References
- Kenneson A, Cannon MJ. Review and meta-analysis of the epidemiology of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Rev Med Virol 2007;17:253–76
- Dollard SC, Grosse SD, Ross DS. New estimates of the prevalence of neurological and sensory sequelae and mortality associated with congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Rev Med Virol 2007;17:355–63
- Adler S, Nigro G, Pereira L. Recent advances in the prevention and treatment of congenital cytomegalovirus infections. Semin Perinatol 2007;31:10–18
- Fowler KB, McCollister FP, Dahle AJ, et al. Progressive and fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss in children with asymptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection. J Pediatr 1997;130:624–30
- Yow MD, Demmler GJ. Congenital cytomegalovirus disease – 20 years is long enough. N Engl J Med 1992;32:6702–3
- Hamilton ST, van Zuylen W, Shand A, et al. Prevention of congenital cytomegalovirus complications by maternal and neonatal treatments: a systematic review. Rev Med Virol 2014;24:420–33
- Crumpacker CS. Ganciclovir. N Engl J Med 1996;335:721–9
- Littler E, Stuar A, Chee MS. Human cytomegalovirus UL97 open reading frame encodes a protein that phosphorylates the antiviral nucleoside analogue ganciclovir. Nature 1992;358:160–2
- Trang JM, Kidd L, Gruber W, et al. Linear single-dose pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir in newborns with congenital cytomegalovirus infections. NIAID Collaborative Antiviral Study Group. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993;53:15–21
- Zhou XJ, Gruber W, Demmler G. Population pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir in newborns with congenital cytomegalovirus infection. NIAID. Collaborative Antiviral Study Group. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40:2202–5
- Zhang D, Lapeyraque AL, Popon M, et al. Pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir in pediatric renal transplant recipients. Pediatr Nephrol 2003;18:943–8
- Burri M, Wiltshire H, Kahlert C, et al. Oral valganciclovir in children: single dose pharmacokinetics in a six-year-old girl. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004;23:263–6
- Galli L, Novelli A, Chiappini E, et al. Valganciclovir for congenital CMV infection: a pilot study on plasma concentration in newborns and infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007;26:451–3
- Acosta EP, Brundage RC, King JR, et al. GCV population pharmacokinetics in neonates following intravenous administration of GCV and oral administration of liquid V-GCV formulation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007;81:867–72
- Kimberlin DW, Acosta EP, Sánchez PJ, et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessment of oral valganciclovir in the treatment of symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus disease. J Infect Dis 2008;197:836–45
- Meine Jansen CF, Toet MC, Rademaker CM, et al. Treatment of symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection with valganciclovir. J Perinatal Med 2005;33:364–6
- Nigro G, Scholz H, Bartmann U. Ganciclovir therapy for symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection in infants: a two-regimen experience. J Pediatr 1994;124:318–22
- Whitley RJ, Cloud G, Gruber W, et al. Ganciclovir treatment of symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection: results of a phase II study. J Infect Dis 1997;75:1080–6
- Kimberlin DW, Lin CY, Sánchez PJ, et al. Effect of ganciclovir therapy on hearing in symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus disease involving the central nervous system: a randomized, controlled trial. J Pediatr 2003;143:16–25
- Oliver S, Cloud G, Sánchez P, et al. Neurodevelopmental outcomes following ganciclovir therapy in symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infections involving the central nervous system. J Clin Virol 2009;46:S22–6
- Michaels MG, Greenberg DP, Sabo DL, Wald ER. Treatment of children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection with ganciclovir. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003;22:504–9
- Tanaka-Kitajima N, Sugaya N, Futatani T, et al. Ganciclovir therapy for congenital cytomegalovirus infection in six infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005;24:782–5
- Lombardi G, Garofoli F, Villani P, et al. Oral valganciclovir treatment in newborns with symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009;28:1465–70
