References
- Agrawal, A., Neale, M. C., Prescott, C. A., & Kendler, K. S. (2004). A twin study of early cannabis use and subsequent use and abuse/dependence of other illicit drugs. Psychological Medicine, 34, 1227–1237
- Anglin, D. M., Corcoran, C. M., Brown, A. S., Chen, H., Lighty, Q., Brook, J. S., Cohen P. R. (2012). Early cannabis use and schizotypal personality disorder symptoms from adolescence to middle adulthood. Schizophrenia Research, 137, 45–49
- Arseneault, L., Cannon, M., Poulton, R., Murray, R., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2002). Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: Longitudinal prospective study. BMJ, 325, 1212–1213
- Asbridge, M., Hayden, J. A., & Cartwright, J. L. (2012). Acute cannabis consumption and motor vehicle collision risk: Systematic review of observational studies and meta-analysis. BMJ, 344, e536
- Bech, P., Rasmussen, N. A., Olsen, L. R., Noerholm, V., & Abildgaard, W. (2001). The sensitivity and specificity of the Major Depression Inventory, using the Present State Examination as the index of diagnostic validity. Journal of Affective Disorders, 66, 159–164
- Burns, J. K. (2013). Pathways from cannabis to psychosis: A review of the evidence. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4, 128
- Chadwick, B., Miller, M. L., & Hurd, Y. L. (2013). Cannabis use during adolescent development: Susceptibility to psychiatric illness. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4, 129
- Cox, D. R. (1972). Regression models and life-time tables. Journal of Royal Statistical Society: Series B, 34, 187–220
- de Graaf, R., Radovanovic, M., van Laar, M., Fairman, B., Degenhardt, L., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Bruffaerts, R., de Girolamo, G., Fayyad, J., Gureje, O., Haro, J. M., Huang, Y., Kostychenko, S., Lépine, J. P., Matschinger, H., Mora, M. E., Neumark, Y., Ormel, J., Posada-Villam, J., Stein, D. J., Tachimori, H., Wells, J. E., Anthony, J. C. (2010). Early cannabis use and estimated risk of later onset of depression spells: Epidemiologic evidence from the population-based World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative. American Journal of Epidemiology, 172, 149–159
- Dey, M., Gmel, G., Studer, J., & Mohler-Kuo, M. (2013). Health-risk behaviors and quality of life among young men. Quality of Life Research, 23, 1009–1017
- DuRant, R. H., Smith, J. A., Kreiter, S. R., & Krowchuk, D. P. (1999). The relationship between early age of onset of initial substance use and engaging in multiple health risk behaviors among young adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 153, 286–291
- Fairman, B. J., & Anthony, J. C. (2012). Are early-onset cannabis smokers at an increased risk of depression spells? Journal of Affective Disorders, 138, 54–62
- Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (1997). Early onset cannabis use and psychosocial adjustment in young adults. Addiction, 92, 279–296
- Fergusson, D. M., Lynskey, M. T., & Horwood, L. J. (1996). The short-term consequences of early onset cannabis use. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 499–512
- Fernandez-Artamendi, S., Fernandez-Hermida, J. R., Secades-Villa, R., & Garcia-Portilla, P. (2011). Cannabis and mental health. Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría, 39, 180–190
- Fontes, M. A., Bolla, K. I., Cunha, P. J., Almeida, P. P., Jungerman, F., Laranjeira, R. R., Bressan R. A, Lacerda A. L. (2011). Cannabis use before age 15 and subsequent executive functioning. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 198, 442–447
- Gruber, A. J., Pope, H. G., Hudson, J. I., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2003). Attributes of long-term heavy cannabis users: A case-control study. Psychological Medicine, 33, 1415–1422
- Gruber, S. A., Dahlgren, M. K., Sagar, K. A., Gonenc, A., & Killgore, W. D. (2012). Age of onset of marijuana use impacts inhibitory processing. Neuroscience Letters, 511, 89–94
- Heatherton, T. F., Kozlowski, L. T., Frecker, R. C., & Fagerstrom, K. O. (1991). The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: A revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction, 86, 1119–1127
- Huang, C. L., Lin, H. H., & Wang, H. H. (2008). Evaluating screening performances of the Fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire, the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence and the heavy smoking index among Taiwanese male smokers. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17, 884–890
