Referensces
- Available from: http: www.goldcopd.org/. From the Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2011.
- Beasley R, Weatherall M, Travers J, Shirtcliffe P. Time to define the disorders of the syndrome of COPD. Lancet 2009 Aug 29; 374(9691):670–672.
- Wardlaw AJ, Silverman M, Siva R, Pavord ID, Green R. Multi-dimensional phenotyping: towards a new taxonomy for airway disease. Clin Exp Allergy 2005 Oct; 35(10):1254–1262.
- Han MK, Agusti A, Calverley PM, Celli BR, Criner G, Curtis JL, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease phenotypes: the future of COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010 Sep 1; 182(5):598–604.
- Shirtcliffe P, Weatherall M, Travers J, Beasley R. The multiple dimensions of airways disease: targeting treatment to clinical phenotypes. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2011 Mar; 17(2):72–78.
- Bafadhel M, McKenna S, Terry S, Mistry V, Reid C, Haldar P, Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: identification of biologic clusters and their biomarkers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011 Sep 15; 184(6):662–671.
- Bafadhel M, Umar I, Gupta S, Raj JV, Vara DD, Entwisle JJ, The role of CT scanning in multidimensional phenotyping of COPD. Chest 2011 Sep; 140(3):634–642.
- Weatherall M, Shirtcliffe P, Travers J, Beasley R. Use of cluster analysis to define COPD phenotypes. Eur Respir J 2010 Sep; 36(3):472–474.
- Weatherall M, Travers J, Shirtcliffe PM, Marsh SE, Williams MV, Nowitz MR, Distinct clinical phenotypes of airways disease defined by cluster analysis. Eur Respir J 2009 Oct; 34(4):812–818.
- Cho MH, Washko GR, Hoffmann TJ, Criner GJ, Hoffman EA, Martinez FJ, Cluster analysis in severe emphysema subjects using phenotype and genotype data: an exploratory investigation. Respir Res 2010; 11:30.
- Burgel PR, Paillasseur JL, Caillaud D, Tillie-Leblond I, Chanez P, Escamilla R, Clinical COPD phenotypes: a novel approach using principal component and cluster analyses. Eur Respir J 2010 Sep; 36(3):531–539.
- Pistolesi M, Camiciottoli G, Paoletti M, Marmai C, Lavorini F, Meoni E, Identification of a predominant COPD phenotype in clinical practice. Respir Med 2008 Mar; 102(3):367–376.
- Garcia-Aymerich J, Gomez FP, Benet M, Farrero E, Basagana X, Gayete A, Identification and prospective validation of clinically relevant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) subtypes. Thorax 2011 May; 66(5):430–437.
- Fens N, de Nijs SB, Peters S, Dekker T, Knobel HH, Vink TJ, Exhaled air molecular profiling in relation to inflammatory subtype and activity in COPD. Eur Respir J 2011 Dec;38(6):1301-9.
- Marsh SE, Travers J, Weatherall M, Williams MV, Aldington S, Shirtcliffe PM, Proportional classifications of COPD phenotypes. Thorax 2008 Sep; 63(9):761–767.
- van Iersel CA, de Koning HJ, Draisma G, Mali WP, Scholten ET, Nackaerts K, Risk-based selection from the general population in a screening trial: selection criteria, recruitment and power for the Dutch-Belgian randomised lung cancer multi-slice CT screening trial (NELSON). Int J Cancer 2007 Feb 15; 120(4):868–874.
- Fletcher CM, Pride NB. Definitions of emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and airflow obstruction: 25 years on from the Ciba symposium. Thorax 1984 Feb; 39(2):81–85.
- Burney PG, Luczynska C, Chinn S, Jarvis D. The European Community Respiratory Health Survey. Eur Respir J 1994 May; 7(5):954–960.
- van der Molen T, Willemse BW, Schokker S, ten Hacken NH, Postma DS, Juniper EF. Development, validity and responsiveness of the Clinical COPD Questionnaire. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2003; 1:13.