- Del Rosal T, Baquero-Artigao F, Blázquez D, et al. Treatment of symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection beyond the neonatal period. J Clin Virol 2012;55:72–4
- Kimberlin DW, Jester P, Sanchez PJ, et al. Valganciclovir for symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus disease. N Engl J Med 2015;372:933–43
- Nigro G, Krzysztofiak A, Bartmann U, et al. Ganciclovir therapy for cytomegalovirus-associated liver disease in immunocompetent or immunocompromised children. Arch Virol 1997;142:573–80
- Fischler B, Casswall TH, Malmborg P, Nemeth A. Ganciclovir treatment in infants with cytomegalovirus infection and cholestasis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002;34:154–7
- Nigro G, Pietrobattista A, Divito S, Gambarara M. Oral ganciclovir therapy for immunocompetent infants with congenital cytomegalovirus-associated hemorrhagic or intractable enterocolitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010;50:111–13
- Lackner A, Acham A, Alborno T, et al. Effect on hearing of ganciclovir therapy for asymptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection: four to 10 years follow up. J Laryngol Otol 2009;123:391–6
- Wolf DG, Yaniv I, Honigman A, et al. Early emergence of ganciclovir-resistant human cytomegalovirus strains in children with primary combined immunodeficiency. J Infect Dis 1998;178:535–8
- Campanini G, Zavattoni M, Cristina E, et al. Multiple ganciclovir-resistant strains in a newborn with symptomatic congenital human cytomegalovirus infection. J Clin Virol 2012;54:86–8
- Choi KY, Sharon B, Balfour HH Jr, et al. Emergence of antiviral resistance during oral valganciclovir treatment of an infant with congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. J Clin Virol 2013;57:356–60
- Erice A. Resistance of human cytomegalovirus to antiviral drugs. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999;12:286–97
- Whitley RJ. The use of antiviral drugs during the neonatal period. Clin Perinatol 2012;39:69–81
- Chrisp P, Clissold SP. Foscarnet. A review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in immunocompromised patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis. Drugs 1991;41:104–29
- Reusser P, Einsele H, Lee J, et al. Randomized multicenter trial of foscarnet versus ganciclovir for preemptive therapy of cytomegalovirus infection after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood 2002;99:1159–64
- Manischewitz JF, Quinnan GV Jr, Lane HC, Wittek AE. Synergistic effect of ganciclovir and foscarnet on cytomegalovirus replication in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990;34:373–5
- Zaknun D, Zangerle R, Kapelari K, et al. Concurrent ganciclovir and foscarnet treatment for cytomegalovirus encephalitis and retinitis in an infant with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: case report and review. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997;16:807–11
- Nigro G, Sali E, Anceschi MM, et al. Foscarnet therapy for congenital cytomegalovirus liver fibrosis following prenatal ascites. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2004;15:325–9
- Knorr B, Kessler U, Pöschl J, et al. A haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)-like picture following breastmilk transmitted cytomegalovirus infection in a preterm infant. Scand J Infect Dis 2007;39:173–6
- Safrin S, Cherrington J, Jaffe HS. Clinical use of cidofovir. Rev Med Virol 1997;7:145–56
- Kern ER, Hartline C, Harden E, et al. Enhanced inhibition of orthopoxvirus replication in vitro by alkoxyalkyl esters of cidofovir and cyclic cidofovir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:991–5
- Breddemann A, Hsien L, Tot E, Läer SJ. Quantification of cidofovir in human serum by LC-MS/MS for children. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008;861:1–9
- Bravo FJ, Bernstein DI, Beadle JR, et al. Oral hexadecyloxypropyl-cidofovir therapy in pregnant guinea pigs improves outcome in the congenital model of cytomegalovirus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:35–41
- Schleiss MR, Anderson JL, McGregor A. Cyclic cidofovir (cHPMPC) prevents congenital cytomegalovirus infection in a guinea pig model. Virol J 2006;3:9
- Florescu DF, Chambers H, Qiu F, et al. Cidofovir in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients: University of Nebraska experience. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2015;34:47--51