Exploring the inhibitory activity of Withaferin-A against Pteridine reductase-1 of L. donovani

References

• Desjeux P. Human leishmaniases: epidemiology and public health aspects. World Health Stat Q 1999;45:267–75
   Google Scholar
• Desjeux P. Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2004;27:305–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundar S, More DK, Singh MK, et al Failure of pentavalent antimony in visceral leishmaniasis in India: report from the Center of the Indian Epidemic. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31:1104–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thakur CP, Thakur S, Narayan S, Sinha A. Comparison of treatment regimens of kala-azar based on culture & sensitivity of amastigotes to sodium antimony gluconate. Indian J Med Res 2008;127:582–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundar S, Singh A, Rai M, et al Efficacy of miltefosine in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in India after a decade of use. Clin Infect Dis 2012;55:543–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandrasekaran S, Dayakar A, Veronica J, et al An in vitro study of apoptotic like death in Leishmania donovani promastigotes by withanolides Leishmania promastigotes withanolides. Parasitol Int 2013;62:253–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nare B, Luba J, Hardy LW, Beverley SM. New approaches to Leishmania chemotherapy: pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1) as a target and modulator of antifolate sensitivity. Parasitology 1997;114:S101–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nare B, Hardy L, Beverley SM. The roles of pteridine reductase 1 and dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase in pteridine metabolism in the protozoan parasite Leishmania major. J Biol Chem 1997;272:13883–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bello AR, Nare B, Freedman D, et al PTR1: a reductase mediating salvage of oxidized pteridines and methotrexate resistance in the protozoan parasite Leishmania major. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:11442–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sienkiewicz N, Ong HB, Fairlamb AH. Trypanosoma brucei pteridine reductase 1 is essential for survival in vitro and for virulence in mice. Mol Microbiol 2010;77:658–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Leblanc E, Chang CF, et al Pterin and folate reduction by the Leishmania tarentolae H locus short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase PTR1. Arch Biochem Biophys 1997;342:197–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy LW, Matthews W, Nare B, Beverley SM. Biochemical and genetic tests for inhibitors of Leishmania pteridine pathways. Exp Parasitol 1997;87:157–69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner WA, Weiner J. Ashwagandha (Indian ginseng). In: Herbs that heal. Mill Valley (CA): Quantum Books; 1994:70–2
   Google Scholar
• Matsuda H, Murakami T, Kishi A, Yoshikawa M. Structures of withanosides I, II, III, IV, V, VI, and VII, new withanolide glycosides, from the roots of Indian Withania somnifera DUNAL and inhibitory activity for tachyphylaxis to clonidine in isolated guinea-pig ileum. Bioorg Med Chem 2001;9:1499–507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathur R, Gupta SK, Singh N, et al Evaluation of the effect of Withania somnifera root extracts on cell cycle and angiogenesis. J Ethnopharmacol 2006;105:336–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah N, Kataria H, Kaul SC, et al Effect of the alcoholic extract of Ashwagandha leaves and its components on proliferation, migration, and differentiation of glioblastoma cells: combinational approach for enhanced differentiation. Cancer Sci 2009;100:1740–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik F, Kumar A, Bhushan S, et al Immune modulation and apoptosis induction: two sides of antitumoural activity of a standardised herbal formulation of Withania somnifera. Eur J Cancer 2009;45:1494–509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widodo N, Priyandoko D, Shah N, et al Selective killing of cancer cells by Ashwagandha leaf extract and its component withanone involves ROS signaling. PLoS One 2010;5:e13536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik F, Kumar A, Bhushan S, et al Reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial dysfunction in the apoptotic cell death of human myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells by a dietary compound withaferin A with concomitant protection by N-acetyl cysteine. Apoptosis 2007;12:2115–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stan SD, Zeng Y, Singh SV. Ayurvedic medicine constituent withaferin A causes G2 and M phase cell cycle arrest in human breast cancer cells. Nutr Cancer 2008;1:51–60
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh JH, Lee TJ, Kim SH, et al Induction of apoptosis by withaferin A in human leukemia U937 cells through down-regulation of Akt phosphorylation. Apoptosis 2008;13:1494–504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bikadi H, Hazai E. Application of the PM6 semi-empirical method to modeling proteins enhances docking accuracy of AutoDock. J Cheminform 2009;11:1–15
   Google Scholar
• Sen N, Banerjee B, Das BB, et al Apoptosis is induced in leishmanial cells by a novel protein kinase inhibitor withaferin A and is facilitated by apoptotic topoisomerase I-DNA complex. Cell Death Differ 2007;14:358–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grover A, Katiyar SP, Jeyakanthan J, et al Blocking protein kinase C signaling pathway: mechanistic insights into the anti-leishmanial activity of prospective herbal drugs from Withania somnifera. BMC Genomics 2012;13:S20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knighton DR, Kan CC, Howland E, et al Structure of and kinetic channelling in bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase. Nat Struct Biol 1998;1:186–94
   Google Scholar
• Zuccotto F, Martin AC, Laskowski RA, et al Dihydrofolate reductase: a potential drug target in trypanosomes and leishmania. J Comput Aided Mol Des 1998;12:241–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur J, Sundar S, Singh N. Molecular docking, structure–activity relationship and biological evaluation of the anticancer drug monastrol as a pteridine reductase inhibitor in a clinical isolate of Leishmania donovani. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010;65:1742–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antony ML, Lee J, Hahm ER, et al Growth arrest by the antitumor steroidal lactone withaferin A in human breast cancer cells is associated with down regulation and covalent binding at cysteine 303 of β-tubulin. J Biol Chem 2014;289:1852–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar P, Kothari H, Singh N. Overexpression in Escherichia coli and purification of pteridine reductase (PTR1) from a clinical isolate of Leishmania donovani. Protein Expr Purif 2004;38:228–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur J, Kumar P, Tyagi S, et al In silico screening, structure–activity relationship, and biologic evaluation of selective pteridine reductase inhibitors targeting visceral leishmaniasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:659–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shallom S, Zhang K, Jiang L, Rathod PK. Essential protein-protein interactions between Plasmodium falciparum thymidylate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase domains. J Biol Chem 1999;274:37781–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar