Biologically Active Alkaloids from Poison Frogs (Dendrobatidae)

References

• Adams H. J., Mastri A. R., Doherty D., Jr., Charron D. Spinal anesthesia with batrachotoxin in sheep and microscopic examination of spinal cords and roots. Pharmacol. Res. Comm. 1978; 10: 719–728
   Google Scholar
• Adler M., Oliveira A. C., Albuquerque E. X., Mansour N. A., Eldefrawi A. T. Reaction of tetraethylammonium with the open and closed conformations of the acetylcholine receptor ionic channel complex. J. Gen. Physiol. 1979a; 74: 129–152
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adler M., Oliveira A. C., Eldefrawi M. E., Eldefrawi A. T., Albuquerque E. X. Tetraethylammonium: Voltage-dependent action on endplate conductance and inhibition of ligand binding to postsynaptic proteins. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 1979b; 76: 531–535
   Google Scholar
• Albuquerque E. X. The mode of action of batrachotoxin. Federat. Proc. 1972; 31: 1133–1138
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Albuquerque E. X., Daly J. W. Batrachotoxin, a selective probe for channels modulating sodium conductances in electrogenic membranes. Receptors and Recognition 1, P. Cuatracasas. series B, Chapman and Hall, London 1977; 297–338
   Google Scholar
• Albuquerque E. X., Gage P. W. Differential effects of perhydrohistrionicotoxin on neurally and iontophoretically evoked endplate currents. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 1978; 75: 1596–1599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albuquerque E. X., Oliveira A. C. Physiological studies on the ionic channel of nicotinic neuromuscular synapses. Adv. Cytopharmacol. 1979; 3: 197–211
   Google Scholar
• Albuquerque E. X., Warnick J. E. Pharmacology of batrachotoxin. IV. Interaction with tetrodotoxin on innervated and chronically denervated rat skeletal muscle. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 1972a; 180: 683–697
   Google Scholar
• Albuquerque E. X., Adler M., Spivak C. E., Aguayo L. Mechanism of nicotinic channel activation and blockade. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1980a; 358: 204–238
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Albuquerque E. X., Barnard E. A., Chiu T. H., Lapa A. J., Dolly J. O., Jansson S.-E., Daly J., Witkop B. Acetylcholine receptor and ion conductance modulator sites at the murine neuromuscular junction: Evidence from specific toxin reactions. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 1973a; 70: 949–953
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Albuquerque E. X., Brookes N., Onur R., Warnick J. E. Kinetics of interaction of batrachotoxin and tetrodotoxin on rat diaphragm muscle. Mol. Pharmacol. 1976; 12: 82–91
   Google Scholar
• Albuquerque E. X., Daly J. W., Witkop B. Batrachotoxin: Chemistry and pharmacology. Science 1971a; 172: 995–1002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albuquerque E. X., Eldefrawi A. T., Eldefrawi M. E., Mansour N. A., Tsai M.-C. Amantadine: Neuromuscular blockade by suppression of ionic conductance of the acetylcholine receptor. Science 1978; 199: 788–790
   Google Scholar
• Albuquerque E. X., Gage P. W., Oliveira A. C. Differential effect of perhydrohistrionicotoxin on ‘intrinsic’ and ‘extrinsic’ end-plate responses. J. Physiol. 1979; 297: 423–442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albuquerque E. X., Kuba K., Daly J. Effect of histrionicotoxin on the ionic conductance modulator of the cholinergic receptor: A quantitative analysis of the end-plate current. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 1974a; 189: 513–524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albuquerque E. X., Kuba K., Lapa A. J., Daly J. W., Witkop B. Acetylcholine receptor and ionic conductance modulator of innervated and denervated muscle membranes. Effect of histrionicotoxins. Exploratory Concepts in Muscular Dystrophy, A. T. Molhorat. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam 1974b; Vol. II: 585–600
   Google Scholar
• Albuquerque E. X., Sasa M., Avner B. P., Daly J. W. Possible site of action of batrachotoxin. Nature New Biology 1971b; 234: 93–94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Albuquerque E. X., Sasa M., Sarvey J. M. Batrachotoxin has no effect on the electrogenic membranes of lobster and crayfish muscles. Life Sci. 1972b; 11: 357–363
   Google Scholar
• Albuquerque E. X., Seyama I., Narahashi T. Characterization of batrachotoxin-induced depolarization of the squid giant axons. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 1973b; 184: 308–314
   Google Scholar
• Albuquerque E. X., Tsai M.-C., Aronstam R. S., Eldefrawi A. T., Eldefrawi M. E. Sites of action of phencyclidine. II. Interaction with the ionic channel of the nicotinic receptor. Mol. Pharmacol. 1980b; 18: 167–178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albuquerque E. X., Tsai M.-C., Aronstram R. S., Witkop B., Eldefrawi A. T., Eledefrawi M. E. Phencyclidine interactions with the ionic channel of the acetylcholine receptor and electrogenic membrane. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 1980c; 77: 1224–1228
   Google Scholar
• Albuquerque E. X., Warnick J. E., Guth L. Spinal cord regeneration and paraplegia. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 1980d; 39: 41–62
   Google Scholar
• Albuquerque E. X., Warnick J. E., Sansone F. M. The pharmacology of batrachotoxin. II. Effect on electrical properties of the mammalian nerve and skeletal muscle membranes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 1971c; 176: 511–528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albuquerque E. X, Warnick J. E., Maleque M. A., Kauffman F. C., Tamburini R., Nimit Y., Daly J. W. The pharmacology of pumiliotoxin-B. I. Interaction with calcium sites in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle. Mol. Pharmacol. 1981a; 19: 411–424
   Google Scholar
• Albuquerque E. X., Warnick J. E., Sansone F. M., Daly J. The pharmacology of batrachotoxin. V. A comparative study of membrane properties and the effects of batrachotoxin on sartorius muscles of the frogs Phyllobates, aurotaenia, Rana, pipiens. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 1973c; 184: 315–329
   Google Scholar
• Albuquerque E. X., Warnick J. E., Tamburini R., Kaufman F. C., Daly J. W. Interaction of pumiliotoxin-B with calcium sites in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and nerve terminal of normal and dystrophic muscle. Exploratory Concepts in Muscular Dystrophy. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam 1981b, in press
   Google Scholar
• Anwyl R., Narahashi T. Inhibition of the acetylcholine receptor by histrionicotoxin. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 1980; 68: 611–616
   Google Scholar
• Aratani M., Dunkerton L. V., Fukuyama T., Kishi Y., Kakoi H., Sugiura S., Inoue S. Synthetic studies on histrionicotoxins. I. A stereocontrolled synthesis of (±)-perhydrohistrionico-toxin. J. Org. Chem. 1975; 40: 2009–2011
   Google Scholar
• Aronstam R. S. Interactions of tricyclic antidepressants with a synaptic ion channel. Life Sci. 1981; 28: 59–64
   Google Scholar
• Aronstam R. S., Eldefrawi A. T., Eldefrawi M. E. Similarities in the binding sites of the muscarinic receptor and the ionic channel of the nicotinic receptor. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1980; 29: 1311–1314
   Google Scholar
• Aronstam R. S., Eidefrawi A. T., Pessah I. N., Daly J. W., Albuquerque E. X., Eldefrawi M. E. Regulation of [3H]perhydro-histrionicotoxin binding to Torpedo, ocellata electroplax by effectors of the acetylcholine receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 1981; 256: 2843–2851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels-Bernal E., Rosenberry T. L., Daly J. W. Effect of batrachotoxin on the electroplax of electric eel: Evidence for voltage-dependent interaction with sodium channels. Proc, Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 1977; 74: 951–955
   Google Scholar
• Bartels de Bernal E. M.I., Llano Diaz E. Algunos efectos de la batracotoxina sobre las electroplacas de la anguila electrica y su antagonismo con anesthesicos locales. Acta Med. Valle 1975; 6: 74–80
   Google Scholar
• Blanchard S. G., Raftery M. A. Identification of the polypeptide chains in Torpedo, californica electroplax membranes that interact with a local anesthetic analog. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 1979; 76: 81–85
   Google Scholar
• Blanchard S. G., Elliott J., Raftery M. A. Interaction of local anesthetics with Torpedo, californica membrane-bound acetylcholine receptor. Biochemistry 1979; 18: 5880–5885
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boegman R. J., Albuquerque E. X. Axonal transport in rats rendered paraplegic following a single subarachnoid injection of either batrachotoxin or 6-aminonicotinamide into the spinal cord. J. Neurobiol. 1980; 11: 283–290
   Google Scholar
• Boegman R. J., Oliver T. W. Neural influence on muscle hydrolase activity. Life Sci. 1980; 27: 1339–1344
   Google Scholar
• Boegman R. J., Riopelle R. J. The role of axonal transport and impulse conduction on the uptake and retrograde transport of nerve growth factor and bovine serum albumin in peripheral nerve. J. Neurobiol. 1980a; 11: 497–501
   Google Scholar
• Boegman R. J., Riopelle R. J. Batrachotoxin blocks slow and retrograde axonal transport in vivo. Neurosci. Lett. 1980b; 18: 143–147
   Google Scholar
• Boegman R. J., Deshpande S. S., Albuquerque E. X. Consequences of axonal transport blockade induced by batrachotoxin on mammalian neuromuscular junction I. Early pre-and post-synaptic changes. Brain Res. 1980; 187: 183–196
   Google Scholar
• Brown G. B., Daly J. W. Interaction of batrachotoxinin-A benzoate with voltage sensitive sodium channels. The effects of pH. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 1982, in press
   Google Scholar
• Brown G. B., Tieszen S. C., Daly J. W., Warnick J. E., Albuquerque E. X. Batrachotoxin-A 20-α-benzoate: A new radioactive ligand for voltage sensitive sodium channels. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 1981; 1: 19–40
   Google Scholar
• Brown J. H. Calcium-dependent blockade of cardiac cyclic AMP accumulation by batrachotoxin and veratridine. Mol. Pharmacol. 1981; 20: 113–117
   Google Scholar
• Burgermeister W., Catterall W. A., Witkop B. Histrionicotoxin enhances agonist-induced desensitization of acetylcholine receptor. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 1977; 74: 5754–5758
   Google Scholar
• Burgermeister W., Klein W. L., Nirenberg M., Witkop B. Comparative binding studies with cholinergic ligands and histrionicotoxin at muscarinic receptors of neural cell lines. Mol. Pharmacol. 1978; 14: 751–767
   Google Scholar
• Catterall W. A. Inhibition of voltage-sensitive sodium channels in neuroblastoma cells by antiarrhythmic drugs. Mol. Pharmacol. 1981; 20: 356–362
   Google Scholar
• Catterall W. A. Activation of the action potential Na+ ionophore by neurotoxins: An allosteric model. J. Biol. Chem. 1977a; 252: 8669–8676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catterall W. A. Activation of the action potential Na+ ionophore of cultured neuroblastoma cells by veratridine and batrachotoxin. J. Biol. Chem. 1975a; 250: 4053–4059
   Google Scholar
• Catterall W. A. Cooperative activation of action potential Na+ ionophore by neurotoxins. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 1975b; 72: 1782–1786
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Catterall W. A. Activation and inhibition of the action potential Na+ ionophore of cultured rat muscle cells by neurotoxins. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1976a; 68: 136–142
   Google Scholar
• Catterall W. A. Purification of a toxic protein from scorpion venom which activates the action potential Na+ ionophore. J. Biol. Chem. 1976b; 251: 5528–5536
   Google Scholar
• Catterall W. A. Membrane potential-dependent binding of scorpion toxin to the action potential Na+ ionophore. Studies with a toxin derivative prepared by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination. J. Biol. Chem. 1977b; 252: 8660–8668
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Catterall W. A. Neurotoxins as allosteric modifiers of voltage-sensitive sodium channels. Adv. Cytopharmacol. 1979; 3: 305–316
   Google Scholar
• Catterall W. A. Pharmacologic properties of voltage-sensitive sodium channels in chick muscle fibers developing in vitro. Dev. Biol. 1980a; 78: 222–230
   Google Scholar
• Catterall W. A. Neurotoxins that act on voltage-sensitive sodium channels in excitable membranes. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1980b; 20: 15–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catterall W. A., Beneski D. A. Interaction of polypeptide neurotoxins with a receptor site associated with voltage-sensitive sodium channels. J. Supramol. Struct. 1980; 14: 295–304
   Google Scholar
• Catterall W. A., Beress L. Sea anemone toxin and scorpion toxin share a common receptor site associated with the action potential sodium ionophore. J. Biol. Chem. 1978; 253: 7393–7396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catterall W. A., Ray R. Interactions of neurotoxins with the action potential Na+ ionophore. J. Supramol. Struct. 1976; 5: 397–407
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Catterall W. A., Risk M. Toxin T46 from Ptychodiscus, brevis (formerly Gymnodinium, breve) enhanced activation of voltage sensitive sodium channels by veratridine. Mol. Pharmacol. 1981; 19: 345–348
   Google Scholar
• Catterall W. A., Morrow C. S., Hartshorne R. P. Neurotoxin binding to receptor sites associated with voltage-sensitive sodium channels in intact, lysed, and detergent-solubilized brain membranes. J. Biol. Chem. 1979; 254: 11379–11388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catterall W. A., Ray R., Morrow C. S. Membrane potential dependent binding of scorpion toxin to action potential Na ionophore. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 1976; 73: 2682–2686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catterall W. A., Morrow C. S., Brown G. B., Daly J. W. Binding of batrachotoxinin A 20-α-benzoate to a receptor site associated with sodium channels in synaptic nerve ending particles. J. Biol. Chem. 1981, in press
   Google Scholar
• Colquhoun D., Henderson R., Ritchie J. M. The binding of labelled tetrodotoxin to non-myelinated nerve fibres. J. Physiol (London) 1972; 227: 95–126
   Google Scholar
• Conn P. J., Rogers D. C. Gonadotropin release from pituitary cultures following activation of endogenous ion channels. Endocrinology 1980; 107: 2133–2134
   Google Scholar
• Corey E. J., Arnett J. F., Widiger G. N. A simple total synthesis of (±)-perhydrohistrionicotoxin. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1975a; 97: 430–431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corey E. J., Ueda Y., Ruden R. A. Synthetic route to neurotoxins in the 2,7-epi-histrionicotoxin series. Tetrahedron Letters, 1975b: 4347–4350
   Google Scholar
• Creveling C. R., McNeal E. T., McCulloh D. H., Daly J. W. Membrane potentials in cell-free preparations from guinea pig cerebral cortex: Effect of depolarizing agents and cyclic nucleotides. J. Neurochemistry 1980; 35: 922–932
   Google Scholar
• Creveling C. R., McNeal E., Daly J. W., Brown G. B. Depolarization of brain vesicle preparations and binding of batra-chotoxins: Blockage by local anesthetics. Mol. Pharmacol. 1982, submitted
   Google Scholar
• Daly J. W. Alkaloids of neotropical poison frogs (Dendrobatidae). Prog. Chem. Nat. Products, W. Herz. Springer Verlag, New York 1982; Volume 43, in press
   Google Scholar
• Daly J. W., Myers C. W. Toxicity of Panamanian poison frogs (Dendrobates): Some biological and chemical aspects. Science 1967; 156: 970–973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly J., Witkop B. Batrachotoxin, an extremely active cardio-and neurotoxin from the Colombian arrow poison frog. Clinical Toxicology 1971; 4: 331–342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly J., Albuquerque E. X., Kauffman F. C., Oesch F. Effects of bactrachotoxin on electroplax Na+-K+-ATPase and levels of ATP in rat muscle. J. Neurochem. 1972; 19: 2829–2833
   Google Scholar
• Daly J. W., Brown G. B., Mensah-Dwumah M., Myers C. W. Classification of skin alkaloids from neotropical poison-dart frogs (Dendrobatidae). Toxicon 1978; 16: 163–188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly J. W., Karle I., Myers C. W., Tokuyama T., Waters J. A., Witkop B. Histrionicotoxins: Roentgen-ray analysis of the novel allenic and acetylenic spiroalkaloids isolated from a Colombian frog, Dendrobates, histrionicus. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 1971; 68: 1870–1875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly J. W., McNeal E., Partington C., Neuwirth M., Creveling C. R. Accumulations of cyclic AMP in adenine-labeled cell-free preparations from guinea pig cerebral cortex: Role of α-adrenergic and H1-histaminergic receptors. J. Neurochem. 1980a; 35: 326–337
