Reduced carotid intima–media thickness in systemic lupus erythematosus patients treated with cyclosporine A

REFERENCES

• Urowitz MB, Bookman AA, Koehler BE, Gordon DA, Smythe HA, Ogryzlo MA. The bimodal mortality pattern of systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med. 1976;60:221�5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trager J, Ward MM. Mortality and causes of death in systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2001;13:345�51. 3. Esdaile JM, Abrahamowicz M, Grodzicky T, et al. Traditional Framingham risk factors fail to fully account for accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44: 2331�7.
   Google Scholar
• Manzi S, Urbach AH, McCune AB, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in a boy with chronic granulomatous disease: case report and review of the literature. Arthritis Rheum. 1991;34:101�5.
   Google Scholar
• Lorenz MW, Markus HS, Bots ML, Rosvall M, Sitzer M. Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima� media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation. 2007;115:459�67.
   Google Scholar
• Yanase T, Nasu S, Mukuta Y, et al. Evaluation of a new carotid intima�media thickness measurement by B-mode ultrasonography using an innovative measurement software, intimascope. Am J Hypertens. 2006;19:1206�12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nohara R, Daida H, Hata M, et al. Effect of intensive lipidlowering therapy with rosuvastatin on progression of carotid intima�media thickness in Japanese patients: justification for Atherosclerosis Regression Treatment (JART) study. Circ J. 2012;76:221�9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972;18:499�502.
   Google Scholar
• Bombardier C, Gladman DD, Urowitz MB, Caron D, Chang CH. Derivation of the SLEDAI. A disease activity index for lupus patients. The Committee on Prognosis Studies in SLE. Arthritis Rheum. 1992;35:630�40.
   Google Scholar
• Gladman D, Ginzler E, Goldsmith C, et al. The development and initial validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology damage index for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1996;39: 363�9.
   Google Scholar
• MHLW. 2008 [updated 2008; cited]. http://www.mhlw.go.jp/ bunya/kenkou/eiyou/h20-houkoku.html.
   Google Scholar
• Chaiamnuay S, Bertoli AM, Fernandez M, et al. The impact of increased body mass index on systemic lupus erythematosus: data from LUMINA, a multiethnic cohort (LUMINA XLVI) [corrected]. J Clin Rheumatol. 2007;13:128�33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombo BM, Murdaca G, Ciprandi G, Sormani MP. Body mass index in Th1 and Th2 diseases. Immunol Lett. 2008;117:119�20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaitonde S, Samols D, Kushner I. C-reactive protein and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;59:1814�20.
   Google Scholar
• Roy S, Tan KT. Pyrexia and normal C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: always consider the possibility of infection in febrile patients with systemic lupus erythematosus regardless of CRP levels. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2001;40:349�50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roman MJ, Shanker BA, Davis A, et al. Prevalence and correlates of accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:2399�406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svenungsson E, Jensen-Urstad K, Heimburger M, et al. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Circulation. 2001;104:1887�93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ugurlu S, Seyahi E, Cetinkaya F, Ozbakir F, Balci H, Ozdogan H. Intima�media thickening in patients with familial Mediterranean fever. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009;48:911�5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang CY, Lu LJ, Li FH, et al. Evaluation of risk factors that contribute to high prevalence of premature atherosclerosis in Chinese premenopausal systemic lupus erythematosus patients. J Clin Rheumatol. 2009;15:111�6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bicakcigil M, Tasan D, Tasdelen N, Mutlu N, Yavuz S. Role of fibrinolytic parameters and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) promoter polymorphism on premature atherosclerosis in SLE patients. Lupus. 2011;20: 1063�71.
   Google Scholar
• Jimenez S, Garcia-Criado MA, Tassies D, et al. Preclinical vascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus and primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005;44: 756�61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sari I, Karaoglu O, Can G, et al. Early ultrasonographic markers of atherosclerosis in patients with familial Mediterranean fever. Clin Rheumatol. 2007;26:1467�73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson T, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Wildman RP, et al. Progression of carotid intima�media thickness and plaque in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:835�42.
   Google Scholar
• Rossi M, Mosca M, Tani C, Franzoni F, Santoro G, Bombardieri S. Integrated backscatter analysis of carotid intima�media complex in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol. 2008;27:1485�8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos MJ, Pedro LM, Canhao H, et al. Hemorheological parameters are related to subclinical atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis patients. Atherosclerosis. 2011;219:821�6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharrett AR, Patsch W, Sorlie PD, Heiss G, Bond MG, Davis CE. Associations of lipoprotein cholesterols, apolipoproteins A-I and B, and triglycerides with carotid atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994;14:1098�104.
   Google Scholar
• Crouse JR, Goldbourt U, Evans G, et al. Risk factors and segment- specific carotid arterial enlargement in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort. Stroke. 1996;27:69�75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonstad S, Joakimsen O, Stensland-Bugge E, et al. Risk factors related to carotid intima�media thickness and plaque in children with familial hypercholesterolemia and control subjects. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1996;16:984�91.
   Google Scholar
• Folsom AR, Pankow JS, Williams RR, Evans GW, Province MA, Eckfeldt JH. Fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and carotid intima�media wall thickness in the NHLBI Family Heart Study. Thromb Haemost. 1998;79:400�4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis PH, Dawson JD, Riley WA, Lauer RM. Carotid intimalmedial thickness is related to cardiovascular risk factors measured from childhood through middle age: the Muscatine Study. Circulation. 2001;104:2815�9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross R. Atherosclerosis�an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:115�26.
   Google Scholar
• Kallenberg CG, Heeringa P. Pathogenesis of vasculitis. Lupus. 1998;7:280�4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doria A, Shoenfeld Y, Wu R, et al. Risk factors for subclinical atherosclerosis in a prospective cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:1071�7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber SL, Crabtree GR. The mechanism of action of cyclosporin A and FK506. Immunol Today. 1992;13:136�42.
   Google Scholar
• Maes BD, Vanrenterghem YF. Cyclosporine: advantages versus disadvantages vis-a-vis tacrolimus. Transpl Proc. 2004;36:40S� 9S.
   Google Scholar
• Sazliyana S, Mohd Shahrir MS, Kong CT, Tan HJ, Hamidon BB, Azmi MT. Implications of immunosuppressive agents in cardiovascular risks and carotid intima media thickness among lupus nephritis patients. Lupus. 2011;20:1260�6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar