Should fetal scalp blood sampling be performed in the case of meconium-stained amniotic fluid?

References

• Wiswell TE, Tuggle JM, Turner BS. Meconium aspiration syndrome: have we made a difference? Pediatrics 1990;85:715–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackwell SC, Carreno CA, Hassan SS, et al. Meconium staining and meconium aspiration syndrome. Is there seasonal variation? Fetal Diagn Ther 2001;16:208–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee KA, Mi Lee S, Jin Yang H, et al. The frequency of meconium-stained amniotic fluid increases as a function of the duration of labor. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011;24:880–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dysart M, Graves BW, Sharp ES, Cotsonis G. The incidence of meconium-stained amniotic fluid from 1980 through 1986, by year and gestational age. J Perinatol 1991;11:245–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oyelese Y, Culin A, Ananth CV, et al. Meconium-stained amniotic fluid across gestation and neonatal acid-base status. Obstet Gynecol 2006;108:345–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maymon E, Chaim W, Furman B, et al. Meconium stained amniotic fluid in very low risk pregnancies at term gestation. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1998;80:169–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker S, Solomayer E, Dogan C, et al. Meconium-stained amniotic fluid–perinatal outcome and obstetrical management in a low-risk suburban population. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2007;132:46–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazor M, Hershkovitz R, Bashiri A, et al. Meconium stained amniotic fluid in preterm delivery is an independent risk factor for perinatal complications. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1998;81:9–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pariente G, Peles C, Perri ZH, et al. Meconium-stained amniotic fluid–risk factors and immediate perinatal outcomes among SGA infants. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015;28:1064–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziadeh SM, Sunna E. Obstetric and perinatal outcome of pregnancies with term labour and meconium-stained amniotic fluid. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2000;264:84–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dargaville PA, Copnell B, Australian and New Zealand Neonatal Network. The epidemiology of meconium aspiration syndrome: incidence, risk factors, therapies, and outcome. Pediatrics 2006;117:1712–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Yoon BH, Chaemsaithong P, et al. Bacteria and endotoxin in meconium-stained amniotic fluid at term: could intra-amniotic infection cause meconium passage? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014;27:775–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiersch L, Melamed N, Rosen H, et al. New onset of meconium during labor versus primary meconium-stained amniotic fluid–is there a difference in pregnancy outcome? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014;27:1361–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu H, Mas-Calvet M, Wei S-Q, et al. Abnormal fetal heart rate tracing patterns in patients with thick meconium staining of the amniotic fluid: association with perinatal outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;200:283.e1–7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey HA, Tuuli MG, Shanks AL, et al. Interpreting category II fetal heart rate tracings: does meconium matter? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014;211:644.e1–8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker PN, Kilby MD, Murray H. An assessment of the use of meconium alone as an indication for fetal blood sampling. Obstet Gynecol 1992;80:792–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeomans ER, Gilstrap LC, Leveno KJ, Burris JS. Meconium in the amniotic fluid and fetal acid-base status. Obstet Gynecol 1989;73:175–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richey SD, Ramin SM, Bawdon RE, et al. Markers of acute and chronic asphyxia in infants with meconium-stained amniotic fluid. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995 Apr;172:1212–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karabayir N, Demirel A, Bayramoglu E. Blood lactate level and meconium aspiration syndrome. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2015;291:849–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbonne B, Dreyfus M, Schaal J-P. Groupe d’experts des RPC sur la surveillance fœtale au cours du travail. [CNGOF classification of fetal heart rate: color code for obstetricians and midwives]. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod 2013;42:509–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin A. Fetal heart rate during labour: definitions and interpretation. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod 2008;37 Suppl 1:S34–45
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saling E. Fetal scalp blood analysis. J Perinat Med 1981;9:165–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiberg-Itzel E, Lipponer C, Norman M, et al. Determination of pH or lactate in fetal scalp blood in management of intrapartum fetal distress: randomised controlled multicentre trial. BMJ 2008;336:1284–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Ierland Y, de Beaufort AJ. Why does meconium cause meconium aspiration syndrome? Current concepts of MAS pathophysiology. Early Hum Dev 2009;85:617–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbonne B, Cudeville C, Sivan H, et al. Fetal oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry during labour with clear or meconium-stained amniotic fluid. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1997;72 Suppl:S51–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carbonne B, Cudeville C, Maillard F, Goffinet F, French Study Group on Fetal Pulse Oximetry. Predictive value of pulse oximetry and fetal scalp blood pH in the case of meconium-stained amniotic fluid. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Bio 2003;109:27–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westgate JA, Bennet L, Gunn AJ. Meconium and fetal hypoxia: some experimental observations and clinical relevance. BJOG 2002;109:1171–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jazayeri A, Politz L, Tsibris JC, et al. Fetal erythropoietin levels in pregnancies complicated by meconium passage: does meconium suggest fetal hypoxia? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:188–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasanth K, Kamat M, Khilfeh M, Davis V. Adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol levels in term infants born with meconium-stained amniotic fluid. J Perinat Med 2014;42:699–703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuuli MG, Stout MJ, Shanks A, et al. Umbilical cord arterial lactate compared with pH for predicting neonatal morbidity at term. Obstet Gynecol 2014;124:756–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khazardoost S, Hantoushzadeh S, Khooshideh M, Borna S. Risk factors for meconium aspiration in meconium stained amniotic fluid. J Obstet Gynaecol 2007;27:577–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Block MF, Kallenberger DA, Kern JD, Nepveux RD. In utero meconium aspiration by the baboon fetus. Obstet Gynecol 1981;57:37–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thureen PJ, Hall DM, Hoffenberg A, Tyson RW. Fatal meconium aspiration in spite of appropriate perinatal airway management: pulmonary and placental evidence of prenatal disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;176:967–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar