References
- Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 2000;894:i–xii
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) obesity education initiative expert panel on the identification, evaluation and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The evidence report. NIH Publication No. 00-4084, October 2000, National Institutes of Health
- Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2000. JAMA 2002;288:1723–7
- Chu SY, Kim SY, Bish CL. Prepregnancy obesity prevalence in the United States, 2004–2005. Matern Child Health J 2009;13:614–20
- American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists. Obesity in pregnancy. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 315. Obstet Gynecol 2005;106:671–5
- Hickey CA, Cliver SP, McNeal SF, Goldenberg RL. Low pregravid body mass index as a risk factor for preterm birth: variation by ethnic group. Obstet Gynecol 1997;89:206–12
- Cnattingius S, Bergstrom R, Lipworth L, Kramer MS. Prepregnancy weight and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med 1998;338:147–52
- Naeye RL. Maternal body weight and pregnancy outcome. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52:273–9
- Hendler I, Goldenberg RL, Mercer BM, et al. The Preterm Prediction Study: association between maternal body mass index and spontaneous and indicated preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;192:882–6
- Cedergren MI. Maternal morbid obesity and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome. Obstet Gynecol 2004;103:219–24
- McDonald SD, Han Z, Mulla S, Beyene J; Knowledge Synthesis Group. Overweight and obesity in mothers and risk of preterm birth and low birth weight infants: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ 2010;341:c3428
- Final report of the Medical Research Council/Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists multicentre randomized trial of cervical cerclage. MRC/RCOG Working Party on Cervical Cerclage. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993;100:516–23
- Berghella V, Mackeen AD. Cervical length screening with ultrasound-indicated cerclage compared with history-indicated cerclage for prevention of preterm birth: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2011;118:148–55
- Owen J, Hankins G, Iams JD, et al. Multicenter randomized trial of cerclage for preterm birth prevention in high-risk women with shortened midtrimester cervical length. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;201:375.e1–8
- Berghella V, Rafael T, Szychowski J, et al. Cerclage for short cervix on ultrasonography in women with singleton gestations and previous preterm birth: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2011;117:663–71
- March M, Chauhan SP, Abuhamad A. Ultrasound. In: Berghella V, ed. Obstetric evidence based guidelines. 2nd ed. UK: Informa Healthcare; 2012:41–6
- Iams JD, Johnson FF, Sonek J, et al. Cervical competence as a continuum: a study of ultrasonographic cervical length and obstetric performance. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;172:1097–103
- Berghella V, Bega G. Ultrasound evaluation of the cervix. In: Callen PW, ed. Ultrasonography in obstetrics and gynecology. 5th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Saunders Elsevier; 2008:698–720
- Guzman ER, Rosenberg JC, Houlihan C, et al. A new method using vaginal ultrasound and transfundal pressure to evaluate the asymptomatic incompetent cervix. Obstet Gynecol 1994;83:248–52
- Meis PJ, Klebanoff M, Thom E, et al. Prevention of recurrent preterm delivery by 17 alpha hydroxyprogesteron caproate. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2379–85
- Poggi SH, Vyas NA, Pezzullo JC, et al. Does increasing body mass index affect cerclage efficacy? J Perinatol 2012;32:777–9
- Pereira L, Cotter A, Gómez R, et al. Expectant management compared with physical examination-indicated cerclage (EM-PEC) in selected women with a dilated cervix at 14(0/7)-25(6/7) weeks: results from the EM-PEC international cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007;197:483.e1–8
- Daskalakis G, Papantoniou N, Mesogitis S, Antsaklis A. Management of cervical insufficiency and bulging fetal membranes. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107:221–6
- Farinelli CK, Wing DA, Szychowski JM, et al.; Vaginal Ultrasound Trial Consortium. Association between body mass index and pregnancy outcome in a randomized trial of cerclage for short cervix. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012;40:669–73
- Honest H, Bachmann LM, Ngai C, et al. The accuracy of maternal anthropometry measurements as predictor for spontaneous preterm birth – a systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005;119:11–20
- Cnattingius S, Villamor E, Johansson S, et al. Maternal obesity and risk of preterm delivery. JAMA 2013;309:2362–70