Extracorporeal treatment for digoxin poisoning: systematic review and recommendations from the EXTRIP Workgroup

References

• Ghannoum M, Nolin TD, Lavergne V, et al. Blood purification in toxicology: nephrology's ugly duckling. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2011;18:160–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavergne V, Nolin TD, Hoffman RS, et al. The EXTRIP (Extracorporeal Treatments In Poisoning) workgroup: guideline methodology. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2012;50:403–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghannoum M, Nolin TD, Goldfarb DS, et al. Extracorporeal treatment for thallium poisoning: recommendations from the EXTRIP Workgroup. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;7:1682–1690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosselin S, Juurlink DN, Kielstein JT, et al. Extracorporeal treatment for acetaminophen poisoning: recommendations from the EXTRIP workgroup. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2014;52:856–867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mactier R, Laliberte M, Mardini J, et al. Extracorporeal treatment for barbiturate poisoning: recommendations from the EXTRIP Workgroup. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;64:347–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yates C, Galvao T, Sowinski KM, et al. Extracorporeal treatment for tricyclic antidepressant poisoning: recommendations from the EXTRIP Workgroup. Semin Dial.2014;27:381–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavergne V, Ouellet G, Bouchard J, et al. Guidelines for reporting case studies on extracorporeal treatments in poisonings: methodology. Semin Dial. 2014;27:407–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghannoum M, Yates C, Galvao TF, et al. Extracorporeal treatment for carbamazepine poisoning: systematic review and recommendations from the EXTRIP workgroup. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2014;52:993–1004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts DM, Yates C, Megarbane B, et al. Recommendations for the role of extracorporeal treatments in the management of acute methanol poisoning: a systematic review and consensus statement. Crit Care Med. 2015;43:461–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghannoum M, Wiegand TJ, Liu KD, et al. Extracorporeal treatment for theophylline poisoning: Systematic review and recommendations from the EXTRIP workgroup. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2015;53:215–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decker BS, Goldfarb DS, Dargan PI, et al. Extracorporeal treatment for lithium poisoning: systematic review and recommendations from the EXTRIP Workgroup. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10:875–887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calello DP, Liu KD, Wiegand TJ, et al. Extracorporeal treatment for metformin poisoning: systematic review and recommendations from the Extracorporeal Treatments in Poisoning Workgroup. Crit Care Med. 2015;43:1716–1730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghannoum M, Laliberte M, Nolin TD, et al. Extracorporeal treatment for valproic acid poisoning: Systematic review and recommendations from the EXTRIP workgroup. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2015;53:454–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith TW. Digitalis: mechanisms of action and clinical use. N Engl J Med. 1988;318:358–365.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hobson JD, Zettner A. Digoxin serum half-life following suicidal digoxin poisoning. JAMA. 1973;223:147–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooradian AD. Digitalis. An update of clinical pharmacokinetics, therapeutic monitoring techniques and treatment recommendations. Clin Pharmacokinet.1988;15:165–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leakey EB, Bigger JT, Butler VP, et al. Quinidine-digoxin interaction: time course and pharmacokinetics. Am J Cardiol. 1981;48:1141–1146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheiner L, Rosenberg B, Marathe VV. Estimation of population characteristics of pharmacokinetic parameters from routine clinical data. J Pharmacokin Biopharm. 1977;5:445–479.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koup J, Greenblatt D, Jusko W, et al. Pharmacokinetics of digoxin in normal subjects after intravenous bolus and infusion doses. J Pharmacokin Biopharm. 1975;3:181–192.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Citrin D, Stevenson IH, O’Malley K. Massive digoxin overdose: observations on hyperkalemia and plasms digoxin levels. Scot Med J. 1972;17:275–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertler A, Gustafson A, Redfors A. Massive digoxin intoxication. Acta Med Scand. 1973;194:245–249.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gault MH, Churchill DN, Kalra J. Loading dose of digoxin in renal failure. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1980;9:593–597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith TW, Haber E. Digoxin intoxication: the relationship of clinical presentation to serum digoxin concentration. J Clin Invest. 1970;49:2377–2386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundar S, Burma DP, Vaish SK. Digoxin toxicity and electrolytes: a correlative study. Acta Cardiol. 1983;38:115–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young IS, Goh EM, McKillop UH, et al. Magnesium status and digoxin toxicity. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1991;32:717–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raja Rao MP, Panduranga P, Sulaiman K, et al. Digoxin toxicity with normal digoxin and serum potassium levels: beware of magnesium, the hidden malefactor. J Emerg Med. 2013;45:e31–e34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen NM, Dunham CD, Sailstad JM, et al. Clinical and pharmacokinetic profiles of digoxin immune Fab in four patients with renal insufficiency. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1991;25:1315–1319.
