Significance of Metabolic Patterns in Teratogenic Testing for Food Safety

References

• Aberg B., Ekman L., Falk R., Greitz U., Persson G., Snihs J-O. Metabolism of methylmercury (203 Hg) compounds in man. Excretion and distribution. Arch. Environ. Health 1969; 19(4)478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamson R. H., Bridges J. W., Evans M. E., Williams R. T. Species differences in the aromatization of quinic acid in vivo and the role of gut bacteria. Biochem. J. 1970; 116: 437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amin-Zaki L., Elhassani S., Majeed M. A., Clarkson T. W., Doherty R. A., Greenwood M. R. Studies of infants postnatally exposed to methylmercury. J. Pediat. 1974; 85(1)81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amin-Zaki L., Elhassani S., Majeed M. A., Clarkson T. W., Doherty R. A., Greenwood M. R. Intra-uterine methylmercury poisoning in Iraq. Pediatrics 1974; 54(5)587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asdell S. A. Patterns in Mammalian Reproduction, 2nd ed. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, N. Y. 1964
   Google Scholar
• Austin C. R. The Mammalian Egg. Thomas, Springfield, Ill. 1961
   Google Scholar
• Bend J. R., Holder G. M., Protos E., Ryan A. J. Water-soluble metabolites of carbaryl (1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate) in mouse liver preparations and in the rat. Australian J. Biol. Sci. 1971; 24: 535
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Binns W., Balls L. Nonteratogenic effects of 2, 4, 5-trichloro-phenoxyacetic acid and 2, 4, 5-T propylene glycol butyl esters herbicides in sheep. Teratology 1971; 4(2)245
   Google Scholar
• Blaxter K. L. Lead as a nutritional hazards to farm livestock. II. The absorption and excretion of lead by sheep and rabbits. J. Comp. Pathol. 1950; 60(2)140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capel I. D., Millburn P., Williams R. T. The conjugation of 1- and 2- naphthols and other phenols in the cat and pig. Xenobiotica 1974; 4(10)601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casterline J. L., Williams C. H. Elimination pattern of methylmercury from blood and brain of rats (dams and off-spring) after delivery, following oral administration of its chloride salt during gestation. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1972; 7(5)292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charbonneau S. M., Munro I. C., Nera E. A., Willes R. F., Kuiper-Goodman T., Iverson F., Moodie C. A., Stoltz D. R., Armstrong F. A. J., Uthe J. F., Grice H. C. Subacute toxicity of methylmercury in the adult cat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1974; 27(3)569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin B. H., Eldridge J. M., Sullivan L. J. Metabolism of carbaryl by selected human tissues using an organ-maintenance technique. Clin. Toxicol. 1974; 7: 37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christie G. A. Teratogenic effects of synthetic compounds related to trypan blue: the effect of 1, 7- diamino-8-naphthol-3, 6-disulphonic acid on pregnancy in the rat. Nature 1965; 208(5016)1219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chyzzer A. Des intoxications par le plomb se presentant dans la ceramique en Hongrie. Chir. Presse (Budapest) 1908; 44: 906
   Google Scholar
• Cole L. J., Bachhuber L. J. The effect of lead on the germ cells of the male rabbit and fowl as indicated by their progeny. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 1914; 12(1)24
   Google Scholar
• Collins T. F. X., Williams C. H. Teratogenic studies with 2, 4, 5-T and 2, 4-D in the hamster. Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 1971; 6(6)559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtney D. K. 2, 4, 5-T in the Rat: Excretion Pattern, Serum Levels, Placental Transport and Metabolism. Pesticide Symposia, W. B. Deichmann. Hales and Assoc., Florida 1970; 277–283
   Google Scholar
• Courtney D. K., Gaylor D. W., Hogan M. D., Falk H. L., Bates R. R., Mitchell I. Teratogenic evaluation of 2, 4, 5-T. Science 1970; 168(3933)864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtney D. K., Moore J. A. Teratology studies with 2, 4, 5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodi-benzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1971; 20(3)396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dougherty W. J., Golberg L., Coulston F. The effect of carbaryl on reproduction in the monkey (Macaca mulatta). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1971; 19(2)365