- Knight, J. R., Wechsler, H., Kuo, M., Seibring, M., Weitzman, E. R., & Schuckit, M. A. (2002). Alcohol abuse and dependence among U.S. college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63, 263–270
- Lee, M. H., & Hancox, R. J. (2011). Effects of smoking cannabis on lung function. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 5, 537–546
- Lisdahl, K. M., Gilbart, E. R., Wright, N. E., & Shollenbarger, S. (2013). Dare to delay? The impacts of adolescent alcohol and marijuana use onset on cognition, brain structure, and function. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4, 53
- Lynskey, M. T., Agrawal, A., Henders, A., Nelson, E. C., Madden, P. A., & Martin, N. G. (2012). An Australian twin study of cannabis and other illicit drug use and misuse, and other psychopathology. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 15, 631–641
- Lynskey, M. T., Glowinski, A. L., Todorov, A. A., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A., Nelson, E. C., et al. (2004). Major depressive disorder, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempt in twins discordant for cannabis dependence and early-onset cannabis use. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 61, 1026–1032
- Lynskey, M. T., Heath, A. C., Bucholz, K. K., Slutske, W. S., Madden, P. A., Nelson, E. C., Statham DJ, Martin NG. (2003). Escalation of drug use in early-onset cannabis users vs co-twin controls. JAMA, 289, 427–433
- Norman, G. R., Sloan, J. A., & Wyrwich, K. W. (2003). Interpretation of changes in health-related quality of life: The remarkable universality of half a standard deviation. Medical Care, 41, 582–592
- Olsen, L. R., Jensen, D. V., Noerholm, V., Martiny, K., & Bech, P. (2003). The internal and external validity of the Major Depression Inventory in measuring severity of depressive states. Psychological Medicine, 33, 351–356
- Patton, G. C., Coffey, C., Carlin, J. B., Degenhardt, L., Lynskey, M., & Hall, W. (2002). Cannabis use and mental health in young people: Cohort study. BMJ, 325, 1195–1198
- Schubart, C. D., van Gastel, W. A., Breetvelt, E. J., Beetz, S. L., Ophoff, R. A., Sommer, I. E., Kahn R. S, Boks M. P. (2011). Cannabis use at a young age is associated with psychotic experiences. Psychological Medicine, 41, 1301–1310
- Stefanis, N. C., Delespaul, P., Henquet, C., Bakoula, C., Stefanis, C. N., & Van Os, J. (2004). Early adolescent cannabis exposure and positive and negative dimensions of psychosis. Addiction, 99, 1333–1341
- Studer, J., Baggio, S., Mohler-Kuo, M., Dermota, P., Gaume, J., Bertholet, N., Daeppen J. B, Gmel G. (2013a). Examining non-response bias in substance use research – Are late respondents proxies for non-respondents? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 132, 316–323
- Studer, J., Mohler-Kuo, M., Dermota, P., Gaume, J., Bertholet, N., Eidenbenz, C., Daeppen J. B, Gmel G. (2013b). Need for informed consent in substance use studies – Harm of bias? Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 74, 931–940
- Townsend, L., Flisher, A. J., & King, G. (2007). A systematic review of the relationship between high school dropout and substance use. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 10, 295–317
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2013). World Drug Report. United Nations publication, Sales No. E.13.XI.6. Available from: http://www.unodc.org/wdr/. [last accessed 6 Mar 2014]
- van Leeuwen, A. P., Verhulst, F. C., Reijneveld, S. A., Vollebergh, W. A., Ormel, J., & Huizink, A. C. (2011). Can the gateway hypothesis, the common liability model and/or, the route of administration model predict initiation of cannabis use during adolescence? A survival analysis – The TRAILS study. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 48, 73–78
- van Ours, J. C., & Williams, J. (2009). Why parents worry: Initiation into cannabis use by youth and their educational attainment. Journal of Health Economics, 28, 132–142
- Vanyukov, M. M., & Ridenour, T. A. (2012). Common liability to drug addictions: Theory, research, practice. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 123, S1–S2
- Ware, J. E., Kosinski, M., Turner-Bowker, D. M., Gandek, B., Lab, N. E. M. C. H. H. A., & Incorporated, Q. (2002). SF-12v2: How to Score Version 2 of the SF-12 Health Survey. Lincoln, RI: QualityMetric Incorporated
- Zullig, K. J., Valois, R. F., Huebner, E. S., Oeltmann, J. E., & Drane, J. W. (2001). Relationship between perceived life satisfaction and adolescents’ substance abuse. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 29, 279–288