   Google Scholar
• Ujhelyi MR, Robert S, Cummings DM, et al. Disposition of free and total digoxin post digoxin Fab therapy in hemodialysis and acute renal failure patients (abstr). Crit Care Med. 1992;20:S108.
   Google Scholar
• McMillin GA, Owen WE, Lambert TL, et al. Comparable effects of DIGIBIND and DigiFab in thirteen digoxin immunoassays. Clin Chem. 2002;48:1580–1584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flasch H, Schumpelic V, Koch G. Fate of orally administered beta-acetyldigoxin in man. Arzneimittelforschung. 1977;27:656–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinderling PH, Garrett ER, Wester RC. Pharmacokinetics of beta-methyldigoxin in healthy humans II: oral studies and bioavailability. J Pharm Sci. 1977;66:314–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Cantilena Jr LR, et al. 2013 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 31st annual report. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2014;52:1032–1283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turakhia MP, Santangeli P, Winkelmayer WC, et al. Increased mortality associated with digoxin in contemporary patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:660–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman JV, Yang J, Sung SH, et al. Effectiveness and safety of digoxin among contemporary adults with incident systolic heart failure. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2013;6:525–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith TW, Antman EM, Friedman PL, et al. Digitalis glycosides: mechanisms and manifestations of toxicity. Part II. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1984;26:495–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith TW, Antman EM, Friedman PL, et al. Digitalis glycosides: mechanisms and manifestations of toxicity. Part III. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1984;27:21–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolfe AD, Wenger TL, Smith TW, et al. Results of multicenter studies of digoxin-specific antibody fragments in managing digitalis intoxication in the pediatric population. Am J Emerg Med. 1991;9:16–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies SP, Kox WJ, Brown EA. Clearance studies in patients with acute renal failure treated by continuous arteriovenous haemodialysis. Contrib Nephrol. 1991;93:117–119.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reisdorf EJ, Clark MR, Walters BL. Acute digitalis poisoning: the role of intravenous magnesium sulfate. J Emerg Med. 1986;4:463–469.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Antman EM, Wenger TL, Butler VP, et al. Treatment of 150 cases of life-threatening digitalis intoxication with digoxin-specific Fab antibody fragments. Circulation. 1990;81:1744–1752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan BSN, Buckley NA. Digoxin-specific antibody fragments in the treatment of digoxin toxicity. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2014;52:824–836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lake KD, Brown DC, Peterson CD. Digoxin toxicity: enhanced systemic elimination during oral activated charcoal therapy. Pharmacotherapy. 1984;4:161–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibañez C, Carcas AJ, Frias J, et al. Activated charcoal increases digoxin elimination in patients. Int J Cardiol. 1995;48:27–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalonde RL, Deshpande R, Hamilton PP, et al. Acceleration of digoxin clearance by activated charcoal. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1985;37:367–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Silva HA, Fonseka MM, Pathmeswaran A, et al. Multiple-dose activated charcoal for treatment of yellow oleander poisoning: a single-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:1935–1938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vale J, Krenzelok EP, Barceloux VD. Position statement and practice guidelines on the use of multi-dose activated charcoal in the treatment of acute poisoning. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1999;37:731–751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WikiTox [Internet]. 2009. Cardiac Glycosides; 2015 April 24. Available from: http://curriculum.toxicology.wikispaces.net/.2.1.6.1.2+Cardiac+glycosides.
   Google Scholar
• Hack JB. Cardioactive steroids. In: Hoffman RS, Howland MA, Lewin NA, et al., editors. Goldfrank's toxicologic emergencies. 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 2015. p. 895–903.
   Google Scholar
• Levine M, O'Connor A, editors. Digitalis (cardiac glycoside) poisoning. Waltham, MA: UpToDate; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Staff E. Cardiac glycosides (management/treatment protocol). In: Klasco RK, editor. POISINDEX® system. Greenwood Village: Truven Health Analytics; Edition Expires 06/2015.
   Google Scholar
• Garg A, Panda S, Dalvi P, et al. Severe suicidal digoxin and propranolol toxicity with insulin overdose. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2014;18:173–175.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Juneja D, Singh O, Bhasin A, et al. Severe suicidal digoxin toxicity managed with resin hemoperfusion: a case report. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2012;16:231–233.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang C, Liu J. Care experience of hemoperfusion combined with drug for treatment of large dose of digitalis poisoning patients. J North China Coal Med Univ. 2011;13:397–398.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz T, Wax P, Wiegand T. The use of hemodialysis in medical toxicology practice: the toxic experience. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2013;51:613.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwers MC, Kho ME, Browman GP, et al. AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care. CMAJ. 2010;182:E839–E842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA, et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. Br Med J. 2004;328:1490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitch K, Bernstein SJ, Aguilar MD, et al. The RAND/UCLA appropriateness method user's manual. Santa Monica, CA: RAND; 2011. Available from: http://www.rand.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Bischoff KO, Flohr E, Graben N, et al. Treatment of the experimental chronic digitalisintoxication by hemoperfusion. Z Kardiol. 1977;66:656–662.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carvallo A, Ramirez B, Honig H, et al. Treatment of digitalis intoxication by charcoal hemoperfusion (CHP). Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs. 1976;22:718–722.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marcus L, Margel S, Savin H, et al. Therapy of digoxin intoxication in dogs by specific hemoperfusion through agarose polyacrolein microsphere beads-antidigoxin antibodies. Am Heart J.1985;110:30–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margel S, Marcus L, Savin H, et al. Specific removal of digoxin by hemoperfusion through agarose polyacrolein microsphere polyacrolein microsphere beads-antidigoxin antibodies (APAMB-AD). Biomater Med Devices Artif Organs. 1984;12:25–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prichard S, Chirito E, Chang T, et al. Microencapsulated charcoal hemoperfusion: a possible therapeutic adjunct in digoxin toxicity. J Dial. 1977;1:367–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quaife EJ, Banner Jr W, Vernon DD, et al. Failure of CAVH to remove digoxin-Fab complex in piglets. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1990;28:61–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuruoka S, Osono E, Nishiki K, et al. Removal of digoxin by column for specific adsorption of beta(2)-microglobulin: a potential use for digoxin intoxication. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001;69:422–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuyuki M, Kawamura T, Inagaki Y. Effects of plasmapheresis on experimentally induced digitalis intoxication. J Artif Organs. 1982;11:74–77 [Japanese].
   Google Scholar
• Risler T, Arnold G, Grabensee B. Is hemoperfusion effective in the treatment of digoxin intoxication? Z Kardiol. 1979;68:313–319 [German].
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gosselin B, Mathieu D, Chopin C, et al. [Massive digitalis poisoning. Treatment by hemoperfusion on Amberlite XAD-4 resin]. Rev Med Intern. 1981;2:313–323.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berkovitch M, Akilesh MR, Gerace R, et al. Acute digoxin overdose in a newborn with renal failure: use of digoxin immune Fab and peritoneal dialysis. Ther Drug Monit. 1994;16:531–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrull Madero MA, Del Villar Ruiz De La Torre JA, Ortiz Sagrista P, et al. Actitud Terapeutica Frente a Una Intoxicacion Digitalica En Un Paciente Con Insuficiencia Renal Cronica Sometido a Hemodialisis. Farm Clin. 1995;12:608–613.
   Google Scholar
• Caputo M, Coppola E, Amaduzzi F, et al. Digitalis intoxication in a chronic hemodialysis patient: Plasmapheresis and hemofiltration after FAB therapy. G Ital Nefrol. 1997;14:125–128 [Italian].
   Google Scholar
• Caspi O, Zylber-Katz E, Gotsman O, et al. Digoxin intoxication in a patient with end-stage renal disease: efficacy of digoxin-specific Fab antibody fragments and peritoneal dialysis. Ther Drug Monit. 1997;19:510–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chillet P, Korach JM, Petitpas D, et al. Digoxin poisoning and anuric acute renal failure: efficiency of the treatment associating digoxin-specific antibodies (Fab) and plasma exchanges. Int J Artif Organs. 2002;25:538–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clifton GD, McIntyre WJ, Zannikos PN, et al. Free and total serum digoxin concentrations in a renal failure patient after treatment with digoxin immune Fab. Clin Pharm. 1989;8:441–445.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Josephsen PG, Mogelvang JC, Schierbeck J. [The latest treatment of severe digoxin poisoning]. Ugeskr Laeger. 1987;149:1183–1185.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mulder VC, Oudemans-Van Straaten HM, Zandstra DF, et al. Massive ingestion of cardiac drugs: toxicokinetic aspects of digoxin and sotalol during hemofiltration. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2010;48:218–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nandwani V, Orija A, Kondapaneni M, et al. Severe digoxin cardiotoxicity treated with digoxin immune fab and plasma exchange. Crit Care Med. 2010;38:A265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palacios Zabalza I, Santiago BC, Aguirregotia JP. Combination treatment with digoxin antibodies and plasmapheresis for the management of digoxin toxicity in a patients with renal failure. Farm Hosp. 2013;37:166–172.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rabetoy GM, Price CA, Findlay JW, et al. Treatment of digoxin intoxication in a renal failure patient with digoxin-specific antibody fragments and plasmapheresis. Am J Nephrol. 1990;10:518–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajpal S, Beedupalli J, Reddy P. Recrudescent digoxin toxicity treated with plasma exchange: a case report and review of literature. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2012;12:363–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos-Araujo C, Campos M, Gavina C, et al. Combined use of plasmapheresis and antidigoxin antibodies in a patient with severe digoxin intoxication and acute renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22:257–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ujhelyi MR, Robert S, Cummings DM, et al. Disposition of digoxin immune Fab in patients with kidney failure. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1993;54:388–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zdunek M, Mitra A, Mokrzycki MH. Plasma exchange for the removal of digoxin-specific antibody fragments in renal failure: timing is important for maximizing clearance. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;36:177–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achenbach H, Sorger D, Wesslau C, et al. [Hemoperfusion therapy in severe suicidal digoxin poisoning]. Z Gesamte Inn Med. 1984;39:77–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Atalay H, Selcuk NY, Altintepe L, et al. Hemoperfusion treatment of digital intoxication in chronic hemodialysis patient. Eur J Gen Med. 2008;5:249–250.
   Google Scholar
• Bambauer R, Jutzler GA, Stolz D, et al. Detoxication using a technically simplified plasma filtration system. Intensivmedizin. 1982;19:79–82 [German].
   Google Scholar
• Clerckx-Braun F, Kadima N, Lesne M, et al. Digoxin acute intoxication: evaluation of the efficiency of charcoal hemoperfusion. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1979;15:437–446.
   Google Scholar
• Diekmann L, Michelis K, Brisse B. [Hemodialysis in a child with accidental digitalis poisoning (author's transl)]. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd. 1976;124:82–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doldo G, Santamaria G, Fiumano A. One case of serious digitalis intoxication treated by hemoperfusion. Acta Anaesthesiol Ital. 1985;36:155–158 [Italian].
   Google Scholar
• Erttmann R, Bastanier CK, Hellwege HH. Elimination of digoxin by blood exchange transfusion. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1981;316:323.
   Google Scholar
• Gleeson GH, Nicotero JR, Duffy FC, et al. Resin hemoperfusion in acute digoxin intoxication. JAMA. 1978;240:2731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haustein KO, Stein G, Krohs G. On the treatment of acute digoxin intoxication by haemoperfusion. Dtsch Gesundheitsw. 1982;37:2132–2135 [German].
