassium cardioplegia and superiority of continuous versus intermittent aortic cross-clamping. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1980; 79: 44–58
   Google Scholar
• Roberts R, Sobel B E. Elevated plasma MB creatine phosphokinase activity. A specific marker for myocardial infarction in perioperative patients. Arch Intern Med 1976; 136: 421–424
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robicsek F, Tam W, Daugherty H K., Mullen D C. Myocardial protection during open-heart surgery coronary perfusion versus topical cardiac hypothermia. Ann Thorac Surg 1970; 10: 340–353
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roe B B., Hutchinson J C., Fishman N H., Ullyot D J., Smith D L. Myocardial protection with cold, ischemic, potassium-induced cardioplegia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1977; 73: 366–371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld F L., Hearse D J., Cankovic-Darracott S, Braimbridge M V. The additive protective effects of hypothermia and chemical cardioplegia during ischemic cardiac arrest in the dog. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1980; 79: 29–38
   Google Scholar
• Rossing R G., Cain S M. A nomogram relating pO2, pH, temperature and hemoglobin saturation in the dog. J Appl Physiol 1966; 21: 195–201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruigrok T JC, Burgerdsdijk J A., Zimmerman A NE. The calcium paradox. A reaffirmation. Eur J Cardiol 1975; 3: 59–63
   Google Scholar
• Sapsford R N., Blackstone E H., Kirklin J W., Karp R B., Kouchoukos N T., Pacifico A D., Roe C R., Bradley E L. Coronary perfusion versus cold ischemic arrest during aortic valve surgery. Circulation 1974; 49: 1190–1199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarin C L., Nickel W O. Hemodynamics of coronary circulation during ventricular fibrillation. Surgery 1974; 75: 442–446
   Google Scholar
• Schachner A, Schimert G, Lajos T Z., Lee A B., Jr, Montes M, Schaefer P, Vladutiu A, Chaudhry A, Siegel J H. Comparison of myocardial preservation techniques for aortocoronary bypass surgery. J Surg Res 1977; 22: 242–263
   Google Scholar
• Schaff H V., Ciardullo R C., Flaherty J T., Gott V L. Development of regional myocardial ischemia distal to a critical coronary stenosis during cardiopulmonary bypass: comparison of the fibrillating vs. the beating nonworking states. Surgery 1978; 83: 57–66
   Google Scholar
• Schaper W, Palmowski J. Coronary auto-regulation during postischemic reperfusion. Arzneim Forsch 1975; 25: 1675–1676
   Google Scholar
• Schaper J, Schwarz M DF, Flameng W, Hehrlein F. Tolerance to ischemia of hypertrophied human hearts during valve replacement. Basic Res Cardiol 1978; 73: 171–187
   Google Scholar
• Schaper J, Mulch J, Winkler B, Schaper W. Ultrastructural, functional, and biochemical criteria for estimation of reversibility of ischemic injury: a study on the effects of global ischemia on the isolated dog heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1979; 11: 521–541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schraut W, Lamberti J J., Kampman K, Anagnostopoulos C, Reploge R, Glagov S. Does local cardiac hypothermia during cardiopulmonary bypass protect the myocardium from long-term morphological and functional injury?. Ann Thorac Surg 1977; 24: 315–322
   Google Scholar
• Seabra-Gomes R, Sutton R, Parker J. Left ventricular function after aortic valve replacement. Br Heart J 1974; 36: 403
   Google Scholar
• Senning A. Ventricular fibrillation during extracorporeal circulation. Used as a method to prevent air embolism and to facilitate intracardiac operations. Acta Chir Scand, Suppl 1952; 171: 1–79
   Google Scholar
• Severinghaus J W. Blood gas calculator. J Appl Physiol 1966; 21: 1108–1116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shea T M., Watson R M., Piotrowski S F., Dermksian G, Case R B. Anaerobic myocardial metabolism. Am J Physiol 1962; 203: 463–469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shine K I., Douglas A M., Rau E E. Improved mechanical recovery of ischemic myocardium with amino acids. Circulation 1978; 58(Suppl II)98
   Google Scholar
• Shine K I. Myocardial effects of magnesium. Am J Physiol 1979; 237: H413–H423
   Google Scholar
• Smith H J., Kent K M., Epstein S E. Contractile damage from reperfusion after transient ischemia in the dog. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978; 75: 452–457
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sokol D M., Mundth E D., Austen W G. Optimal levels of coronary perfusion pressure during cardiopulmonary bypass. Surg Forum 1969; 20: 173–175
   Google Scholar
• Søndergaard T, Senn A. Klinische Erfahrungen in der Kardioplegie nach Bretschneider. Langenbecks Arch Klin Chir 1967; 319: 661–665
