Micronutrients, their potential effect on patients with systemic sclerosis

References

• Suarez-Almazor ME, Kallen MA, Roundtree AK, Mayes M. Disease and symptom burden in systemic sclerosis: a patient perspective. J Rheumatol. 2007;34(8):1718–26.
   Google Scholar
• Allali F, Tahiri L, Senjari A Abouqal R, Hajjaj-Hassouni N. Erosive arthropathy in systemic sclerosis. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:260.
   Google Scholar
• Gershwin ME, Borchers AT, Keen CL. Phenotypic and functional considerations in the evaluation of immunity in nutritionally compromised hosts. J Infect Dis. 2000;182(Suppl. 1):S108–14.
   Google Scholar
• Selmi C, Tsuneyama K. Nutrition, geoepidemiology, and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev. 2010;9(5):A267–70.
   Google Scholar
• Cantorna MT, Mahon BD. Mounting evidence for vitamin D as an environmental factor affecting autoimmune disease prevalence. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2004;229(11):1136–42.
   Google Scholar
• Ogawa F, Shimizu K, Muroi E, Hara T, Hasegawa M, Takehara K, Sato S. Serum levels of 8-isoprostane, a marker of oxidative stress, are elevated in patients with systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006;45(7):815–8.
   Google Scholar
• Simonini G, Pignone A, Generini S Falcini F, Cerinic MM. Emerging potentials for an antioxidant therapy as a new approach to the treatment of systemic sclerosis. Toxicology. 2000;155(1–3):1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Servettaz A, Goulvestre C, Kavian N, Nicco C, Guilpain P, Chéreau C, et al. Selective oxidation of DNA topoisomerase 1 induces systemic sclerosis in the mouse. J Immunol. 2009;182(9):5855–64.
   Google Scholar
• Campo GM, Avenoso A, Campo S, D’Ascola A, Traina P, Samà D, Calatroni A. The antioxidant effect exerted by TGF-1beta-stimulated hyaluronan production reduced NF-kB activation and apoptosis in human fibroblasts exposed to FeSo4 plus ascorbate. Mol Cell Biochem. 2008;311(1–2):167–77.
   Google Scholar
• Robertson LP, Marshall RW, Hickling P. Treatment of cutaneous calcinosis in limited systemic sclerosis with minocycline. Ann Rheum Dis.2003;62(3):267–9.
   Google Scholar
• Kawakami T, Soma Y, Mizoguchi M, Saito R. Immunohistochemical expression of transforming growth factor beta3 in calcinosis in a patient with systemic sclerosis and CREST syndrome. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143(5):1098–100.
   Google Scholar
• Xu Q, Kopp JB. Retinoid and TGF-β families: crosstalk in development, neoplasia, immunity, and tissue repair. Semin Nephrol. 2012;32(3):287–94.
   Google Scholar
• Ohta A, Uitto J. Procollagen gene expression by scleroderma fibroblasts in culture. Inhibition of collagen production and reduction of pro alpha 1(I) and pro alpha 1(III) collagen messenger RNA steady-state levels by retinoids. Arthritis Rheum. 1987;30(4):404–11.
   Google Scholar
• Bahmer FA, Zaun H. Isotretinoin therapy for progressive systemic sclerosis. Arch Dermatol. 1985;121(3):308.
   Google Scholar
• Mizutani H, Yoshida T, Nouchi N, Hamanaka H, Shimizu M. Topical tocoretinate improved hypertrophic scar, skin sclerosis in systemic sclerosis and morphea. J Dermatol. 1999;26(1):11–7.
   Google Scholar
• Ikeda T, Uede K, Hashizume H Furukawa F. The Vitamin A derivative etretinate improves skin sclerosis in patients with systemic sclerosis. J Dermatol Sci. 2004;34(1):62–6.
   Google Scholar
• LeRoy EC, Black C, Fleischmajer R, Jablonska S, Krieg T, Medsger TA Jr, et al. Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis): classification, subsets and pathogenesis. J Rheumatol. 1988;15(2):202–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Servettaz A, Agard C, Tamby MC, Guilpain P, Guillevin L, Mouthon L. Systemic sclerosis: pathophysiology of a multifaceted disease. Presse Med. 2006;35(12 Pt 2):1903–15.
   Google Scholar
• Xiao R, Yoshida N, Higashi Y, Lu QJ, Fukushige T, Kanzaki T, Kanekura T. Retinoic acids exhibit anti-fibrotic activity through the inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase expression in scleroderma fibroblasts. J Dermatol. 2011;38(4):345–53.
   Google Scholar
• Xiao R, Kanekura T, Yoshida N, Higashi Y, Yan KL, Fukushige T, Kanzaki T. 9-Cis-retinoic acid exhibits antifibrotic activity via the induction of cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production in scleroderma fibroblasts. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2008;33(4):484–90.
   Google Scholar
• Toyama T, Asano Y, Takahashi T, Aozasa N, Akamata K, Noda S, et al. Clinical significance of serum retinol binding protein-4 levels in patients with systemic sclerosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011. doi: 10.1111/j.1468–3083.2011.04413.x.
   Google Scholar
• Braun-Moscovici Y, Furst DE, Markovits D, Rozin A, Clements PJ, Nahir AM, Balbir-Gurman A. Vitamin D, Parathyroid Hormone, and Acroosteolysis in Systemic Sclerosis. J Rheumatol. 2008;35(11): 2201–5.
   Google Scholar
• Ibn Yacoub Y, Amine B, Laatiris A, Wafki F, Znat F, Hajjaj-Hassouni N. Bone density in Moroccan women with systemic scleroderma and its relationships with disease-related parameters and vitamin D status. Rheumatol Int. 2011. doi:10.1007/s00296-011-2150-1.
   Google Scholar
• Caramaschi P, Dalla Gassa A, Ruzzenente O, Volpe A, Ravagnani V, Tinazzi I, et al. Very low levels of vitamin D in systemic sclerosis patients. Clin Rheumatol. 2010;29(12):1419–25.
   Google Scholar
• Arnson Y, Amital H, Agmon-Levin N, Alon D, Sánchez-Castañón M, López-Hoyos M, et al. Serum 25-OH vitamin D concentrations are linked with various clinical aspects in patients with systemic sclerosis: A retrospective cohort study and review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev. 2011;10(8):490–4.
   Google Scholar
• Humbert P, Dupond JL, Agache P, Laurent R, Rochefort A, Drobacheff C, et al. Treatment of scleroderma with oral 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: evaluation of skin involvement using non-invasive techniques. Results of an open prospective trial. Acta Derm Venereol. 1993;73(6):449–51.
   Google Scholar
• Clemens TL, Adams JS, Horiuchi N, Gilchrest BA, Cho H, Tsuchiya Y, et al. Interaction of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 with keratinocytes and fibroblasts from skin of normal subjects and a subject with vitamin-D-dependent rickets, type II: a model for study of the mode of action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1983;56(4):824–30.
   Google Scholar
• Tsoukas CD, Provvedini DM, Manolagas SC. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: a novel immunoregulatory hormone. Science. 1984;224(4656):1438–40.
   Google Scholar
• Boelsma E, Pavel S, Ponec M. Effects of calcitriol on fibroblasts derived from skin of scleroderma patients. Dermatology. 1995;191(3): 226–33.
   Google Scholar
• Bottomley WW, Jutley J, Wood EJ Goodfield MD. The effect of calcipotriol on lesional fibroblasts from patients with active morphoea. Acta Derm Venereol. 1995;75(5):364–6.
   Google Scholar
• Hulshof MM, Bouwes Bavinck JN, Bergman W, Masclee AA, Heickendorff L, Breedveld FC, Dijkmans BA. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of oral calcitriol for the treatment of localized and systemic scleroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43(6):1017–23.
   Google Scholar
• Brun B, Serup J, Hagdrup H. Radiological changes of the hands in systemic sclerosis. Acta Derm Venereol. 1983;63(4):349–52.
   Google Scholar
• Serup J, Hagdrup HK. Parathyroid hormone and calcium metabolism in generalized scleroderma. Increased PTH level and secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with aberrant calcifications. Prophylactic treatment of calcinosis. Arch Dermatol Res. 1984; 276(2):91–5.
   Google Scholar
• Solans R, Motta C, Solá R, La Ville AE, Lima J, Simeón P, et al. Abnormalities of erythrocyte membrane fluidity, lipid composition, and lipid peroxidation in systemic sclerosis: evidence of free radical-mediated injury. Arthritis Rheum. 2000; 43(4):894–900
   Google Scholar
• Tikly M, Channa K, Theodorou P Gulumian M. Lipid peroxidation and trace elements in systemic sclerosis. Clin Rheumatol. 2006; 25(3):320–4.
   Google Scholar
• Musellim B, Ikitimur H, Uzun H Ongen G. The oxidant-antioxidant balance in systemic sclerosis cases with interstitial lung involvement. Rheumatol Int. 2006;27(2):163–7.
   Google Scholar
• Shatos MA, Doherty JM, Hoak JC. Alterations in human vascular endothelial cell function by oxygen free radicals. Platelet adherence and prostacyclin release.Arterioscler Thromb. 1991; 11(3):594–601.
   Google Scholar
• Murrell GA, Francis MJ, Bromley L. Modulation of fibroblast proliferation by oxygen free radicals. Biochem J. 1990;265(3):659–65.
   Google Scholar
• Lundberg AC, Akesson A, Akesson B. Dietary intake and nutritional status in patients with systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1992; 51(10):1143–8.
   Google Scholar
• Herrick AL, Hollis S, Schofield D, Rieley F, Blann A, Griffin K, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of antioxidant therapy in limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000;18(3):349–56.
   Google Scholar
• Herrick AL, Worthington H, Rieley F, Clarke D, Schofield D, Braganza JM, Jayson MI. Dietary intake of micronutrient antioxidants in relation to blood levels in patients with systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol. 1996;23(4):650–3.
   Google Scholar
• Teh LS, Johns CW, Shaffer JL, Booth EJ, Aarons L, Bennett RJ, et al. Ascorbic acid absorption in patients with systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol. 1997;24(12):2353–7.
   Google Scholar
• Mavrikakis ME, Lekakis JP, Papamichael CM, Stamatelopoulos KS, Kostopoulos ChC, Stamatelopoulos SF. Ascorbic acid does not improve endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2003;73(1):3–7.
   Google Scholar
• Ostojic P, Damjanov N. Effects of micronutrient antioxidants (alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid) on skin thickening and lung function in patients with early diffuse systemic sclerosis. Rheumatol Int. 2011;31(8):1051–4.
   Google Scholar
• Kagan VE, Kisin ER, Kawai K, Serinkan BF, Osipov AN, Serbinova EA, et al. Toward mechanism-based antioxidant interventions: lessons from natural antioxidants. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002;959(1):188–98.
   Google Scholar
• Margutti P, Matarrese P, Conti F, Colasanti T, Delunardo F, Capozzi A, et al. Autoantibodies to the C-terminal subunit of RLIP76 induce oxidative stress and endothelial cell apoptosis in immune-mediated vascular diseases and atherosclerosis. Blood. 2008;111(9):4559–70.
   Google Scholar
• Diplock AT, Xu GL, Yeow CL Okikiola M. Relationship of tocopherol structure to biological activity, tissue uptake, and prostaglandin biosynthesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1989;570(1):72–84.
   Google Scholar
• Cracowski JL, Girolet S, Imbert B, Seinturier C, Stanke-Labesque F, Bessard J, et al. Effects of short-term treatment with vitamin E in systemic sclerosis: a double blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial of efficacy based on urinary isoprostane measurement. Free Radic Biol Med. 2005;38(1):98–103.
   Google Scholar
• de Souza RB, Macedo AR, Kuruma KA, Macedo PA, Borges CT. Pentoxyphylline in association with vitamin E reduces cutaneous fibrosis in systemic sclerosis. Clin Rheumatol. 2009;28(10): 1207–12.
   Google Scholar
• Bayat M, Chelcheraghi F, Piryaei A, Rakhshan M, Mohseniefar Z, Rezaie F, et al. The effect of 30-day pretreatment with pentoxifylline on the survival of a random skin flap in the rat: an ultrastructural and biomechanical evaluation. Med Sci Monit. 2006;12(6):BR201–7.
   Google Scholar
• Tulsyan N, Ouriel K, Kashyap VS. Emerging drugs in peripheral arterial disease. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2006;11(1):75–90.
   Google Scholar
• Todisco M. Effectiveness of a treatment based on melatonin in five patients with systemic sclerosis. Am J Ther. 2006;13(1): 84–7.
   Google Scholar
• Todisco M, Casaccia P, Rossi N. Severe bleeding symptoms in refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a case successfully treated with melatonin. Am J Ther. 2003;10(2):135–6.
   Google Scholar
• Cuervo M, Corbalán M, Baladía E, Cabrerizo L, Formiguera X, Iglesias C, et al. Comparison of dietary reference intakes (DRI) between different countries of the European Union, The United States and the World Health Organization. Nutr Hosp. 2009;24(4): 384–414.
   Google Scholar