- Miller MR, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, Burgos F, Casaburi R, Coates A, Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J 2005 Aug; 26(2):319–338.
- Macintyre N, Crapo RO, Viegi G, Johnson DC, van der Grinten CP, Brusasco V, Standardisation of the single-breath determination of carbon monoxide uptake in the lung. Eur Respir J 2005 Oct; 26(4):720–735.
- Gietema HA, Schilham AM, van GB, van Klaveren RJ, Lammers JW, Prokop M. Monitoring of smoking-induced emphysema with CT in a lung cancer screening setting: detection of real increase in extent of emphysema. Radiology 2007 Sep; 244(3):890–897.
- Stoel BC, Stolk J. Optimization and standardization of lung densitometry in the assessment of pulmonary emphysema. Invest Radiol 2004 Nov;39(11):681–688.
- Dragonieri S, Schot R, Mertens BJ, Le CS, Gauw SA, Spanevello A, An electronic nose in the discrimination of patients with asthma and controls. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007 Oct; 120(4):856–862.
- Fens N, Zwinderman AH, van der Schee MP, de Nijs SB, Dijkers E, Roldaan AC, Exhaled breath profiling enables discrimination of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009 Dec 1; 180(11):1076–1082.
- Lewis NS. Comparisons between mammalian and artificial olfaction based on arrays of carbon black-polymer composite vapor detectors. Acc Chem Res 2004 Sep;37(9):663–672.
- Röck F, Barsan N, Weimar U. Electronic nose: current status and future trends. Chem Rev 2008 Feb; 108(2):705–725.
- de Groot JA, Janssen KJ, Zwinderman AH, Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Moons KG. Correcting for partial verification bias: a comparison of methods. Ann Epidemiol 2011 Feb; 21(2):139–148.
- Marti H, Chavance M. Multiple imputation analysis of case-cohort studies. Stat Med 2011 Jun 15; 30(13):1595–1607.
- Rubin DB, Schenker N. Multiple imputation in health-care databases: an overview and some applications. Stat Med 1991 Apr; 10(4):585–598.
- Bartholomew DJ, Steele F, Moustaki I, Galbraith J. Factor analysis for binary data. In: Chapman, Hall, editors. The Analysis and Interpretation of Multivariate Data for Social Scientists. 2002, Chapman and Hall/CRC, London, UK.
- Tibshirani R, Walther G, Hastie T. Estimating the number of clusters in a data set via the gap statistic. J R Statist Soc B 2001; (63):411–423.
- Bolshakova N, Azuaje F. Machaon CVE: cluster validation for gene expression data. Bioinformatics 2003 Dec 12; 19(18):2494–2495.
- Brusco MJ. Clustering binary data in the presence of masking variables. Psychol Meth 2004 Dec; 9(4):510–523.
- Agusti A, Celli B. Avoiding confusion in COPD: from risk factors to phenotypes to measures of disease characterisation. Eur Respir J 2011 Oct; 38(4):749–751.
- Lapperre TS, Snoeck-Stroband JB, Gosman MM, Stolk J, Sont JK, Jansen DF, Dissociation of lung function and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004 Sep 1; 170(5):499–504.
- Ibrahim B, Basanta M, Cadden P, Singh D, Douce D, Woodcock A, Non-invasive phenotyping using exhaled volatile organic compounds in asthma. Thorax 2011 Sep; 66(9): 804–9.
- Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Bruns DE, Gatsonis CA, Glasziou PP, Irwig LM, The STARD statement for reporting studies of diagnostic accuracy: explanation and elaboration. Ann Intern Med 2003 Jan 7; 138(1):W1–12.
- Travers J, Marsh S, Williams M, Weatherall M, Caldwell B, Shirtcliffe P, External validity of randomised controlled trials in asthma: to whom do the results of the trials apply? Thorax 2007 Mar; 62(3):219–223.