   Google Scholar
• Daly J. W., Myers C. W., Warnick J. E., Albuquerque E. X. Levels of batrachotoxin and lack of sensitivity to its action in poison-dart frogs (Phyllobates). Science 1980b; 208: 1383–1385
   Google Scholar
• Daly J. W., Tokuyama T., Fujiwara T., Highet R. J., Karle I. L. A new class of indolizidine alkaloids from the poison frog, Dendrobates, tricolor. X-ray analysis of 8-hydroxy-8-methyl-6-(2′-methylhexylidene)-1-azabicyclo [4.3.0]nonane. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1980c; 102: 830–836
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly J. W., Witkop B., Tokuyama T., Nishikawa T., Karle I. L. Gephyrotoxins, histrionicotoxins and pumiliotoxins from the neotropical frog Dendrobates, histrionicus. Helv. Chim. Acta 1977; 60: 1128–1140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolly J. O., Albuquerque E. X., Sarvey J. M., Mallick B., Barnard E. A. Binding of perhydrohistrionicotoxin to the postsynaptic membrane of skeletal muscle in relation to its blockade of acetylcholine-induced depolarization. Mol. Pharmacol. 1977; 13: 1–14
   Google Scholar
• Eldefrawi M. E., Eldefrawi A. T. Biochemical studies on the ionic channel of Torpedo acetylcholine receptor. Adv. Cytopharmacol. 1979; 3: 213–223
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eldefrawi M. E., Eldefrawi A. T. Coupling between the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor site and the ionic channel site. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 1980; 358: 239–252
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eldefrawi A. T., Bakry N. M., Eldefrawi M. E., Tsai M.-C., Albuquerque E. X. Nereistoxin interaction with the acetylcholine receptor-ionic channel complex. Mol. Pharmacol. 1980a; 17: 172–179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eldefrawi A. T., Eldefrawi M. E., Albuquerque E. X., Oliveira A. C., Mansour N., Adler M., Daly J. W., Brown G. B., Burgermeister W., Witkop B. Perhydrohistrionicotoxin A potential ligand for the ion conductance modulator of the acetylcholine receptor. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 1977; 74: 2172–2176
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eldefrawi M. E., Aronstam R. S., Bakry N. M., Eldefrawi A. T., Albuquerque E. X. Activation, inactivation, and desensitization of acetylcholine receptor channel complex detected by binding of perhydrohistrionicotoxin. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 1980b; 77: 2309–2313
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eldefrawi M. E., Copio D. S., Hudson C. S., Rash J., Mansour N. A., Eldefrawi A. T., Albuquerque E. X. Effects of antibodies to Torpedo acetylcholine receptor on the acetylcholine receptor-ionic channel complex of Torpedo electroplax and rabbit intercostal muscle. Exp. Neurol. 1979; 64: 428–444
   Google Scholar
• Eldefrawi M. E., Eldefrawi A. T., Aronstam R. S., Maleque M. A., Warnick J. E., Albuquerque E. X. [H-3]phencyclidine-a probe of the ionic channel of the nicotinic receptor. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 1980c; 77: 7458–7462
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eldefrawi M. E., Eldefrawi A. T., Mansour N. A., Daly J. W., Witkop B., Albuquerque E. X. Acetylcholine receptor and ionic channel of Torpedo electroplax: Binding of perhydro-histrionicotoxin to membrane and solubilized preparations. Biochemistry 1978; 17: 5474–5484
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eldefrawi M. E., Shaker N., Mansour N. A., Warnick J. E., Albuquerque E. X. Detection of nicotinic cholinergic transmission in Malapterurus, electricus electroplax. Life Science 1981a; 29: 1033–1037
   Google Scholar
• Eldefrawi M. E., Warnick J. E., Schofield G. G., Albuquerque E. X., Eldefrawi A. T. Interaction of imipramine with the ionic channel of the acetylcholine receptor of motor enplate and electric organ. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1981b; 30: 1391–1394
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elliott J., Raftery M. A. Interactions of perhydrohistrioni-cotoxin with postsynaptic membranes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1977; 77: 1347–1353
   Google Scholar
• Elliott J., Raftery M. A. Binding of perhydrohistrionicotoxin to intact and detergent-solubilized membranes enriched in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Biochemistry 1979; 18: 1868–1874
   Google Scholar
• Elliott J., Dunn S. M.J., Blanchard S. G., Raftery M. A. Specific binding of perhydrohistrionicotoxin to Torpedo acetylcholine receptor. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 1979; 76: 2576–2579
   Google Scholar
• Forman D. S., Shain W. G., Jr. Batrachotoxin blocks saltatory organelle movement in electrically excitable neuroblastoma cells. Brain Res. 1981; 211: 242–247
   Google Scholar
• Frelin C., Vigne P., Ponzio G., Romey G., Tourneur Y., Husson H. P., Lazdunski M. The interaction of ervatamine and epiervatamine with the action potential Na+ ionophore. Mol. Pharmacol. 1981; 20: 107–112
   Google Scholar
• Garcia J. H., Deshpande S. S., Pence R. S., Albuquerque E. X. Spinal myelopathy induced by subarachnoid batrachotoxin: Ultrastructure and electrophysiology. Brain Res. 1978; 140: 75–87
   Google Scholar
• Garrison D. L., Albuquerque E. X., Warnick J. E., Daly J. W., Witkop B. Antagonism of carbamylcholine-induced depolarization by batrachotoxin and veratridine. Mol. Pharmacol. 1978; 14: 111–121
   Google Scholar
• Gill D. L., Grollman E. F., Kohn L. D. Calcium transport mechanisms in membrane vesicles from guinea pig brain synaptosomes. J. Biol. Chem. 1981; 256: 184–192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glavinovic M., Henry J. L., Kato G., Krnjevic K., Puil E. Histrionicotoxin: Effects on some central and peripheral excitable cells. Canad. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1974; 52: 1220–1226