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Standeven J W., Jellinek M, Menz L J., Hahn J W., Barner H B. Cold-blood potassium cardioplegia. Evaluation of glutathione and postischemic cardioplegia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1979; 78: 893–907
   Google Scholar
• Steed D L., Follette D M., Foglia R, Maloney J V., Buckberg G D. Effects of pulsatile assistance and nonpulsatile flow on subendocardial perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 1978; 26: 133–141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner D, Bleese N, Döring V, Riesner K. Ödemprophylaxe bei kardioplegischer Koronarperfusion. Thoraxchirurgie 1977; 25: 235–239
   Google Scholar
• Sterns L P., Bonnebeau R C., Lillehei C W. Coronary resistance changes with hypothermic perfusion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1966; 51: 579–584
   Google Scholar
• Stiles Q R., Hughes R K., Lindesmith G G. The effectiveness of topical cardiac hypothermia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1977; 73: 176–180
   Google Scholar
• Stoelting R K., Gibbs P S., Creasser C W., Peterson C. Hemodynamic and ventilatory responses to fentanyl, fentanyl-droperidol, and nitrous oxide in patients with acquired valvular heart disease. Anesthesiology 1975; 42: 319–324
   Google Scholar
• Stoney R J., Zanger L CC, Roe B B. Myocardial metabolism and ventricular function before and after induced ventricular fibrillation. Surgery 1962; 52: 37–46
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stott D K., Marpole D GF, Bristow J D., Kloster F E., Griswold H E. The role of left atrial transport in aortic and mitral stenosis. Circulation 1970; 41: 1031–1041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straver B-E. Myocardial oxygen consumption in chronic heart disease: role of wall stress, hypertrophy and coronary reserve. Am J Cardiol 1979; 44: 730–740
   Google Scholar
• Ström S, Mogensen L, Bendz R. Serum CK-MB kinetics in acute myocardial infarction and after coronary bypass operations. Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1979; 13: 61–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunamori M, Harrison C E. Myocardial respiration and edema following hypothermic cardioplegia and anoxic arrest. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1979; 78: 208–216
   Google Scholar
• Sunder-Plassman L, Kreuzer E, Salzman E, Klinner W. Beeinflussung der myokardialen Kontraktilität durch Dopamin in der unmittelbaren »Postbypass»-Phase. Med Welt 1975; 26: 559–563
   Google Scholar
• Taber R E., Morales A R., Fine G. Myocardial necrosis and the postoperative low-cardiac-output syndrome. Ann Thorac Surg 1967; 4: 12–28
   Google Scholar
• Takamoto S, Levine F H., LaRaia P J., Adzik N S., Fallon J T., Austen W G., Buckley M J. Comparison of single-dose and multiple-dose crystalloid and blood potassium cardioplegia during prolonged hypothermic aortic occlusion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1980; 79: 19–28
   Google Scholar
• Tarhan S, White R S., Raimundo H S. Anesthetic considerations for aortocoronary bypass surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 1979; 27: 376–389
   Google Scholar
• Taylor K M., Morton I J., Brown J J., Bain W H., Caves P K. Hypertension and the reninangiotensin system following open-heart surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1977; 74: 840–845
   Google Scholar
• Templeton G H., Wildenthal K, Willerson J T., Reardon W C. Influence of temperature on mechanical properties of cardiac muscle. Circ Res 1974; 34: 624–634
   Google Scholar
• Trenouth R S., Phelps N S., Neill W A. Determinants of left ventricular hypertrophy and oxygen supply in chronic aortic valve disease. Circulation 1976; 53: 644–650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tydén H. Haemodynamics in aorto-coronary bypass surgery. 1979; 325: 1–19, A clinical study with special reference to the effects of neuroleptanaesthesia and to the cause of postoperative vasoconstriction and its treatment with sodium nitroprusside Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Abstracts of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine
   Google Scholar
• Tyers G FO, Hughes H C., Todd G J., Williams D R., Andrews E J., Prophet G A., Waldhausen J A. Protection from ischemic cardiac arrest by coronary perfusion with cold Ringer's lactate solution. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1974; 67: 411–418
   Google Scholar
• Tyers G FO, Todd G J., Niebauer I M., Manley N J., Waldhausen J A. The mechanism of myocardial damage following potassium citrate (Melrose) cardioplegia. Surgery 1975; 78: 45–53
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tyers G FO, Williams E H., Hughes H C., Todd G J. Effect of perfusate temperature on myocardial protection from ischemia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1977; 73: 706–771
   Google Scholar
• Tyers G FO, Manley N J., Williams E H., Schaffer C W., Williams D R., Kurus M. Preliminary clinical experience with isotonic hypothermic potassium-induced arrest. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1977; 74: 374–681
   Google Scholar
• Utley J R., Michalsky G B., Mobin-Uddin K, Bryant L R. Subendocardial vascular distortion at small ventricular volumes. J Surg Res 1974; 17: 114–124
   Google Scholar
• Valeri C R., Zaroulis C G. Rejuvenation and freezing of outdated human stored red cells. N Engl J Med 1972; 287: 1307–1313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasco J S. Preservation of myocardial function during open-heart surgery. Am J Surg 1967; 113: 589–591
   Google Scholar
• Vinas J F., Fevel J G., Arom K V., Trinkle J K., Grover F L. Effects of systemic hypothermia on myocardial metabolism and coronary blood flow in the fibrillating heart. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1979; 77: 900–907
   Google Scholar
• Vuori A, Jalonen J, Laaksonen V. Continuous positive airway pressure during mechanical and spontaneous ventilation. Acta Anaesth Scand 1979; 23: 453–461
   Google Scholar
• Wakabayashi A, Kubo T, Gilman P H., Zuber W F., Conolly J E. Pulsatile pressure-regulated coronary perfusion during ventricular fibrillation. Arch Surg 1972; 105: 36–41
   Google Scholar
• Wakabayashi A, Mihranian M, Guilmette J E., Ito Y, Conolly J E. Functional evaluation of normothermic intermittent coronary perfusion: experimental study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978; 75: 414–418
   Google Scholar
• Walston A, II, Kendall M E. Comparison of pulmonary wedge and left atrial pressure in man. Am Heart J 1973; 86: 159–164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins W D., Moss J, Lappas D G., Levine L, Peterson M B. Vasoactive mediators and human cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesthesiology 1979; 51: 97, Suppl
   Google Scholar
• Weber K T., Janicki J S. The metabolic demand and oxygen supply of the heart: physiological and clinical considerations. Am J Cardiol 1979; 44: 722–729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisel R D., Goldman B S., Lipton I H., Teasdale S, Mickle D, Baird D J. Optimal myocardial protection. Surgery 1978; 84: 812–821
   Google Scholar
• Weisel D R., Lipton I H., Lyall R N., Baird R J. Cardiac metabolism and performance following cold potassium cardioplegia. Circulation 1978; 58(Suppl I)217–226
   Google Scholar
• Weiss H R., Neubauer J A., Lipp J A., Sinha A K. Quantitative determination of regional oxygen consumption in the dog heart. Circ Res 1978; 42: 394–401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whalen D A., Hamilton D G., Canote C E., Jennings R B. Effect of a transient period of ischemia on myocardial cells. I. Effects on cell volume regulation. Am J Pathol 1974; 74: 381–397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams J F., Jr, Morrow A G., Braunwald E. The incidence and management of »medical» complications following cardiac operations. Circulation 1965; 32: 608–619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson J R. Effects of insulin and diet on the metabolism of L(+)-lactate and glucose by the perfused rat heart. Biochem J 1962; 83: 377–383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson J R., Safer B, Rich T, Schaffer S, Kobayashi K. Effects of acidosis on myocardial contractility and metabolism. Acta Med Scand, Suppl 1976; 587: 95–111
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson P L., Moyers J R., Ports T, Chatterjee K, Ullyot D J., Hamilton W K. Rate pressure product and myocardial oxygen consumption during surgery for coronary artery bypass. Circulation 1978; 57(58)84, Suppl II
   Google Scholar
• Wittenberg J B. Myoglobin-facilitated oxygen diffusion: role of myoglobin in oxygen entry into muscle. Physiol Rev 1970; 50: 559–636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodson R D. Physiological significance of oxygen dissociation curve shifts. Crit Care Med 1979; 7: 368–373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright R N., Levitsky S, Rao K S., Holland C, Feinberg H. Potassium cardioplegia. An alternate method of intraoperative myocardial protection. Arch Surg 1978; 113: 976–980
   Google Scholar
• Wright R N., Levitsky S, Holland C, Feinberg H. Beneficial effects of potassium cardioplegia during intermittent aortic crossclamping and reperfusion. J Surg Res 1978; 24: 201–209
   Google Scholar
• Young J A., Lichtman M A., Cohen J. Reduced red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and adenosine triphosphate, hypophosphatemia, and increased hemoglobin-oxygen affinity after cardiac surgery. Circulation 1973; 47: 1313–1318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman A NE, Daems W, Hulsman W., Snijder J, Wisse R, Durrer D. Morphological changes of heart muscle caused by successive perfusion with calcium-free and calcium-containing solutions (calcium paradox). Cardiovasc Res 1967; 1: 201–209
   Google Scholar