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dougherty W. J., Coulston F., Golberg L. Toxicity of methylmercury in pregnant rhesus monkey. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1974; 29(1)138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dougherty W. J., Herbst M., Coulston F. Nonteratogenicity of 2, 4, 5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid in rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 1975; 13(4)477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorough H. W. Metabolism of insecticidal methylcarbamates in animals. J. Agr. Food Chem. 1970; 18(6)1015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earl F. L., Miller E., Van Loon E. J. Teratogenic Research in Beagle Dogs and Miniature Swine. The Laboratory Animal in Drug Testing, A. Spiegel. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart 1973; 233–247
   Google Scholar
• Eck V. G. T., Meigs J. W. Changes in the ovary of the Rhesus monkey after chronic lead intoxication. Fertil. Steril. 1960; 11: 223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emerson J. L., Thompson D. J., Strebing R. J., Gerbig C. G., Robinson V. B. Teratogenic studies on 2, 4, 5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the rat and rabbit. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 1971; 9(3)395
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Erne K. Studies on the animal metabolism of phenoxyacetic herbicides. Acta Vet. Scand. 1966; 7: 264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabro S., Smith R. L., Williams R. T. The fate of the hydrolysis products of thalidomide in the pregnant rabbit. Biochem. J. 1967; 104: 570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang S. C., Fallin E., Montgomery M. L., Freed V. H. The metabolism and distribution of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid in female rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1973; 24(4)555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gehring P. J., Kramer C. G., Schwetz B. A., Rose J. Q., Rowe V. K. The fate of 2, 4, 5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4, 5-T) following oral administration to man. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1973; 26(3)352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson J. E., Becker B. A. Teratogenicity of Structural truncates of cyclophosphamide in mice. Teratology 1971; 4(2)141
   Google Scholar
• Gilfillan S. C. Lead poisoning and the fall of Rome. J. Occup. Med. 1965; 7(2)53
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Griffiths M. H. The metabolism of N-triphenylmethylmorpholine in the dog and rat. Biochem. J. 1968; 108: 731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunow W., Böhme Chr. Über den Stoffwechsel von 2, 4, 5-T und 2, 4-D bei Ratten und Mäusen. Arch. Toxicol. 1974; 32(3)217
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grunow W., Böhme C., Budcziers B. Renale Ausscheidung von 2, 4, 5-T bei Ratten. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 1971; 9(5)667
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hass G. M. Relations between lead poisoning in rabbit and man. Am. J. Pathol. 1964; 45: 691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoist P. A., Phemister R. D. The prenatal development of the dog: Preimplantation events. Biol. Reprod. 1971; 5(2)194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda Y., Tobe M., Kobayashi K., Suzuki S., Kawasaki Y., Yonemaru H. Long-term toxicity study of methylmercuric chloride in monkeys. Toxicology 1973; 1(4)361
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jubb K. V. F., Kennedy P. C. Pathology of Domestic Animals. Academic, New York 1970; 388–391
   Google Scholar
• Kehoe R. A. The metabolism of lead in man in health and disease. II. The metabolism of lead under abnormal conditions. J. Royal Inst. Public Health Hyg. 1960, The Harben Lectures 19–53
   Google Scholar
• Khera K. S., McKinley W. P. Pre- and postnatal studies on 2, 4, 5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2, 4-dichloro phenoxyacetic acid and their derivatives in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1972; 22(1)14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khera K. S., Ruddick J. A. Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins: Perinatal Effects and Dominant Lethal Test in Wistar Rats. Chlorodioxins-Origin and Fate, E. H. Blair. Advances in Chemistry Series, 1973; 120: 70–84
   Google Scholar
• Khera K. S. Teratogenic effects of methylmercury in the cat: note on the use of this species as a model for teratogenicity studies. Teratology 1973; 8(3)293
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khera K. S., Tabacova S. A. Effects of methylmercuric chloride on the progeny of mice and rats treated before or during gestation. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 1973; 11(2)245
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khera K. S., Iverson F., Hierlihy L., Tanner R., Trivett G. Toxicity of methylmercury in neonatal cats. Teratology 1974; 10(1)69
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knaak J. B., Tallant M. J., Bartley W. J., Sullivan L. J. The metabolism of carbaryl in the rat, guinea pig and man. J. Agr. Food Chem. 1965; 13(5)537
   Google Scholar
• Knaak J. B., Sullivan L. J. Metabolism of carbaryl in the dog. J. Agr. Food Chem. 1967; 15(6)1125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knaak J. B., Tallant M. J., Kozbelt S. J., Sullivan L. J. The metabolism of carbaryl in man, monkey, pig and sheep. J. Agr. Food Chem. 1968; 16(3)465
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leeling N. C., Casida J. E. Metabolites of carbaryl (1-napthyl methylcarbamate) in mammals and enzymatic systems for their formation. J. Agr. Food Chem. 1966; 14(3)281
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link R. P. Lead toxicosis in swine. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1966; 27(118)759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marx J. L. Drugs during pregnancy. Do they affect unborn child. Science 1973; 180(4082)174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris H. P., Laug E. P., Morris H. H., Grant R. L. The growth and reproduction of rats fed diets containing lead acetate and arsenic trioxide and the lead arsenic content of new born and suckling rats. J. Pharm. Exptl. Therap. 1938; 64(4)420
   Google Scholar
• Neubert D., Dillmann I. Embryotoxic effects in mice treated with 2, 4, 5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin. Naunyn-schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 1972; 272(3)243
   Google Scholar
• Nolen G. A., Bohne R. L., Buehler E. V. Effects of trisodium nitriloacetate-ferric chloride mixture on cadmium and methylmercury toxicity and teratogenesis in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1972; 23(2)238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordberg G. F., Berlin M. H., Grant G. A. Methylmercury in the monkey-autoradiographical distribution and neurotoxicity. Proc. XVIth Int. Congr. Occup. Health 1971; 234–237
   Google Scholar
• Nordberg G. F., Skefving S. Metabolism. Mercury in the Environment, L. Friberg, J. Vostal. CRS Press, Cleveland, Ohio 1972; 29–91
   Google Scholar
• Oliver T. Lead Poisoning: From the Industrial, Medical and Social Points of View. Lewis, London 1914; 180–183
   Google Scholar
• Pentschew A., Garro F. Lead encephalo-myelopathy of the suckling rat and its implications on the porphyrinopathic nervous diseases. Acta Neuropathologia 1966; 6: 266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piper W. N., Rose J. Q., Leng M. L., Gehring P. J. The fate of 2, 4, 5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4, 5-T) following oral administration to rats and dogs. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1973; 26(3)339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piper W. N., Rose J. Q., Gehring P. J. Excretion and Tissue Distribution of 2, 3, 7, 8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin in the Rat. Chlorodioxins-Origin and Fate, E. H. Blair. Advances in Chemistry Series, 1973; 120: 85
   Google Scholar
• Platonow N. Les effets comparés des agents chélateurs sur la distribution du mercure organique et inorganique chez les porcelets. Can. Vet. J. 1968; 9(6)142
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robens J. Teratologic studies of carbaryl, diazinon, Norea, disulfiram, and thiram in small laboratory animals. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1969; 15(1)152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson D., Williams R. T. Do cats form glucuronides. Biochem. J. 1958; 68: 23
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roll R. Untersuchungen üdie teratogene Wirkung von 2, 4, 5-T bei Mäusen. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 1971; 9(5)671
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruddick J. A., Newsome W. H., Nash L. Correlation of teratogenicity to molecular structure: ethylenethiourea and related compounds. Teratology 1976; 13(3)263
   Google Scholar
• Scharding N. N., Oehme F. W. The use of animal models for comparative studies of lead poisoning. Clin. Toxicol. Bull. 1973; 3(1)104
   Google Scholar
• Schillings R. T., Sisenwine S. F., Schwartz M. H., Ruelius H. S. Lorazepam: Glucuronide formation in the cat. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 1975; 3(2)85
   Google Scholar
• Schwetz B. A., Norris J. M., Sparschu G. L., Rowe V. K., Gehring P. J. Toxicology of Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins. Chlorodioxins—Origin and Fate, E. H. Blair. Advances in Chemistry Series, 1973; 120: 55–69
   Google Scholar
• Smalley H. E., Curtis J. M., Earl F. L. Teratogenic action of carbaryl in beagle dogs. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1968; 13(3)392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith F. A., Schwetz B. A., Gehring P. J. Teratogenicity of 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in CF-1 mice. Fourteenth Annual Meeting of Society of Toxicology, Williamsburg, Virginia, March 9–13, 1975
   Google Scholar
• Spyker J. M., Smithberg M. Effects of methylmercury on prenatal development in mice. Teratology 1972; 5(2)181
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spyker J. M., Sparber S. B., Goldberg A. M. Subtle consequences of methylmercury exposure: Behavioral deviations in offspring of treated mothers. Science 1972; 177(4049)621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John L. E., St, Wagner G. D., Lisk D. J. Fate of Atrizine, Kuron, Silvex, and 2, 4, 5-T in the dairy cow. J. Dairy Sci. 1964; 47(11)1267
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stowe H. D., Goyer R. A. The reproductive ability and progeny of F1 lead-toxic rats. Fertil. Steril. 1971; 22(11)755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan L. J., Eldridge J. M., Knaak J. B., Tallant M. J. 5, 6-Dihydro-5, 6-dihydroxycarbaryl glucuronide as a significant metabolite of carbaryl in the rat. J. Agr. Food Chem. 1972; 20(5)980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki T., Matsumoto H., Miyama T., Katsunuma H. Placental transfer of mercuric chloride, phenylmercuric acetate, and methylmercury acetate in mice. Ind. Health (Kawasaki, Japanese) 1967; 5: 149
   Google Scholar
• Truelove J. F., Willes R. F., Munro I. C. Toxic effects of methylmercury in infant monkey (Macaca irus). Presented at the Fourteenth Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology, Williamsburg, Virginia, March 9–13, 1975, Abstract 10
   Google Scholar
• Van der Stricht O. Etude comparée des ovules des mammifères aux différentes périodes de l'ovogenèse d'après les travaux'du Laboratoire d'Histologie et d'Embrylogie de l'Université de Gand. Arch. Biol. 1923; 33: 231
   Google Scholar
• Vinopal J. H., Casida J. E. Metabolic stability of 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in mammalian liver microsomal systems and in living mice. Arch. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 1973; 1(2)122
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wheeler L., Strother A. In vitro metabolism of 14C-pesticidal carbamates (Zectran, Mesurol, and Carbaryl) by rat placenta, fetal brain and fetal liver. Pharmacologist 1974; 15(2)199
   Google Scholar
• Weil C. S., Woodside M. D., Carpenter C. P., Smyth H. F. Current status of tests of carbaryl for reproductive and teratogenic effect. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1972; 21(3)390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weil C. S., Woodside M. D., Bernard J. B., Condra N. I., King J. M., Carpenter C. P. Comparative effect of carbaryl on rat reproduction and guinea pig teratology when fed either in the diet or by stomach intubation. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1973; 26(4)621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams C., Collins T. F. X., Durham W. F., Williams C. H. Mutagenic Teratogenic and Carcinogenic Properties of Pesticides. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 1972; 17: 123, Cited as personal communication by
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams R. T. Comparative patterns of drug metabolism. Federation Proc. 1967; 26: 1029
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams R. T. Thalidomide. A study of biochemical teratology. Arch. Environ. Health 1968; 16(4)493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson J. G. Present status of drugs as teratogens in man. Teratology 1973; 7(1)3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoshina Y., Mozai T., Nakao K. Distribution of mercury in the brain and its subcellular units in experimental organic mercury poisonings. J. Neurochem. 1966; 13(5)397
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zielinski W. L., Jr., Fishbein L. Gas chromatographic measurement of disappearance rates of 2, 4-D and 2, 4, 5-T acids and 2, 4-D esters in mice. J. Agr. Food Chem. 1967; 15(5)841
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar