The assessment of fetal well-being by venous Doppler velocimetry

References

• Senat MV, Schw¨arzler P, Alcais A, et al. Longitudinal changes in the ductus venosus, cerebral transverse sinus and cardiotocogram in fetal growth restriction. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000;16:19 – 24
   Google Scholar
• Laurichese-Dumas H, Grimaud O, Moscoso G, et al. Color Doppler study of the venous circulation in the fetal brain and hemodynamic study of the cerebral transverse sinus. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1999;13: 34– 42
   Google Scholar
• Hecher K, Bilardo CM, Stitger RH, et al. Monitoring of fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001;18:564 – 70
   Google Scholar
• Hofstaetter C, Plath H, Hansmann M. Prenatal diagnosis of abnormalities of the fetal nervous system. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000;15:231 – 41
   Google Scholar
• Vasques FAP, Moron AF, Murta CGV. Importˆancia cl´ınica do fluxo venoso fetal. Femina 2001;2:83 – 7
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald DE, Drum JE. Non-invasive measure- ments of human fetal circulation using ultrasound: a new method. Br Med J 1977;2:1450 – 1
   Google Scholar
• Trudinger BJ, Giles WB, Cook CM. Flow velocity waveforms in the maternal uteroplacental and fetal umbilical placental circulations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985;152:155 – 63
   Google Scholar
• Arduini D, Rizzo G. Normal values of pulsatility index from fetal vessels: a cross-sectional study on 1556 fetuses. J Perinat Med 1990;18:165 – 72
   Google Scholar
• Nicolaides KH, Bilardo CM, Soothill PW, Campbell S. Absence of end-diastolic frequencies in the umbilical artery: a sign of fetal hypoxia and acidosis. Br Med J 1988;297:1026 – 7
   Google Scholar
• Manning FA, Harman CR, Menticoglou S, Morrison J. Assessment of fetal well-being with ultrasound. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1991;97:797 – 803
   Google Scholar
• Wladimiroff JW, Tonge HM, Stewart PA. Doppler ultrasound assessment of cerebral blood flow in the human fetus. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1986;93:471 – 5
   Google Scholar
• Eik-Nes SH, Brubakk AO, Ulstein M. Measurement of human fetal blood flow. Br Med J 1980;1:283 – 4
   Google Scholar
• Ville Y. Fetal venous and arterial circulation in hypoxic IUGR. From adaptation to decompensa- tion. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000;16:22 Romero R, Kalache KD, Kadar N. Timing the delivery of the preterm severely growth-restricted fetus: venous Doppler, cardiotocography or the biophysical profile? Ulstrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002; 19:118 – 21
   Google Scholar
• Hecher K, Campbell S. Characteristics of fetal venous blood flow under normal circumstances and during fetal disease. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996;7:68 – 83
   Google Scholar
• Montenegro CAB, Rezende Filho J, Silva LGP. Centralizac˜ao Fetal. Femina 1994;22:203 – 15
   Google Scholar
• Baschat AA, Gembruch U, Gortner L, Weiner CP, Harman CR. Arterial and venous Doppler velocime- try in the severely growth-restricted fetus and associations with adverse perinatal outcome. Ultra- sound Obstet Gynecol 1998;12:39 – 44
   Google Scholar
• Fasouliotis SJ, Achiron R, Kivilevitch Z, Yagel S. The human fetal venous system: normal embriologic, anatomic, and physiologic characteristics and devel- opmental abnormalities. J Ultrasound Med 2002;21:1145 – 58
   Google Scholar
• Pennati G, Corno C, Costantino ML, Bellotti M. Umbilical flow distribution to the liver and the ductus venosus in human fetuses during gestation: an anatomy-based mathematical modeling. Med Eng Phys 2003;25:229 – 38
   Google Scholar
• Lenz F, Chaoui R. Reference ranges for Doppler- assessed pulmonary venous blood flow velocities and pulsatility indices in normal human fetuses. Prenat Diagn 2002;22:786 – 91
   Google Scholar
• Huisman TWA, Gittenberger DE, Groot AC, Wla- dimiroff JW. Recognition of a fetal subdiaphrag- matic venous vestibulum essential for Doppler assessment. Pediat Res 1992;32:338 – 41
   Google Scholar
• Hecher K, Campbell S, Snijders R, Nicolaides K. Reference ranges for fetal venous and atrioventri- cular blood flow parameters. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1994;4:381 – 90
   Google Scholar
• Barron DH. The ‘sphincter’ of the ductus venous. Anat Rec 1942;82:389 – 99
   Google Scholar
• Kiserud T, Eik-Nes SH, Blaas HG, Hellevik LR. Foramen ovale: an ultrasonographic study of its relation to the inferior vena cava, ductus venous and hepatic veins. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1992;2:389 – 96
   Google Scholar
• Kiserud T, Eik-Nes SH, Hellevik LR, Blaas HG. Ductus venosus – a longitudinal Doppler velocime- try study of the human fetus. J Matern Fetal Invest 1992;2:5 – 11
   Google Scholar
• Murta CGV, Moron AF, A´ vila MAP. Anomalias cromossoˆmicas e suas circunstaˆncias: condica˜o card´ıaca fetal mediada pelo duto venosos. Femina 1998;28:641 – 6
   Google Scholar
• Murta CGV, Moron AF, A´ vila MAP, Franca L, Vargas P. Reverse blood flow in umbilical vein in a case of trisomy 9. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000;6: 575– 7
   Google Scholar
• Carrera JM, Devessa R, Torrents M, Mun˜oz C, Mortera C, Serra B. Natural history of fetal compromise in intrauterine growth retardation. In Kurjak A, ed. Textbook of Perinatal Medicine. Carn- forth: Parthenon Publishing, 1998:1226 – 43
   Google Scholar
• Muller T, Nanan R, Rehn M, Kristen P, Dieti J. Arterial and ductus venosus Doppler in fetuses with absent or reverse end-diastolic flow in the umbilical artery: correlation with short-term peri- natal outcome. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2002;81: 860– 6
   Google Scholar