Intoxications by the dissociative new psychoactive substances diphenidine and methoxphenidine

References

• Hill SL, Thomas SH. Clinical toxicology of newer recreational drugs. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2011; 49:705–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helander A, Bäckberg M, Hultén P, Al-Saffar Y, Beck O. Detection of new psychoactive substance use among emergency room patients: results from the Swedish STRIDA project. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 243:23–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EMCDDA. Risk assessments of various psychoactive substances 1999–2014. 2014. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/searchresults?action = list&type = PUBLICATIONS&SERIES_PUB = w12 (Accessed on March 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Helander A, Bäckberg M, Beck O. MT-45, a new psychoactive substance associated with hearing loss and unconsciousness. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2014; 52:901–904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kronstrand R, Thelander G, Lindstedt D, Roman M, Kugelberg FC. Fatal intoxications associated with the designer opioid AH-7921. J Anal Toxicol 2014; 38:599–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vorce SP, Knittel JL, Holler JM, Magluilo J Jr., Levine B, Berran P, Bosy TZ. A fatality involving AH-7921. J Anal Toxicol 2014; 38:226–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anis NA, Berry SC, Burton NR, Lodge D. The dissociative anaesthetics, ketamine and phencyclidine, selectively reduce excitation of central mammalian neurones by N-methyl-aspartate. Br J Pharmacol 1983; 79:565–575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger ML, Schweifer A, Rebernik P, Hammerschmidt F. NMDA receptor affinities of 1,2-diphenylethylamine and 1-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperidine enantiomers and of related compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:3456–3462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris H, Wallach J. From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:614–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallach J, De Paoli G, Adejare A, Brandt SD. Preparation and analytical characterization of 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine (PCP) and 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidine (PCPy) analogues. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:633–650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dargan PI, Wood DM. Recreational drug use in the Asia Pacific region: Improvement in our understanding of the problem through the UNODC programmes. J Med Toxicol 2012; 8:295–299.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li G, Baker SP, Zhao Q, Brady JE, Lang BH, Rebok GW, DiMaggio C. Drug violations and aviation accidents: findings from the US mandatory drug testing programs. Addiction 2011; 106:1287–1292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platteborze PL, Kippenberger DJ, Martin TM. Drug positive rates for the Army, Army Reserve, and Army National Guard from fiscal year 2001 through 2011. Mil Med 2013; 178:1078–1084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bokor G, Anderson PD. Ketamine: an update on its abuse. J Pharm Pract 2014; 27:582–586.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• deRoux SJ, Sgarlato A, Marker E. Phencyclidine: a 5-year retrospective review from the New York City Medical Examiner's Office. J Forensic Sci 2011; 56:656–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu J, Lei H. Ketamine - an update on its clinical uses and abuses. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 20:1015–1020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misselbrook GP, Hamilton EJ. Out with the old, in with the new? Case reports of the clinical features and acute management of two novel designer drugs. Acute Med 2012; 11:157–160.
   Google Scholar
• Hofer KE, Degrandi C, Muller DM, Zurrer-Hardi U, Wahl S, Rauber-Luthy C, Ceschi A. Acute toxicity associated with the recreational use of the novel dissociative psychoactive substance methoxphenidine. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2014; 52:1288–1291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallach J, Kavanagh PV, McLaughlin G, Morris N, Power JD, Elliott SP, et al. Preparation and characterization of the 'research chemical’ diphenidine, its pyrrolidine analogue, and their 2,2-diphenylethyl isomers. Drug Test Anal 2014. doi: 10.1002/dta.1689.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helander A, Beck O, Hägerkvist R, Hultén P. Identification of novel psychoactive drug use in Sweden based on laboratory analysis - initial experiences from the STRIDA project. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2013; 73:400–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persson HE, Sjöberg GK, Haines JA, Pronczuk de Garbino J. Poisoning severity score. Grading of acute poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1998; 36:205–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starmark JE, Stålhammar D, Holmgren E, Rosander B. A comparison of the Glasgow Coma Scale and the Reaction Level Scale (RLS85). J Neurosurg 1988; 69:699–706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bäckberg M, Beck O, Hultén P, Rosengren-Holmberg J, Helander A. Intoxications of the new psychoactive substance 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole (5-IT): a case series from the Swedish STRIDA project. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2014; 52:618–624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Saffar Y, Stephanson NN, Beck O. Multicomponent LC-MS/MS screening method for detection of new psychoactive drugs, legal highs, in urine-experience from the Swedish population. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 930:112–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannelli P, Janiri L, De Marinis M, Tempesta E. Lefetamine: new abuse of an old drug - clinical evaluation of opioid activity. Drug Alcohol Depend 1989; 24:95–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bäckberg M, Lindeman E, Beck O, Helander A. Characteristics of analytically confirmed 3-MMC-related intoxications from the Swedish STRIDA project. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2015; 53:46–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bluelight.org. The Big & Dandy Diphenidine Thread. http://www.bluelight.org/vb/threads/668291-The-Big-amp-Dandy-Diphenidine-Thread. (Accessed on December 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Drugs-Forum.com. Diphenidine (1,2-diphenylethylpiperidine) drug info. https://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showthread.php?t=210615. (Accessed on December 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Bluelight.org. The Big & Dandy Methoxphenidine/MXP/2-MeO-Diphenidine Thread. http://www.bluelight.org/vb/threads/700834-The-Big-amp-Dandy-Methoxphenidine-(MXP-2-MeO-Diphenidine)-Thread. (Accessed on December 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Drugs-Forum.com. Methoxphenidine (2-MeO-diphenidine) Drug Info. https://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showthread.php?t=231278. (Accessed on December 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Flashback.org. Diphenidine. https://www.flashback.org/t2254547. (Accessed on December 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Flashback.org. Methoxphenidine/MXP/2-MeO-Diphenidine. https://www.flashback.org/t2266154. (Accessed on December 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Wood DM, Davies S, Puchnarewicz M, Johnston A, Dargan PI. Acute toxicity associated with the recreational use of the ketamine derivative methoxetamine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 68:853–856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasegawa K, Wurita A, Minakata K, Gonmori K, Nozawa H, Yamagishi I, et al. Postmortem distribution of AB-CHMINACA, 5-fluoro-AMB, and diphenidine in body fluids and solid tissues in a fatal poisoning case: usefulness of adipose tissue for detection of the drugs in unchanged forms. Forensic Toxicol 2014. doi: 10.1007/s11419-014-0245-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott S, Brandt SD, Wallach J, Morris H, Kavanagh PV. First reported fatalities associated with the ‘research chemical’ 2-methoxydiphenidine. J Anal Toxicol 2015. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkv006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchiyama N, Shimokawa Y, Kawamura M, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Hakamatsuka T. Chemical analysis of a benzofuran derivative, 2-(2-ethylaminopropyl)benzofuran (2-EAPB), eight synthetic cannabinoids, five cathinone derivatives, and five other designer drugs newly detected in illegal products. Forensic Toxicol 2014; 32:266–281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wurita A, Hasegawa K, Minakata K, Watanabe K, Suzuki O. A large amount of new designer drug diphenidine coexisting with a synthetic cannabinoid 5-fluoro-AB-PINACA found in a dubious herbal product. Forensic Toxicol 2014; 32:331–337.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strano Rossi S, Odoardi S, Gregori A, Peluso G, Ripani L, Ortar G, et al. An analytical approach to the forensic identification of different classes of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) in seized materials. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2014; 28:1904–1916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar