References
- UK Prospective Diabetes Study. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998; 352:854–865.
- Kajbaf F, Lalau JD. The prognostic value of blood pH and lactate and metformin concentrations in severe metformin-associated lactic acidosis. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 14:22.
- Seidowsky A, Nseir S, Houdret N, Fourrier F. Metformin-associated lactic acidosis: a prognostic and therapeutic study. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:2191–2196.
- Owen MR, Doran E, Halestrap AP. Evidence that metformin exerts its anti-diabetic effects through inhibition of complex 1 of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Biochem J 2000; 348:607–614.
- El-Mir MY, Nogueira V, Fontaine E, Averet N, Rigoulet M, Leverve X. Dimethylbiguanide inhibits cell respiration via an indirect effect targeted on the respiratory chain complex I. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:223–228.
- Duong JK, Furlong TJ, Roberts DM, Graham GG, Greenfield JR, Williams KM, Day RO. The role of metformin in metformin- associated lactic acidosis (MALA): Case series and formulation of a model of pathogenesis. Drug Saf 2013; April 3 (Epub ahead of print. doi:10.1007/s40264-013-0038-6).
- Lalau JD, Lacroix C. Measurement of metformin concentration in erythrocytes: clinical implications. Diabetes Obes Metab 2003; 5:93–98.
- Misbin RI, Green L, Stadel BV, Gueriguian JL, Gubbi A, Fleming GA. Lactic acidosis in patients with diabetes treated with metformin. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:265–266.
- Stang M, Wysowski DK, Butler-Jones D. Incidence of lactic acidosis in metformin users. Diabetes Care 1999; 22:925–927.
- Stacpoole PW, Wright EC, Baumgartner TG, Bersin RM, Buchalter S, Curry SH, et al. A controlled clinical trial of dichloroacetate for treatment of lactic acidosis in adults. The dichloroacetate-lactic acidosis study group. N Engl J Med 1992; 327:1564–1569.
- Vecchio S, Giampreti A, Petrolini VM, Lonati D, Protti A, Papa P, et al. Metformin accumulation: Lactic acidosis and high plasmatic metformin levls in a retrospective case series of 66 patients on chronic therapy. Clin Toxicol 2014; 52:129–135.
- Barrueto F, Meggs WJ, Barchman MJ. Clearance of metformin by hemofiltration in overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2002; 40: 177–180.
- Guo PY, Storsley LJ, Finkle SN. Severe lactic acidosis treated with prolonged hemodialysis: recovery after massive overdoses of metformin. Semin Dial 2006; 19:80–83.