   Google Scholar
• Heesen H, Lahrtz H. [Treatment of severe digitalis-intoxication in suicidal attempt (author's transl)]. Med Klin. 1975;70:812–816.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holt DW, Traill TA, Brown CB. The treatment of digoxin overdosage. Clin Nephrol. 1975;3:119–122.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoy W, Gibson TP, Biddle T. Digoxin removal from a patient with renal failure by hemoperfusion with Amberlite XAD-4 resin. Artif Organs. 1979;3:124–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoy WE, Gibson TP, Rivero AJ, et al. XAD-4 resin hemoperfusion for digitoxic patients with renal failure. Kidney Int. 1983;23:79–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaneko T, Kudo M, Okumura T, et al. Successful treatment of digoxin intoxication by haemoperfusion with specific columns for beta2-microgloblin-adsorption (Lixelle) in a maintenance haemodialysis patient. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16:195–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai KN, Swaminathan R, Pun CO, et al. Hemofiltration in digoxin overdose. Arch Intern Med.1986;146:1219–1220.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lalanne B, Lebre P, Rosario R, et al. [Digitalis poisoning in a patient with septic shock: value of plasma exchange]. Presse Med. 1996;25:1125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marbury T, Mahoney J, Juncos L, et al. Advanced digoxin toxicity in renal failure: treatment with charcoal hemoperfusion. South Med J. 1979;72:279–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marinov A. [Treatment of patients with acute digitalis poisoning by charcoal hemoperfusion]. Vutr Boles. 1987;26:46–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mehandru S, Domingo M. Effect of hemoperfusion on serum digoxin level and cardiotoxicity in digoxin intoxication. Kidney Int. 1982;21:154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakayama M, Kanaya N, Yamaya K, et al. A case report of bradycardia during spinal anesthesia in a patient with digoxin intoxication. Hiroshima J Anesth. 1992;28:327–330 [Japanese].
   Google Scholar
• Reza MJ, Kovick RB, Shine KI, et al. Massive intravenous digoxin overdosage. N Engl J Med. 1974;291:777–778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowett DA. Failure of hemoperfusion in digoxin overdose. JAMA. 1980;244:1558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savin H, Marcus L, Margel S, et al. Treatment of adverse digitalis effects by hemoperfusion through columns with antidigoxin antibodies bound to agarose polyacrolein microsphere beads. Am Heart J. 1987;113:1078–1084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimamatsu K, Nakamoto M, Inenaga T, et al. Hemoperfusion-hemodialysis treatment for digoxin toxicity in a uremic patients. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1988;43:27–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shumakov VI, Egorov TL, Dmitriev AA, et al. [Hemosorption as a treatment method in digitalis poisoning of heart failure patients with myocardial infarct]. Kardiologiia. 1982;22:111–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smiley JW, March NM, Del Guercio ET. Hemoperfusion in the management of digoxin toxicity. JAMA. 1978;240:2736–2737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki A, Yoshida H, Goto M, et al. Digoxin intoxication and hemoperfusion. Drug Intell Clin Pharm.1988;22:633.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thirunavukarasu T, Reilly I, Sammut H, et al. 31st Annual Conference on Peritoneal Dialysis, 17th International Symposium on Hemodialysis, and 22nd Annual Symposium on Pediatric Dialysis. Hemodial Int. 2011;15:125–164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobin M, Cerra F, Steinbach J, et al. Hemoperfusion in digitalis intoxication: a comparative study of coated versus uncoated charcoal. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs. 1977;23:730–731.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Torelli L, Cerciello A, Mancusi L, et al. Plasma exchange and digoxin intoxication. Acta Anaesthesiol Ital. 1982;33:549–552 [Italian].
   Google Scholar
• Unal S, Bayrakci B, Yasar U, et al. Successful treatment of propafenone, digoxin and warfarin overdosage with plasma exchange therapy and rifampicin. Clin Drug Investig. 2007;27:505–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren SE, Fanestil DD. Digoxin overdose. Limitations of hemoperfusion-hemodialysis treatment. JAMA. 1979;242:2100–2101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matic-Glazar D, Cohar F, Pavlin Z. [Digitalis intoxication in terminal renal insufficiency (author's transl)]. Lijec Vjesn. 1979;101:96–100.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gundert-Remy U, Goetz R, Seitz H, et al. Effectivity of hemoperfusion in patients with digoxin overdosage. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1981;316:323.
