Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydiae pneumoniae and trachomatis as probable etiological agents of preeclampsia

References

• Shenoy V, Kanasaki K, Kalluri R. Pre-eclampsia: connecting angiogenic and metabolic pathways. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010;21:529–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steegers EAP, von Dadelszen P, Duvekot JJ, Pijnenborg R. Pre-eclampsia. Lancet 2010;376:631–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trogstad L, Magnus P, Stoltenberg C. Pre-eclampsia risk factors and causal models: best practice & research. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2011;20:456–78
   Google Scholar
• Borzychowski AM, Sargent IL, Redman CWG. Inflammation and pre-eclampsia. Semin Fetal Neonat Med 2006;11:309–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noori M, Donald AE, Angelakopoulou A, et al. Prospective study of placental angiogenic factors and maternal vascular function before and after preeclampsia and gestational hypertension. Circulation 2010;122:478–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minassian C, Thomas S, Williams D, et al. Acute maternal infection and risk of pre-eclampsia: a population-based case-control study. PLoS One 2013;8:e73047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macey MG, Bevan S, Alam S, et al. Platelet activation and endogenous thrombin potential in pre-eclampsia. Thromb Res 2010;125:e76–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall BJ, Barrett LJ, Prakash C, et al. Urea protects Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori from the bactericidal effect of acid. Gastroenterology 1990;99:697–702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crabtree JE, Kersulyte D, Li SD, et al. Modulation of Helicobacter pylori induced interleukin-8 synthesis in gastric epithelial cells mediated by cag PAI encoded VirD4 homologue. J Clin Pathol 1999;52:653–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen LT, Uchida T, Tsukamoto Y, et al. Clinical relevance of cagPAI intactness in Helicobacter pylori isolates from Vietnam. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010;29:651–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugimoto M, Ohno T, Graham DY, Yamaoka Y. Gastric mucosal interleukin-17 and -18 mRNA expression in Helicobacter pylori-induced Mongolian gerbils. Cancer Sci 2009;100:2152–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardaropoli S, Rolfo A, Todros T. Helicobacter pylori and pregnancy-related disorders. World J Gastroenterol 2014;21:654–64
   Google Scholar
• Brooks GF, Jawetz M, Adelberg ES. Medical microbiology. 24th ed. Blacklick (OH): McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division; 2007
   Google Scholar
• Ustun Y, Engin-Ustun Y, Kamac M. Association of fibrinogen and c-reactive protein with severity of preeclampsia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005;121:154–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teran E, Escudero C, Moya W, et al. Elevated C-reactive protein and pro-inflammatory cytokines in Andean women with preeclampsia. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2001;75:243–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2013;122:1122–31
   Google Scholar
• Ustun Y, Engin-Ustun Y, Ozkaplan E, et al. Association of Helicobacter pylori infection with systemic inflammation in preeclampsia. J Maternal-Fetal Neonatal Med 2010;23:311–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie F, Hu Y, Laura A, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in preeclampsia. Hypertens Preg 2010;29:468–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens RS, Sanchez-Pescador R, Wagar EA, et al. Diversity of Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein genes. J Bacteriol 1987;169:3879–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mania-Pramanik J, Donde UM, Maitra A. Use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in cervical swab samples. J ICMR 2001;67:246–50
   Google Scholar
• Roberts JM, Redman CWG. Pre-eclampsia: more than pregnancy-induced hypertension. Lancet 1993;341:1447–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redman CWG, Sacks GP, Sargent IL. Pre-eclampsia: an excessive maternal inflammatory response to pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:499–506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conde-Agudelo A, Villar J, Lindheimer M. Maternal infection and risk of preeclampsia systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;198:7–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tersigni C, Franceschi F, Todros T, et al. Insights into the role of Helicobacter pylori infection in preeclampsia: from the bench to the bedside. 2014. Available from: www.frontiersin.org [last accessed 20 Feb 2015]
   Google Scholar
• Baingana R, Enyaru J, Davidsson L. Helicobacter pylori infection in pregnant women in four districts of Uganda: role of geographic location, education and water sources. BMC Public Health 2014;14:915
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moretti E, Figura N, Collodel G, Ponzetto A. Can Helicobacter pylori infection influence human reproduction? World J Gastroenterol 2014;20:5567–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aksoy H, Ozkan A, Aktas F, Borekci B. Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and its relationship with serum malondialdehyde and lipid profile in preeclampsia. Clin Lab Anal 2009;23:219–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardaropoli S, Rolfo A, Piazzese A, et al. Helicobacter pylori's virulence and infection persistence define pre-eclampsia complicated by fetal growth retardation. World J Gastroenterol 2011;17:5156–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franceschi F, Di Simone N, D’Ippolito S, et al. Antibodies Anti-Caga Cross-React with trophoblast cells: a risk factor for pre-eclampsia? Helicobacter 2012;7:426–34
   Google Scholar
• Karinen L, Leinonen M, Bloigu A, et al. Maternal serum Chlamydia Pneumoniae antibodies and CRP levels in women with preeclampsia and gestational hypertension. Hypertens Preg 2011;27:143–58
   Google Scholar
• Raynor D, Bonney E, Jang K, et al. Preeclampsia and Chlamydia pneumoniae: is there a link? Hypertens Pregnancy 2004;23:129–34
   Google Scholar
• Aral M, Guven MA, Kocturk SA. Chlamydia pneumonia seropositivity in women with preeclampsia. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2006;92:77–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heine RP, Ness RB, Roberts JM. Seroprevalence of antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae in women with preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:221–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez M, Parry S. Trophoblast infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae and adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with placental dysfunction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;526:e1–7
   Google Scholar
• Haggerty CL, Klebanoff MA, Panum I, et al. Prenatal Chlamydia trachomatis infection increases the risk of preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens 2013;3:151–4
   Google Scholar
• Benitez AJ, Thurman KA, Diaz MH, et al. Comparison of real-time PCR and a microimmunofluorescence serological assay for detection of Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection in an outbreak investigation. J Clin Microbiol 2012;50:151–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar