References
- Abdou RH, Abdel-Daim MM. (2014). Alpha-lipoic acid improves acute deltamethrin-induced toxicity in rats. Can J Physiol Pharm 92:773–79
- Ballatori N, Hammond CL, Cunningham JB, et al. (2005). Molecular mechanisms of reduced glutathione transport: role of the MRP/CFTR/ABCC and OATP/SLC21A families of membrane proteins. Toxicol Appl Pharm 204:238–55
- Bharath S, Cochran B, Hsu M, et al. (2002). Pre-treatment with R-lipoic acid alleviates the effects of GSH depletion in PC12 cells: implications for Parkinson’s disease therapy. Neurotoxicology 23:479–86
- Bilska A, Wlodek L. (2005). Lipoic acid – the drug of the future? Pharmacol Rep 57:570–7
- Brzoska M, Moniuszko-Jakoniuk J, Piłat-Marcinkiewicz B, Sawicki B. (2003). Liver and kidney function and histology in rats exposed to cadmium and ethanol. Alcohol Alcoholism 38:2–10
- Budin SB, Othman F, Louis S, et al. (2009). Effect of alpha lipoic acid on oxidative stress and vascular wall of diabetic rats. Rom J Morphol Embryo 50:23–30
- Busse E, Zimmer G, Schopohl B, Kornhuber B. (1992). Influence of alpha-lipoic acid on intracellular glutathione in vitro and in vivo. Arzneimittel-Forsch 42-1:829–31
- Cheng PY, Lee YM, Shih NL, et al. (2006). Heme oxygenase-1 contributes to the cytoprotection of alpha-lipoic acid via activation of p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase in vascular smooth muscle cells. Free Radical Bio Med 40:1313–22
- Chin TA, Templeton DM. (1993). Protective elevations of glutathione and metallothionein in cadmium-exposed mesangial cells. Toxicology 77:145–56
- Circu ML, Aw TY. (2010). Reactive oxygen species, cellular redox systems, and apoptosis. Free Radical Bio Med 48:749–62
- Eneman J, Potts R, Osier M, et al. (2000). Suppressed oxidant-induced apoptosis in cadmium adapted alveolar epithelial cells and its potential involvement in cadmium carcinogenesis. Toxicology 147:215–28
- Flier J, Van Muiswinkel FL, Jongenelen CAM, Drukarch B. (2002). The neuroprotective antioxidant α-lipoic acid induces detoxication enzymes in cultured astroglial cells. Free Radical Res 36:695–9
- Franco R, Cidlowski JA. (2009). Apoptosis and glutathione: beyond an antioxidant. Cell Death Differ 16:1303–14
- Gorąca A, Huk-Kolega H, Piechota, A, Kleniewska P. (2011). Lipoic acid – biological activity and therapeutic potential. Pharmacol Rep 63:849–58
- Griffith OW. (1999). Biologic and pharmacologic regulation of mammalian glutathione synthesis. Free Radical Bio Med 27:922–35
- Han D, Handelman G, Marcocci L, et al. (1997). Lipoic acid increases de novo synthesis of cellular glutathione by improving cystine utilization. Biofactors 6:321–38
- Huang CS, Anderson ME, Meister A. (1993). Amino acid sequence and function of the light subunit of rat kidney gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. J Biol Chem 268:20578
- Huerta-Olvera SG, Macías-Barragán J, Bueno-Topete MR, et al. (2008). Lipoic acid regulates glutathione, heme oxygenase gene expression and nuclear Nrf2 activation as a mechanism of protection against arsenic exposure in HepG2 cells. Toxicol Lett 180:S35
- Kaspar JW, Niture SK, Jaiswal AK. (2009). Nrf2: INrf2 (Keap1) signaling in oxidative stress. Free Radical Bio Med 47:1304–9
- Kemp M, Go YM, Jones DP. (2008). Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of thiol/disulfide redox systems: a perspective on redox systems biology. Free Radical Bio Med 44:921–37
- Kwak MK, Egner PA, Dolan PM, et al. (2001). Role of phase 2 enzyme induction in chemoprotection by dithiolethiones. Mutat Res-Fund Mol M 480:305–15
- Lawal AO, Ellis E. (2010). Differential sensitivity and responsiveness of three human cell lines HepG2, 1321N1 and HEK 293 to cadmium. J Toxicol Sci 35:465–78
- Liu J, Qu W, Kadiiska MB. (2009). Role of oxidative stress in cadmium toxicity and carcinogenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharm 238:209–14
- Lu SC. (1999). Regulation of hepatic glutathione synthesis: current concepts and controversies. Faseb J 13:1169–83
- Lu SC. (2009). Regulation of glutathione synthesis. Mol Aspects Med 30:42–59
- Lu SC. (2013). Glutathione synthesis. BBA-Gen Subjects 1830:3143–53
- Macías-Barragán JG, Bueno-Topete MR, Armendáriz-Borunda JS, et al. (2008). Alpha lipoic acid attenuates cadmium-induced inflammatory cytokine expression and apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Cytokine 43:241
- McWalter GK, Higgins LG, McLellan LI, et al. (2004). Transcription factor nrf2 is essential for induction of NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1, glutathione S-transferases, and glutamate cysteine ligase by broccoli seeds and isothiocyanates. J Nutr 134:3499S–3506S
- Meister A, Anderson ME. (1983). Glutathione. Annu Rev Biochem 52:711–60
- Mersch-Sundermann V, Knasmüller S, Wu XJ, et al. (2004). Use of a human-derived liver cell line for the detection of cytoprotective, antigenotoxic and cogenotoxic agents. Toxicology 198:329–40
- Mosmann T. (1983). Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods 65:55–63
- Mukherjee R, Banerjee S, Joshi N, et al. (2011). A combination of melatonin and alpha lipoic acid has greater cardioprotective effect than either of them singly against cadmium-induced oxidative damage. Cardiovasc Toxicol 11:78–88
- Murugavel P, Pari L. (2007). Effects of diallyl tetrasulfide on cadmium-induced oxidative damage in the liver of rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 26:527–34
- Nehru LB, Bansal MP. (1997). Effect of selenium supplementation on the glutathione redox system in the kidney of mice after chronic cadmium exposures. J Appl Toxicol 17:81–4
- Ogasawara Y, Takeda Y, Takayama H, et al. (2014). Significance of the rapid increase in GSH levels in the protective response to cadmium exposure through phosphorylated Nrf2 signaling in Jurkat T-cells. Free Radical Bio Med 69:58–66
- Omata Y, Salvador GA, Supasai S, et al. (2013). Decreased zinc availability affects glutathione metabolism in neuronal cells and in the developing brain. Toxicol Sci 133:90–100
- Packer L, Witt EH, Tritschler HJ. (1995). Alpha-lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant. Free Radical Bio Med 19:227–50
- Rai R, Tate JJ, Cooper TG. (2003). Ure2, a prion precursor with homology to glutathione S-transferase, protects Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells from heavy metal ion and oxidant toxicity. J Biol Chem 278:12826–33
- Renugadevi J, Prabu SM. (2010). Cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity in rats and the protective effect of naringenin. Exp Toxicol Pathol 62:171–81
- Repetto M, Semprine J, Boveris A. (2012). Lipid peroxidation: chemical mechanism, biological implications and analytical determination. In: Catala A, ed. Lipid Peroxidation. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech, 1–28
- Rochette L, Ghibu S, Richard C, et al. (2013). Direct and indirect antioxidant properties of α-lipoic acid and therapeutic potential. Mol Nutr Food Res 57:114–25
- Rodrigo R. (2009). Oxidative stress and antioxidants: their role in human disease. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc
- Sasaki H, Sato H, Kuriyama MK, et al. (2002). Electrophile response element-mediated induction of the cystine/glutamate exchange transporter gene expression. J Biol Chem 277:44765–71
- Sato H, Tamba M, Kuriyama MK, et al. (2000). Molecular cloning and expression of human xCT, the light chain of amino acid transport system xc-·. Antioxid Redox Signal 2:665–72
- Shay KP, Moreau RF, Smith EJ, et al. (2009). Alpha-lipoic acid as a dietary supplement: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. BBA-Gen Subjects 1790:1149–60
- Solis WA, Dalton TP, Dieter MZ, et al. (2002). Glutamate–cysteine ligase modifier subunit: mouse Gclm gene structure and regulation by agents that cause oxidative stress. Biochem Pharmacol 63:1739–54
- Son YO, Wang L, Poyil P, et al. (2012). Cadmium induces carcinogenesis in BEAS-2B cells through ROS-dependent activation of PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling. Toxicol Appl Pharm 264:153–60
- Suh J, Jung HS, Swapna VS, et al. (2004a). Decline in transcriptional activity of Nrf2 causes age-related loss of glutathione systhesis, which is reversible with lipoic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci 101:3381–86
- Suh JH, Wang H, Liu RM, et al. (2004b). (R)-α-Lipoic acid reverses the age-related loss in GSH redox status in post-mitotic tissues: evidence for increased cysteine requirement for GSH synthesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 423:126–35
- Templeton DM, Liu Y. (2010). Multiple roles of cadmium in cell death and survival. Chem Biol Interact 188:267–75
- Toroser D, Yarian CS, Orr WC, Sohal RS. (2006). Mechanisms of 3-glutamylcysteine ligase regulation. BBA- Gen Subjects 1760:233–44
- Vangronsveld J, Van Assche F, Clijsters H. (1995). Reclamation of a bare industrial area contaminated by non-ferrous metals: in situ metal immobilization and revegetation. Environ Pollut 87:51–9
- Voloboueva LA, Liu J, Suh JH, et al. (2005). (R)-alpha-lipoic acid protects retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative damage. Invest Ophth Vis Sci 46:4302–10
- Wang X, Zhang X, Cheng Y, et al. (2010). α-Lipoic acid prevents bupivacaine-induced neuron injury in vitro through a PI3K/Akt-dependent mechanism. Neurotoxicology 31:101–12
- Winiarska K, Malinska D, Szymanski K, et al. (2008). Lipoic acid ameliorates oxidative stress and renal injury in alloxan diabetic rabbits. Biochimie 90:450–9
- Wu KC, Liu JJ, Klaassen CD. (2012). Nrf2 activation prevents cadmium-induced acute liver injury. Toxicol Appl Pharm 263:14–20
- Xue DY, Wei RJ, Xu Y, et al. (2013). Antioxidantion of lipoic acid on the damage of HepG2 cells induced by cadmium chloride. Chin J Public Health 11:84–6
- Yang SY, Hong CO, Koo YC, et al. (2011). The involvement of transcription factor, AP-1 on glutathione synthesis enhanced by caffeic acid, a major component of Perilla frutescens. Faseb J 25:722
- Zhang HQ, Court N, Forman HJ. (2007). Submicromolar concentrations of 4-hydroxynonenal induce glutamate cysteine ligase expression in HBE1 cells. Redox Rep 12:101–6