   Google Scholar
• Ackerman GL, Doherty JE, Flanigan WJ. Peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis of tritiated digoxin. Ann Intern Med.1967;67:718–723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benken ST, Lizza BD, Yamout H, et al. Management of digoxin therapy using pharmacokinetics in a patient undergoing continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2013;70:2105–2109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coltart DJ, Watson D, Howard MR. Effect of exchange transfusions on plasma digoxin levels. Arch Dis Child. 1972;47:814–815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Paepe M, Belpaire F, Bogaerts Y. Pharmacokinetics of digoxin in C.A.P.D. Clin Exp Dial Apheresis. 1982;6:65–73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gilfrich HJ, Okonek S, Manns M, et al. Digoxin and digitoxin elimination in man by charcoal hemoperfusion. Klin Wochenschr. 1978;56:1179–1183.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iisalo E, Forsstrom J. Elimination of digoxin during maintenance haemodialysis. Ann Clin Res. 1974;6:203–206.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kholodov LE, Glezer MG, Grigor'eva EA, et al. [Effect of hemodialysis on digoxin pharmacokinetics in heart failure in patients with chronic kidney failure]. Kardiologiia. 1984;24:94–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer P, Matthias C, Matthaei D, et al. Elimination of cardiac glycosides through hemofiltration. J Dial. 1977;1:689–695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroh U, Hofmann W, Dehne M, et al. [Dosage adjustment of drugs during continuous hemofiltration. Results and practical consequences of a prospective clinical study]. Anaesthesist. 1989;38:225–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pancorbo S, Comty C. Digoxin pharmacokinetics in continuous peritoneal dialysis. Ann Intern Med. 1980;93:639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosegger H, Zach M, Gleispach H, et al. Digoxin elimination by exchange transfusion. Eur J Pediatr. 1977;124:217–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slattery JT, Koup JR. Haemoperfusion in the management of digoxin toxicity: is it warranted? Clin Pharmacokinet. 1979;4:395–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stopfkuchen H, Dohring H, Gilfrich HJ, et al. [Digoxin elimination by means of peritoneal dialysis in infants and toddlers]. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd. 1982;130:495–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pall H. [The use of haemocol hemoperfusion]. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift Supplementum. 1978;89:1–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peters U, Risler T, Grabensee B. Is plasma separation an effective method for the treatment of digitoxin intoxication? Intensivmedizin. 1981;18:34–37 [German].
   Google Scholar
• Smiley JW, Del Guercio ET, March NM. Hemoperfusion in digoxin toxicity. Dial Transplant. 1980;9:375–378.
   Google Scholar
• Lubash GD, Cohen BD, Braveman WS, et al. Electrocardiographic changes during hemodialysis with the artificial kidney. II. The treatment of digitalis intoxication. Circulation. 1959;19:552–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risler T, Grabensee B, Groose-Brockhoff F. ECG changes and serum-digoxin concentration in digitalis toxicity. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1975;100:821–825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Deusen SK, Birkhahn RH, Gaeta TJ. Treatment of hyperkalemia in a patient with unrecognized digitalis toxicity. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2003;41:373–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AAPCC [Internet]. Table 22: demographic profile of single substance cardiac glycoside exposures 2004-2013. National Poison Data System; [cited 2014 Jul 29.]Available from: http://www.aapcc.org/data-system/.
   Google Scholar
• Kang W, Weiss M. Digoxin uptake, receptor heterogeneity, and inotropic response in the isolated rat heart: a comprehensive kinetic model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002;302:577–583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michon B, Moghrabi A, Winikoff R. Complications of apheresis in children. Transfusion. 2007;47:1837–1842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norda R, Berseus O, Stegmayr B. Adverse events and problems in therapeutic hemapheresis. A report from the Swedish registry. Transfus Apheresis Sci. 2001;25:33–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar