9
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Molecular Biology Primer for the Pediatric Pathologist

Pages 339-367 | Received 06 Aug 1993, Accepted 30 Aug 1993, Published online: 09 Jul 2009

References

  • Genes, I.V., 1st ed, B. Lewin. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1990
  • Drapkin R., Merino A., Reinberg D. Regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1993; 3: 469–76
  • Thompson C. C., McKnight S. L. Anatomy of an enhancer. Trends Biochem Sci 1992; 8: 232–6
  • McKeown M. The role of small nuclear RNAs in RNA splicing. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1993; 5: 448–54
  • Early P., Rogers J., Davis M., et al. Two mRNAs can be produced from a single immunoglobulin mu gene by alternative RNA processing pathways. Cell 1980; 20: 313–9
  • Rogers J., Early P., Carter C., et al. Two mRNAs with different 3′ ends encode membrane-bound and secreted forms of immunoglobulin mu chain. Cell 1980; 20: 303–12
  • Williams L. T., Escobedo J. A., Ueno H., . Signal transduction by the platelet-derived growth factor and fibroblast growth factor receptors. Origins of Human Cancer: A Comprehensive Review. 1st ed., J. Brugge, T. Curran, E. Harlow, et al. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, NY 1991; Vol. 1: 237–45
  • Lord J. M., Bunce C. M., Brown G. The role of protein phosphorylation in the control of cell growth and differentiation. Br J Cancer 1988; 58: 549–55
  • Meek D. W., Street A. J. Nuclear protein phosphorylation and growth control. Biochem J 1992; 287(1 Oct, Pt 1)1–15
  • DeBond H. L., Rosenblatt J., Jancarik J., et al. Crystal structure of cyclin-dependent kinase 2. Nature 1993; 363: 595–602
  • Charbonneau H., Tonks N. K. 1002 protein phosphatases. Annu Rev Cell Biol 1992; 8: 463–93
  • Sprague GF J. Kinase cascade conserved. Curr Biol 1992; 2: 587–9
  • Iyengar R. Molecular and functional diversity of mammalian Gs-stimulated adenylyl cyclases. FASEB J 1993; 7: 768–75
  • Hepler J. R., Gilman A. G. G proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 1992; 17: 383–7
  • Taylor S. S. cAMP-dependent protein kinase: Model for an enzyme family. J Biol Chem 1989; 264: 8443–6
  • Karin M. Complexities of gene regulation by cAMP. Trends Genet 1989; 5: 65–7
  • Rink T. J., Merritt J. E. Calcium signalling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1990; 2: 198–205
  • Lohnes D., Dierich A., Ghyselinck N., et al. Retinoid receptors and binding proteins. J Cell Sci Suppl 1992; 16: 69–76
  • Leid M., Kastner P., Chambon P. Multiplicity generates diversity in the retinoic acid signalling pathways. Trends Biochem Sci 1992; 17: 427–33
  • Satoh T., Nakafuku M., Kaziro Y. Function of ras as a molecular switch in signal transduction. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 24149–52
  • Marx J. Forging a path to the nucleus. Science 1993; 260: 1588–90
  • Feig L. A. The many roads that lead to Ras. Science 1993; 260: 767–8
  • Moodie S. A., Willumsen B. M., Weber M. J., et al. Complexes of Ras-GTP with Raf-1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase. Science 1993; 260: 1658–61
  • Nishida E., Gotoh Y. The MAP kinase cascade is essential for diverse signal transduction pathways. Trends Biochem Sci 1993; 18: 128–31
  • Ruderman J. V. MAP kinase and the activation of quiescent cells. Curr Biol 1993; 5: 207–13
  • Egan S. E., Giddings B. W., Brooks M. W., et al. Association of Sos Ras exchange protein with Grb2 is implicated in tyrosine kinase signal transduction and transformation. Nature 1993; 363: 45–51
  • Darnell J., Lodish H., Baltimore D. Growing and manipulating cells and viruses. Molecular Cell Biology. 2nd ed., J. Darnell, H. Lodish, D. Baltimore. Scientific American Books, New York 1990; 151–9
  • Minshull J. Cyclin synthesis: Who needs it?. Bioessays 1993; 15: 149–55
  • Pines J. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases: Take your partners. Trends Biochem Sci 1993; 18: 195–7
  • Murray A. W. Turning on mitosis. Curr Biol 1993; 3: 291–3
  • Nigg E. A. Targets of cyclin-dependent protein kinases. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1993; 5: 187–93
  • Williams G. T., Smith C. A., McCarthy N. J., et al. Apoptosis final control point in cell biology. Trends Cell Biol 1992; 2: 263–7
  • Wyllie A. H. Apoptosis (The 1992 Frank Rose Memorial Lecture). Br J Cancer 1993; 67: 205–8
  • Maden M., Holder N. Retinoic acid and the development of the central nervous system. Bioessays 1992; 14: 431–8
  • Gillard E. F., Solomon E. Retinoic acid-induced remission. Curr Biol 1993; 3: 185–7
  • Rous P. A sarcoma of the fowl transmissible by an agent separable from the tumour cells. J Exp Med 1911; 13: 397
  • Bishop J. M. The molecular biology of RNA tumor viruses: A physician's guide. N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 675–82
  • Bishop J. M. Viral oncogenes. Cell 1985; 42: 23–8
  • Spector D. H., Varmus H. E., Bishop J. M. Nucleotide sequences related to the transforming gene of avian sarcoma virus are present in DNA of uninfected vertebrates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1978; 75: 4102–6
  • Bishop J. M. Cellular oncogenes and retroviruses. Annu Rev Biochem 1983; 52: 301–54
  • Weinberg R. A. A molecular basis of cancer. Sci Am 1983; 249(5)126–43
  • Bos J. L., Fearon E. R., Hamilton S. R., et al. Prevalence of ras gene mutations in human colrectal cancer. Nature 1987; 327: 293–7
  • Pitot H. C. The molecular biology of carcinogenesis. Cancer 1993; 72: 962–70
  • Hayward W. S., Neel B. G., Astrin S. M. Activation of a cellular oncogene by promoter insertion in ALV-induced lymphoid leukosis. Nature 1981; 290: 475–9
  • Dalla-Favera R., Bregni M., Erikson J., et al. Human c-myconcogene is located in the region of chromosome 8 that is translocated in Burkitt lymphoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982; 79: 7824–7
  • Taub R., Kirsch I., Morton C., et al. Translocation of the c-myc gene into the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in human Burkitt lymphoma and murine plasmacytoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982; 79: 7837–41
  • Cline M. Biology of human disease. Molecular diagnosis of human cancer. Lab Invest 1989; 61: 368–80
  • Bacon T., Wickstrom E. Walking along the human c-myc mRNA: Maximum efficacy at the 5′ cap region. Oncogene Res 1991; 6: 13–9
  • Brison O. Gene amplification and tumour progression. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993; 1155: 25–41
  • De Klein A., Van Kessel A., Grosveld D., et al. A cellular oncogene is translocated to the Philadelphia chromosome in chronic myelocytic leukemia. Nature 1982; 300: 765–7
  • Korsmeyer S. J. BCL2: An antidote to programmed cell death. Cancer Surv 1992; 15: 105–18
  • Korsmeyer S. J. Bcl-2 initiates a new category of oncogenes: Regulators of cell death. Blood 1992; 80: 879–86
  • Land H., Parada L. F., Weinberg R. A. Tumorigenic transformation of primary embryo fibroblasts requires at least two cooperating oncogenes. Nature 1982; 304: 596–601
  • Harris H., Miller O. J., Klein G., et al. Suppression of malignancy by cell fusion. Nature 1969; 223: 363
  • Knudson A. G. Mutation and cancer: Statistical study of retinoblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1971; 68: 820–3
  • Weinberg R. A. Tumor suppressor genes. Science 1991; 254: 1138–46
  • Friend S. H., Bernards R., Rogelj S., et al. A human DNA segment with properties of the gene that predisposes to retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma. Nature 1986; 323: 643–6
  • Gallie B. L., Squire J. A., Goddard A., et al. Biology of disease. Mechanism of oncogenesis in retinoblastoma. Lab Invest 1990; 62: 394–408
  • Malkin D., Li F. P., Strong L. C., et al. Germ line p53 mutations in familial syndrome of breast cancer sarcomas and other neoplasms. Science 1990; 250: 1233–8
  • Levine A. J., Momand J., Finlay C. The p53 tumour suppressor gene. Nature 1991; 351: 453–5
  • Vogelstein B., Kinzler K. W. p53 function and dysfunction. Cell 1992; 70: 523–6
  • Lane D. P. Worrying about p53. Curr Biol 1992; 2: 581–3
  • Augenlicht L. H. Gene structure, function, and abnormalities. Cancer 1992; 70: 1671–84
  • Sambrook J., Fritsch E. F., Maniatis T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, NY 1989
  • Lasko D., Cavenee W., Nordenskjold M. Loss of constitutional heterozygosity in human cancer. Annu Rev Genet 1991; 25: 281–314
  • Trask B. J. Fluorescence in situ hybridization. Trends Genet 1991; 7: 149–54
  • Gray J. W., Pinkel D. Molecular cytogenetics in human cancer diagnosis. Cancer 1992; 69(6 Suppl)1536–42
  • LeBeau M. M. Detecting genetic changes in human tumour cells: Have scientists gone FISHing?. Blood 1993; 81: 1979–83
  • Lyons J. The polymerase chain reaction and cancer diagnostics. Cancer 1992; 69(6 Suppl)1527–31
  • Weinberg R. A. The retinoblastoma gene and gene product. Cancer Surv 1992; 12: 43–57
  • Sopta M., Gallie B. L., Gill R. M., et al. The retinoblastoma protein and the cell cycle. Semin Cancer Biol 1992; 3(3)107–13
  • Nevins J. R. E2F: A link between the Rb tumor suppressor protein and viral oncoproteins. Science 1992; 258: 424–9
  • Cobrinik D., Dowdy S. F., Hinds P. W., et al. The retinoblastoma protein and the regulation of cell cycling. Trends Biochem Sci 1992; 17: 312–5
  • Goodrich D. W., Lee W-H. Molecular characterization of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993; 1155: 43–61
  • Ewen M., Xing U., Lawrence J. B., et al. Molecular cloning, chromosomal mapping, and expression of cDNA for p107, a retinoblastoma gene product-related protein. Cell 1991; 66: 1155–64
  • Hannon G., Demetrick D. J., Beach D. H. Isolation of the Rb-related p130 through its interaction with CDK2 and cyclins. Genes and Dev 1993; 7: 2378–2391
  • Haber D. A., Buckler A. J. WTI: A novel tumor suppressor gene inactivated in Wilms' tumor. New Biol 1992; 4(2)97–106
  • Haber D. A., Housman D. E. Role of the WT1 gene in Wilms' tumour. Cancer Surv 1992; 12: 105–17
  • Koo H. P., Hensle T. W. Molecular biology of Wilm's tumour. Urol Clin North Am 1993; 20: 323–31
  • Knudson A. G., Strong L. C. Mutation and cancer: A model for Wilms' tumor of the kidney. J Natl Cancer Inst 1972; 48: 313–24
  • Brodeur G. M., Azar C., Brother M., et al. Neuroblastoma. Effect of genetic factors on prognosis and treatment. Cancer 1992; 70: 1685–94
  • Meichle A., Philipp A., Eilers M. The functions of Myc proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992; 1114: 129–46
  • Blackwood E. M., Eisenman R. N. Max: A helix-loop-helix zipper protein that forms a sequence-specific DNA-binding complex with myc. Science 1991; 251: 1211–7
  • Ayer D. E., Kretzner L., Eisenman R. N. Mad: A heterodimeric protein partner for Max that antagonizes Myc transcriptional activity. Cell 1993; 72: 211–22
  • Cheng J. M., Hiemstra J. L., Schneider S. S., et al. Paternal amplification of the paternal allele of the N-myc gene in human neuroblastomas. Nature Genet 1993; 4: 191–4
  • Nuovo G. J. PCR In Situ Hybridization. Protocols and Applications. 1st ed. Raven Press, New York 1992
  • Jacobs WR J., Barletta R. G., Udani R., et al. Rapid susceptibility of drug susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by luciferase reporter phages. Science 1993; 260: 819–22
  • Sklar J., Longtine J. The clinical significance of antigen receptor gene rearrangements in lymphoid neoplasia. Cancer 1992; 70: 1710–8
  • Smith B., Selby P., Southgate J., et al. Detection of melanoma cells in peripheral blood by reverse transcriptase and the polymerase chain reaction. Lancet 1991; 338: 1227–9
  • Brack T., Scholz R. B., Milde-Langosch K., et al. Detection of N-myc gene amplification in bone marrow specimens of stage IV neuroblastoma patients. Cancer Detect Prev 1992; 16: 185–92
  • Oshima K., Kikuchi M., Masada Y., et al. Epstein-Barr genomes in carcinoma metastatic to lymph nodes. Association with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Acta Pathol Jpn 1991; 41: 437–43
  • Lammie G. A., Fentl V., Smith R., et al. D11S287 a putative oncogene on chromosome 11q13 is amplified and expressed in squamous cell and mammary carcinomas and linked to BCL-1. Oncogene 1991; 6: 439–44
  • Keyomarsi K., Pardee A. B. Redundant cyclin overexpression and gene amplification in breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 1112–6
  • Cance W. G., Brennan M. F., Dudas M. E., et al. Altered expression of the retinoblastoma gene product in human sarcomas. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 1457–61
  • Buckley M. F., Sweeney K. JE, Hamilton J. A., et al. Expression and amplification of cyclin genes in human breast cancer. Oncogene 1993; 8: 2127–33
  • Schwartz G. K., Jiang J., Kelsen D., et al. Protein kinase C: A novel target for inhibiting gastric cancer cell invasion. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85: 402–7
  • Travis J. Novel anticancer agents move closer to reality. Science 1993; 260: 1877–8
  • Arceci R. J. Clinical significance of P-glycoprotein in multidrug resistance malignancies. Blood 1993; 81: 2215–22
  • Chan HS L., Haddad G., Thorner P. S., . Multidrug resistance in childhood malignancies. Accomplishments in Cancer Research: 1991. 1st ed., J. G. Fortner, J. E. Rhoads, et al. J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia 1992; 184–216
  • Stein C. A. Anti-sense oligodeoxynucleotides—promises and pitfalls. Leukemia 1992; 6: 967–74
  • Carter G., Lemoine N. R. Antisense technology for cancer therapy; does it make sense?. Br J Cancer 1993; 67: 869–76

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.