References
- Brusasco V. Pulmonary function studies, still a priority in COPD. J COPD 2014; 11:121–122.
- Ofir D, Laveneziana P, Webb KA, Lam YM, Mechanisms of dyspnea during cycle exercise in symptomatic patients with GOLD stage I chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177:622–629.
- Chin RC, Guenette JA, Cheng S, Does the respiratory system limit exercise in mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 187:1315–1323.
- Otis AB, McKerrow CM, Bartlett RA, Mechanical factors in the distribution of pulmonary ventilation. J Appl Physiol 1956; 8:427–443.
- Hogg JC, Macklem PT, Thurlbeck WM. Site and nature of airway obstruction in chronic obstructive lung disease. New Engl J Med 1968;278: 1355–1360.
- Rodríguez-Roisin R, Drakulovic M, Rodríguez DA, Roca J, Ventilation-perfusion imbalance and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease staging severity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 106:1902–1908.
- Sandek K, Bratel T, Lagerstrand L, Rosell H. Relationship between lung function, ventilation-perfusion inequality and extent of emphysema as assessed by high-resolution computed tomography. Respir Med 2002; 96:934–943.
- Engel LA. Dynamic distribution of gas flow. In: Macklem PT, Mead J. eds. Handbook of Physiology: The Respiratory System (Volume III). Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society, 1986; 575–594, 598.
- Ora J, Jensen D, O’Donnell DE. Exertional dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: mechanisms and treatment approaches. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2010; 16:144–149.
- Teculescu DB, Stanescu DC. Total lung capacity in obstructive lung disease: comparative determination by single and multiple breath helium dilution. Bull Eur PhysiopatJwl Respir, 1969; 5:453–464.
- Ross JC, Ley GD, Krumholz RA, Rahbari H. A technique for evaluation of gas mixing in the lung. Studies in cigarette smokers and non-smokers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1967; 95:447–453.
- Hughes JM, Pride NB. In defence of the carbon monoxide transfer coefficient Kco (TL/VA). Eur Respir J 2001; 17:168–174.
- Schaanning CG, Gulsvik A. Accuracy and precision of helium dilution technique and body plethysmography in measuring lung volumes. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1973; 32:271–277.
- Pare PD, Wiggs BJR, Coppin CA. Errors in the measurement of total lung capacity in chronic obstructive lung disease. Thorax 1983; 38:468–471.
- Rodenstein DO, Stanescu DC. Reassessment of lung volume measurement by helium dilution and body plethysmography in chronic airflow obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982; 126:1040–1044.
- Burns CB, Scheinhorn DJ. Evaluation of single-breath helium dilution total lung capacity in obstructive lung disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 130:580–583.
- Roberts CM, MacRae KD, Seed WA. Multibreath and single breath helium dilution lung volumes as a test of airway obstruction. Eur Respir J 1990; 13:515–520.
- Punjabi NM, Shade D, Wise RA. Correction of single-breath helium lung volumes in patients with airflow obstruction. Chest 1998; 114:907–918.
- Vestbo J, Hurd SS, Agustí AG, Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 187:347–365.
- Miller MR, Crapo R, Hankinson J, et al. ATS/ERS Task Force. General considerations for lung function testing. Eur Respir J 2005; 26:153–161.
- MacIntyre N, Crapo RO, Viegi G, Standardisation of the single-breath determination of carbon monoxide uptake in the lung. Eur Respir J 2005; 13:720–735.
- Jones RS, Meade F. A theoretical and experimental analysis of anomalies in the estimation of pulmonary diffusing capacity by the single breath method. Q J Exp Physiol Cogn Med Sci 1961; 46:131–143.
- ERS Task Force Recommendations on the use of exercise testing in clinical practice. Eur Respir J 2007; 29:185–209.
- Noble BJ, Borg GA, Jacobs I, Ceci R, Kaiser P. A category-ratio perceived exertion scale: relationship to blood and muscle lactates and heart rate. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1983; 15:523–528.
- Jones NL, Makrides L, Hitchcock C, Chypchar T, Normal standards for an incremental progressive cycle ergometer test. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 131:700–708.
- Oga T, Nishimura K, Tsukino M, Exercise capacity deterioration in patients with COPD: longitudinal evaluation over 5 years. Chest 2005; 128:62–69.
- Cote CG, Pinto-Plata V, Kasprzyk K, The 6-min walk distance, peak oxygen uptake, and mortality in COPD. Chest 2007; 132:1778–1785.
- Albuquerque AL, Nery LE, Villaça DS, Inspiratory fraction and exercise impairment in COPD patients GOLD stages II-III. Eur Respir J 2006; 28:939–944.
- Laveneziana P, Webb KA, Ora J, Evolution of dyspnea during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: impact of critical volume constraints. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184:1367–1373.
- Peters MM, Webb KA, O’Donnell DE. Combined physiological effects of bronchodilators and hyperoxia on exertional dyspnoea in normoxic COPD. Thorax 2006; 61:559–567.
- Kaczka DW, Lutchen KR, Hantos Z. Emergent behavior of regional heterogeneity in the lung and its effects on respiratory impedance. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 110:1473–81.
- Anthonisen NR. Tests of mechanical function. In: Macklem PT, Mead J. eds. Handbook of Physiology: The Respiratory System (Volume III). Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society, 1986; 753–768.
- Guenette JA, Webb KA, O’Donnell DE. Effect of fluticasone/salmeterol combination on dyspnea and respiratory mechanics in mild-to-moderate COPD. Respir Med 2013; 107:708-16
- O’Donnell CR, Bankier A, Stiebellehner L, Comparison of plethysmographic and helium dilution lung volumes: which is best for COPD? Chest 2010; 137: 1108–1115.
- Graham BL, Mink JT, Cotton DJ. Effect of breath-hold time on DLCO(SB) in patients with airway obstruction. J Appl Physiol 1985; 58:1319–1325.
- Ruff F, Martin RR, Milic-Emili J. Previous volume history of the lung and regional distribution of residual volume. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 1981; 51:313–316.
- Horstman MJ, Mertens FW, Schotborg D, Comparison of total-breath and single-breath diffusing capacity in healthy volunteers and COPD patients. Chest 2007; 131:237–244.
- Kirby M, Mathew L, Heydarian M, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: quantification of bronchodilator effects by using hyperpolarized 3He MR imaging. Radiology 2011; 261:283–289.
- van der Lee I, van Es HW, Noordmans HJ, Alveolar volume determined by single-breath helium dilution correlates with the high-resolution computed by tomography-derived nonemphysematous lung volume. Respiration 2006; 73:468–773.
- Timmins SC, Diba C, Farrow CE, The relationship between airflow obstruction, emphysema extent, and small airways function in COPD. Chest 2012; 142:312–319.
- Robinson PD, Latzin P, Verbanck S, Consensus statement for inert gas washout measurement using multiple- and single-breath tests. Eur Respir J 2013; 41:507–522.