References
- Benacerraf B R, Frigoletto F D, Laboda L A. Sonographic diagnosis of Down syndrome in the second trimester. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 153: 49–52
- Benacerraf B R, Gelman R, Frigoletto F D. Sonographic identification of second-trimester fetuses with Down's syndrome. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 1371–1376
- Crane J P, Gray D L. Sonographically measured nuchal skinfold thickness as a screening tool for Down syndrome: results of a prospective clinical trial. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 77: 533–536
- Grandjean H, Sarramon M F. AFDPHE Study Group. Sonographic measurement of nuchal skinfold thickness for detection of Down syndrome in the second-trimester fetus: a multicenter prospective study. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 85: 103–106
- Grey D L, Crane J P. Optimal nuchal skin-fold thresholds based on gestational age for prenatal detection of Down syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 171: 1282–1286
- Borrell A, Costa D, Martinez J M, Delgado R D, Casals E, Ojuel J, et al. Early midtrimester fetal nuchal thickness: effectiveness as a marker of Down syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 175: 454–459
- Bahado-Singh R O, Oz U, Deren O, Acuna E, Cermik D, Mahoney M J, Cole L. A new screening protocol combining urine β-core fragment and ultrasonography for Down syndrome detection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178: 779–782
- Bahado-Singh R O, Oz U, Kovanci E, Cermik D, Flores D, Copel J, Mahoney M, Cole L. New triple screen test for Down syndrome: combined urine analytes and serum AFP. J Matern Fetal Med 1998; 7: 111–114
- Cuckle H S, Wald N J, Thompson S G. Estimating a woman's risk of having a pregnancy associated with Down's syndrome using her age and serum alpha-fetoprotein level. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 94: 387–402
- Wald N J, Cuckle H S, Densem J W, Nanchahal K, Royston P, Chard T, et al. Maternal serum screening for Down's syndrome in early pregnancy. Br Med J 1988; 297: 883–887
- Palomaki G, Haddow J. Maternal serum α-fetoprotein, age and Down syndrome risk. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 156: 460–463
- Kairisto V, Poola A. Software for illustrative presentation of basic clinical characteristics of laboratory tests. Graph-ROC for windows. Scan J Clin Lab Invest 1995; 55(222)43–60
- Hall B. Mongolism in newborn infants. An examination of the criteria for recognition and some speculations on the pathogenic activity of the chromosomal abnormality. Clin Pediatr 1966; 5: 4–12
- Fried K. A score based on eight signs in the diagnosis of Down's syndrome in the newborn. J Ment Defic Res 1980; 24: 181–185
- Toi A, Simpson G F, Filly R A. Ultrasonically evident fetal nuchal skin thickening: is it specific for Down syndrome?. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 156: 150–153
- Perrella R, Duerinckx Al, Grant E G, Tessler F, Tabsh K, Crandall W BF. Second-trimester sonographic diagnosis of Down syndrome: role of femur-length shortening and nuchal-fold thickening. Am J Roentgenol 1988; 151: 981–985
- Watson W J, Miller R C, Menard K, et al. Ultrasonographic measurement of fetal nuchal skin to screen for chromosomal abnormalities. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 170: 483–486
- DeVore G R, Alfi O. The association between an abnormal nuchal skinfold, trisomy 21, and ultrasound abnormalities identified during the second trimester of pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1993; 3: 387–394
- Ginsberg N, Cadkin A, Pergament E, Verlinsky Y. Ultrasonographic detection of the second-trimester fetus with trisomy 18 and trisomy 21. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 163: 1186–1190
- Benacerraf B R, Laboda L A, Frigoletto F D. Thickened nuchal fold in fetuses not at risk for aneuploidy. Radiology 1992; 184: 239–242
- Lynch I, Berkowitz G S, Chitkara U, Wilkins I A, Mehalek K, Berkowitz R L. Ultrasound detection of Down syndrome: is it really possible?. Obstet Gynecol 1989; 73: 267–270
- Vintzileos A M, Guzman E R, Smulian J C, McLean D A, Ananth C V. Choice of second-trimester genetic sonogram for detection of trisomy 21. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 90: 187–190
- Reynolds T M, Penney M D. The mathematical basis of multivariate risk screening with special reference to screening for Downs syndrome associated pregnancy associated. Ann Clin Biochem 1990; 27: 452–458
- Bahado-Singh R O, Deren O, Oz U, Tan A, Hunter D, Coopel J, Mahoney M J. An alternative for women initially declining genetic amniocentesis: individual Down syndrome odds on the basis of maternal age and multiple ultrasonographic markers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179: 514–519
- Biagoitti R, Periti E, Brizzi L, Vanzi E, Cariati E. Comparison between two methods of standardization for gestational age differences in fetal nuchal translucency measurement in first-trimester screening for trisomy 21. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1997; 9: 248–252
- Pandaya P, Snijders R JM, Johnson S P, Brizot M L, Nicolaides K H. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 102: 957–962
- Bahado-Singh R O, Goldstein I, Uerpairojkit B, Copel J A, Mahoney M J, Baumgarten A. Normal nuchal thickness in the midtrimester indicates reduced risk of Down syndrome in pregnancies with abnormal triple screen results. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 173: 1106–1110
- Palomaki G E. Down's syndrome epidemiology and risk estimation. Early Hum Dev 1996; 47: S19–26