   Google Scholar
• Heidmann T., Changeux J.-P. Structural and functional properties of the acetylcholine receptor protein in its purified and membrane-bound states. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 1978; 47: 317–357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson R., Strichartz G. Ion fluxes through the sodium channels of garfish olfactory nerve membranes. J. Physiol. (London) 1974; 238: 329–342
   Google Scholar
• Hery F., Simonnet G., Bourgoin S., Soubrie P., Artaud F., Hamon M., Glowinski J. Effect of nerve activity on the in vivo release of [3H]serotonin continuously formed from L-[3H]tryptophan in the caudate nucleus of the cat. Brain Res. 1979; 169: 317–334
   Google Scholar
• Hogan P. M., Albuquerque E. X. The pharmacology of batrachotoxin. III. Effect on the heart Purkinje fibers. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 1971; 176: 529–537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holz R. W., Coyle J. T. The effects of various salts, temperature, and the alkaloids veratridine and batrachotoxin on the uptake of [3H]dopamine into synaptosomes from rat striatum. Mol. Pharmacol. 1974; 10: 746–758
   Google Scholar
• Honerjaeger P., Reiter M. Batrachotoxin: Activity-dependent prolongation of the cardiac action potential and positive inotropic effect. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 1976; 58: 415P
   Google Scholar
• Honerjaeger P., Reiter M. The cardiotoxic effect of batrachotoxin. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 1977; 299: 239–252
   Google Scholar
• Huang L.-Y. M., Catterall W. A., Ehrenstein G. Comparison of ionic selectivity of batrachotoxin-activated channels with different tetrodotoxin dissociation constants. J. Gen. Physiol. 1979; 73: 839–854
   Google Scholar
• Huang L.-Y. M., Ehrenstein G. Local anesthetics QX 572 and benzocaine act at separate sites on the batrachotoxin-activated sodium channel. J. Physiol. 1981; 77: 137–154
   Google Scholar
• Huang L.-Y. M., Ehrenstein G., Catterall W. A. Interaction between batrachotoxin and yohimbine. Biophys. J. 1978; 23: 219–231
   Google Scholar
• Huang M., Daly J. W. Interrelationships among levels of ATP, adenosine and cyclic AMP in incubated slices of guinea pig cerebral cortex: Effect of depolarizing agents, psychotropic drugs and metabolic inhibitors. J. Neurochem. 1974; 23: 393–404
   Google Scholar
• Huang M., Shimizu H., Daly J. W. Accumulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in incubated slices of brain tissue. 2. Effect of depolarizing agents, membrane stabilizers, phosphodiesterase inhibitors and adenosine analogs. J. Med. Chem. 1972; 15: 462–466
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ibuka T., Masaki N., Saji I., Tanaka K., Inubushi Y. Synthesis of dl-pumiliotoxin C hydrochloride and its crystal structure. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Japan) 1975; 23: 2779–2790
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacques Y., Romey G., Lazdunski M. Toxin-induced K+ efflux through the Na+ channel of neuroblastoma cells. Eur. J. Biochem. 1980; 111: 265–273
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jansson S.-E., Albuquerque E. X., Daly J. The pharmacology of batrachotoxin. VI. Effects on the mammalian motor nerve terminal. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 1974; 189: 525–537
   Google Scholar
• Johnson D. F., Daly J. W. Biosynthesis of cholesterol and cholesterol acetate in dendrobatid arrow poison frogs. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1971; 20: 2555–2559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato G., Changeux J.-P. Studies on the effect of histrionicotoxin on the monocellular electroplax from Electrophorus, electricus and on the binding of [3H]acetylcholine to membrane fragments from Torpedo, marmorata. Mol. Pharmacol. 1976; 12: 92–100
   Google Scholar
• Kato G., Glavinovic M., Henry J., Krnjevic K., Puil E., Tattrie B. Actions of histrionicotoxin on acetylcholine receptors. Croatica Chemica Acta 1975; 47: 439–447
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kayaalp S. O., Albuquerque E. X., Warnick J. E. Ganglionic and cardiac actions of batrachotoxin. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1970; 12: 10–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khodorov B. Some aspects of the pharmacology of sodium channels in nerve membrane. Process of inactivation. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1979; 28: 1451–1459
   Google Scholar
• Khodorov B. I. Chemicals as tools to study nerve fiber sodium channels: Effects of batrachotoxin and some local anesthetics. Membrane Transport Processes, D. C. Tosteson, Y. A. Duchinnikov, R. Latorre. Raven Press, New York 1978; Vol. II: 153–174
   Google Scholar
• Khodorov B. I. Pharmacologic analysis of sodium channel inactivation in a nerve fiber membrane. Neirofiziologiya 1980; 12: 317–331
   Google Scholar
• Khodorov B. I., Revenko S. V. Further analysis of the mechanisms of action of batrachotoxin on the membrane of myelinated nerve. Neuroscience 1979; 4: 1315–1330
   Google Scholar
• Khodorov B. I., Peganov E. M., Revenko S. V., Shishkova L. D. Sodium currents in voltage clamped nerve fiber of frog under the combined action of batrachotoxin and procaine. Brain Res. 1975; 84: 541–546
   Google Scholar
• Kilpatrick D. L., Slepetis R., Kirshner N. Inhibition of catecholamine secretion from adrenal medulla cells by neuro-toxins and cholinergic antagonists. J. Neurochem. 1981a; 37: 125–131
   Google Scholar
• Kilpatrick D. L., Slepetis R., Kirshner N. Ion channels and membrane potential in stimulus-secretion coupling in adrenal medulla cells. J. Neurochem. 1981b; 36: 1245–1255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krodel E. K., Beckman R. A., Cohen J. B. Identification of a local anesthetic binding site in nicotinic post-synaptic membranes isolated from Torpedo, marmorata electric tissue. Mol. Pharmacol. 1979; 15: 294–312
   Google Scholar
• Krueger B. K., Blaustein M. P. Sodium channels in presynaptic nerve terminals. J. Gen. Physiol. 1980; 76: 287–313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumara-Siri M. H. Batrachotoxin inhibits axonal transport without affecting membrane potential in single neurons of Aplysia, californica. J. Neurobiol. 1979; 10: 509–512
   Google Scholar
• Lapa A. J., Albuquerque E. X., Sarvey J. M., Daly J., Witkop B. Effects of histrionicotoxin on the chemosensitive and electrical properties of skeletal muscle. Exp. Neurol. 1975; 47: 558–578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence J. C., Catterall W. A. Textrodotoxin-insensitive sodium channels. Binding of polypeptide neurotoxins in primary cultures of rat muscle cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1981a; 256: 6223–6229
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence J. C., Catterall W. A. Tetrodotoxin-insensitive sodium channels. Ion flux studies of neurotoxin action in a clonal rat muscle cell line. J. Biol. Chem. 1981b; 256: 6213–6222
   Google Scholar
• Lazdunski M., Balerna M., Barhanin J., Chicheportiche R., Fosset M., Frelin C., Jacques Y., Lombet A., Pouyssegur J., Renaud J. F., Romey G., Schweitz H., Vincent J. P. Molecular aspects of the structure and mechanism of the voltage-dependent sodium channel. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 1980a; 358: 169–182
   Google Scholar
• Lazdunski M., Balerna M., Barhanin J., Chicheportiche R., Fosset M., Frelin C., Jacques Y., Lombet A., Pouyssequr J., Renaud J. F., Romey G., Schweitz H., Vincent J. P. The voltage-dependent sodium channel as a drug receptor. Neurotransmitters and their Receptors, U. Z. Littauer, Y. Dudai, I. Silman, V. I. Teichberg, Z. Vogel. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1980b; 511–530
   Google Scholar
• Lester H. A. Analysis of sodium and potassium redistribution during sustained permeability increases at the innervated face of Electrophorus electroplaques. J. Gen. Physiol. 1978; 72: 847–862
   Google Scholar
• Macdonald T. L. Indolizidine alkaloid synthesis. Preparation of the pharaoh ant trail pheromone and gephyrotoxin 223 stereoisomers. J. Organ. Chem. (USA) 1980; 45: 193–195
   Google Scholar
• Marki F., Witkop B. The venom of the Colombian arrow poison frog Phyllobates, bicolor. Experientia 1963; 19: 329–338
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Masukawa L. M., Albuquerque E. X. Voltage-and time-dependent action of histrionicotoxin on the endplate current of the frog muscle. J. Gen. Physiol. 1978; 72: 351–367
   Google Scholar
• Matthews J. C., Albuquerque E. X., Eldefrawi M. E. Influence of batrachotoxin, veratridine, grayanotoxin I and tetrodotoxin on uptake of Na-22 by rat brain membrane preparations. Life Sci. 1979; 25: 1651–1658
   Google Scholar
• Matthews J. C., Warnick J. E., Albuquerque E. X., Eldefrawi M. E. Characterization of the electrogenic sodium channel from rat brain membranes using neurotoxin-dependent 22Na+ uptake. Membrane Biochem. 1981, in press
   Google Scholar
• Max S. R., Deshpande S. S., Albuquerque E. X. Neural regulation of muscle acetylcholinesterase: Effects of batrachotoxin and 6-aminonicotinamide. Brain Res. 1977; 130: 101–107
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy K. D., Harden T. K. Identification of two benzodiazepine binding sites on cells cultured from rat cerebral cortex. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 1981; 216: 183–191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeal E. T., Creveling C. R., Daly J. W. Cyclic AMP-generating systems in cell-free preparations from guinea pig cerebral cortex: Loss of adenosine and amine responsiveness due to low levels of endogenous adenosine. J. Neurochem. 1980; 35: 338–342
   Google Scholar
• Mensah-Dwumah M., Daly J. W. Pharmacological activity of alkaloids from poison-dart frogs (Dendrobatidae). Toxicon 1978; 16: 189–194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mezey K. Venenos de flecha de Colombia. Acad. Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas fisicas y naturales (Bogota) Revista 1947a; 7: 319–323
   Google Scholar
• Mezey K. “Fiu-Fiú”. Estudio toxicològica y farmacodinamico de un veneno de flechas y dardos, obtenido de la secreciòn cutànea de una “Rana del Choco” (Dendrobates sp.) [Cèsar Uribe-Piedrahita]. Bogota, Colombia 1947b
   Google Scholar
• Moore G. R.W., Boegman R. J., Robertson D. M., Riopelle R. J. Batrachotoxin induced axonal necrosis in peripheral nerves. Brain Res. 1981; 207: 481–485
   Google Scholar
• Myers C. W., Daly J. W. Preliminary evaluation of skin toxins and vocalizations in taxonomic and evolutionary studies of poison-dart frogs (Dendrobatidae). Bull. Amer. Museum Natural History 1976; 157: 173–262
   Google Scholar
• Myers C. W., Daly J. W. A name for the poison frog of Cordillera Azul, eastern Peru, with notes on its biology and skin toxins (Dendrobatidae). American Museum Novitates No. 2674, 1979: 1–24
   Google Scholar
• Myers C. W., Daly J. W. Taxonomy and ecology of Dendrobates, bombetesA new Andean poison frog with new skin toxins. American Museum Novitates 1980; 1–23, No. 2692
   Google Scholar
• Myers C. W., Daly J. W., Malkin B. A dangerously toxic new frog (Phyllobates) used by Embera Indians of western Colombia, with discussion of blowgun fabrication and dart poisoning. Bull. Amer. Museum Natural History 1978; 161: 307–366
   Google Scholar
• Narahashi T. Toxic chemicals as probes of nerve membrane function. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1977; 84: 407–445
   Google Scholar
• Narahashi T., Albuquerque E. X., Deguchi T. Effects of batrachotoxin on membrane potential and conductance of squid giant axons. J. Gen. Physiol. 1971a; 58: 54–70
   Google Scholar
• Narahashi T., Deguchi T., Albuquerque E. X. Effects of batrachotoxin on nerve membrane potential and conductances. Nature New Biology 1971b; 229: 221–222
   Google Scholar
• Neubig R. R., Krodel E. K., Boyd N. D., Cohen J. B. Acetyl-choline and local anesthetic binding to Torpedo nicotinic postsynaptic membranes after removal of nonreceptor peptides. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 1979; 76: 690–694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuwirth M., Daly J. W., Myers C. W., Tice L. W. Morphology of the granular secretory glands in skin of poison-dart frogs (Dendrobatidae). Tissue & Cell 1979; 11: 755–771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nimitkitpaisan Y., Daly J. W., Jessup P. J., Overman L. E., Eldefrawi A. T., Eldefrawi M. E., Warnick J. W., Albuquerque E. X. Pumiliotoxin-C and synthetic analogs: A new class of nicotinic antagonists. Trans. Am. Soc. Neurochem. 1980; 11: 233
   Google Scholar
• Ochs S., Worth R. Batrachotoxin block of fast axoplasmic transport in mammalian nerve fibers. Science 1975; 187: 1087–1089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otten U., Thoenen H. Role of membrane depolarization in transsynaptic induction of tyrosine hydroxylase in organ cultures of sympathetic ganglia. Neurosci. Lett. 1976; 2: 93–96
   Google Scholar
• Oswald R., Changeux J.-P. Ultraviolet light-induced labeling by noncompetitive blockers of the acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo, marmorata. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 1981, in press
   Google Scholar
• Peganov E. M., Revenko S. V., Khodorov B. I., Shishkova L. D. Batrachotoxin and aconitine, modifiers of rapid sodium channels in the nerve fiber membrane. Mol. Biol. (Kiev) 1976; 15: 42–56
   Google Scholar
• Ponzio G., Jacques Y., Frelin C., Chicheportiche R., Lazdunski M. An in vitro system to study the action potential sodium channel. FEBS Lett. 1980; 121: 265–269
   Google Scholar
• Posada Arango A. El veneno de rana de los indios del Chocò. “Estudios cientificos del doctor Andrès Posado con algunos otros escritos suyos sobre diversos temas”, C. A. Molina. Imprenta Oficial, MedellìnColombia 1909; 78–88
   Google Scholar
• Ramos S., Grollman E. F., Lazo P. S., Dyer S. A., Habig W. H., Hardegree M. C., Kaback H. R., Kohn L. D. Effect of tetanus toxin on the accumulation of the permeant lipophilic cation tetraphenylphosphonium by guinea pig brain synaptosomes. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 1979; 76: 4783–4787
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ray R., Catterall W. A. Membrane potential dependent binding of scorpion toxin to the action of potential sodium ionophore. Studies with a 3-(4-hydroxy-3-[125I]iodophenyl) propionyl derivative. J. Neurochem. 1978; 31: 397–407
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ray R., Morrow C. S., Catterall W. A. Binding of scorpion toxin to receptor sites associated with voltage-sensitive sodium channels in synaptic nerve ending particles. J. Biol. Chem. 1978; 253: 7307–7313
   Google Scholar
• Revenko S. V. Effect of electrical stimulation of nodes of Ranvier on the rate of sodium channel modification by batrachotoxin under conditions of potential fixation. Neiro-fiziologiya 1977; 9: 546–549
   Google Scholar
• Revenko S. V., Khodorov B. I. Effect of batrachotoxin on the selectivity of sodium channels in myelinated nerve fibre membrane. Neirofiziologiya 1977; 9: 313–316
   Google Scholar
• Roseen J. S., Fuhrman F. A. Comparison of the effects of atelopidtoxin with those of tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin and batrachotoxin on beating of cultured chick heart cells. Toxicon 1971; 9: 411–415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santesson C. G. An arrow poison with cardiac effect from the New World. “Comparative Ethnographical Studies. 9”, E. Nordenskiold. Elanders Boktryckeri, Goteborg 1931; 157–187
   Google Scholar
• Santesson C. G. Froschgift aus Columbia. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 1936; 181: 180
   Google Scholar
• Schimerlik M. I., Quast U., Raftery M. A. Ligand-induced changes in membrane-bound acetylcholine receptor observed by ethidium fluroescence. 3. Stopped-flow studies with histri-onicotoxin. Biochemistry 1979; 18: 1902–1906
   Google Scholar
• Shimizu H., Daly J. W. Effect of depolarizing agents on accumulation of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate in cerebral cortical slices. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1972; 17: 240–252
   Google Scholar
• Shimizu H., Creveling C. R., Daly J. Stimulated formation of adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate in cerebral cortex: Synergism between electrical activity and biogenic amines. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 1970a; 65: 1033–1040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimizu H., Creveling C. R., Daly J. W. Cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate formation in brain slices: Stimulation by batrachotoxin, ouabain, veratridine, and potassium ions. Mol. Pharmacol. 1970b; 6: 184–188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimizu H., Creveling C. R., Daly J. W. Effect of membrane depolarization and biogenic amines on the formation of cyclic AMP in incubated brain slices. Adv. Biochem. Psychopharmacol. 1970c; 3: 135–154
   Google Scholar
• Shotzberger G. S., Albuquerque E. X., Daly J. W. The effects of batrachotoxin on cat papillary muscle. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 1976; 196: 433–444
   Google Scholar
• Simpson L. L. Pharmacological studies on the subcellular site of action of botulinum toxin type A. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 1978; 206: 661–669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobel A., Heidmann T., Changeux J.-P. Purification of a protein binding quinacrine and histrionicotoxin from membrane fragments rich in acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo-marmorata. Compt. Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris 1977; 285D: 1255–1258
   Google Scholar
• Sobel A., Heidmann T., Hofler J., Changeux J.-P. Distinct protein components from Torpedo, marmorata membranes carry the acetylcholine receptor site and the binding site for local anesthetics and histrionicotoxin. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 1978; 75: 510–514
   Google Scholar
• Spande T. F., Daly J. W., Hart D. H., Tsai Y.-M., Macdonald T. L. The structure of gephyrotoxin 223AB. Experientia 1981, in press
   Google Scholar
• Spivak C. E., Maleque M. A., Oliveira A. C., Masukawa L., Tokuyama T., Daly J. W., Albuquerque E. X. Actions of histrionicotoxins at the ion channel of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and the voltage sensitive ion channels of muscle membranes. Mol. Pharmacol. 1981, in press
   Google Scholar
• Takahashi K., Witkop B., Brossi A., Maleque A. C., Albuquerque E. X. Total synthesis and electrophysiological properties of natural (-)perhydrohistrionicotoxin, its unnatural (+)-antipode and their desamyl analogs. Helv. Chim. Acta 1982, submitted
   Google Scholar
• Tamburini R., Albuquerque E. X., Daly J. W., Kauffman F. C. Inhibition of calcium-dependent ATPase from sarcoplasmic reticulum by a new class of indolizidine alkaloids pumilio-toxins A, B and 251D. J. Neurochem. 1981; 37: 775–780
   Google Scholar
• Tamkun M. M., Catterall W. A. Ion flux studies of voltage-sensitive sodium channels in synaptic nerve-ending particles. Mol. Pharmacol. 1981; 19: 78–86
   Google Scholar
• Tang C. M., Strichartz G. R., Orkand R. K. Sodium channels in axons and glial cells of the optic nerve of Necturus, maculosa. J. Gen. Physiol. 1979; 74: 629–642
   Google Scholar
• Tiedt T. N., Albuquerque E. X., Bakry N. M., Eldefrawi M. E., Eldefrawi A. T. Voltage-and time-dependent actions of piperocaine on the ion channel of the acetylcholine receptor. Mol. Pharmacol. 1979; 16: 909–921
   Google Scholar
• Tokuyama T., Daly J., Witkop B. The structure of batracho-toxin, a steroidal alkaloid from the Colombian arrow poison frog, Phyllobates, aurotaenia, and partial synthesis of batrachotoxin and its analogs and homologs. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1969; 91: 3931–3938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokuyama T., Daly J., Witkop B., Karle I. L., Karle J. The structure of batrachotoxinin A, a novel steroidal alkaloid from the Colombian arrow poison frog. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1968; 90: 1917–1918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokuyama T., Daly J. W. Steroidal alkaloids (batrachotoxins and 4-hydroxybatrachotoxins), indole alkaloids (calycanthine and chimonanthine) and a piperidinyldipyridine alkaloid (noranabasamine) in skin extracts from the Colombian poisondart frog Phyllobates, terribilis (Dendrobatidae). Tetrahedron Letters 1982, in preparation
   Google Scholar
• Tsai M.-C., Mansour N. A., Eldefrawi A. T., Eldefrawi M. E., Albuquerque E. X. Mechanism of action of amantadine on neuromuscular transmission. Mol. Pharmacol. 1978; 14: 787–803
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsai M.-C., Oliveira A. C., Albuquerque E. X., Eldefrawi M. E., Eldefrawi A. T. Mode of action of quinacrine on the acetyl-choline receptor ionic channel complex. Mol. Pharmacol. 1979; 16: 382–392
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vincent J. P., Balerna M., Barhanin J., Fosset M., Lazdunski M. Binding of sea anemone toxin to receptor sites associated with gating system of sodium channel in synaptic nerve endings in vitro. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 1980; 77: 1646–1650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Braun J., Gmelin W., Petzold A. “Uber Bz-Tetrahydro-chinoline und ihre Derivate (IV)”. Ber. Deutschen Chemischen Gesellshaften 1924; 57: 382–391
   Google Scholar
• Wagner H. R., Davis J. N. β-Adrenergic receptor regulation by agonists and membrane depolarization in rat brain slices. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 1979; 76: 2057–2061
   Google Scholar
• Wan K. K., Boegman R. J. Changes in rat muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum following neural application of batrachotoxin or tetrodotoxin. Exp. Neurol. 1980a; 70: 475–486
   Google Scholar
• Wan K. K., Boegman R. J. Calcium uptake by muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum following neural application of batrachotoxin or tetrodotoxin. FEBS Lett. 1980b; 112: 163–167
   Google Scholar
• Warnick J. E., Albuquerque E. X. Models of paraplegia in animals: Trophic relationships. Federat. Proc. 1978; 37: 2811–2817
   Google Scholar
• Warnick J. E., Albuquerque E. X., Lapa A. J., Daly J., Witkop B. Actions of neurotoxins on the acetylcholine receptor-ionic conductance modulator unit and on sodium channels. Proc. Sixth Int. Congr. Pharmacol. 1976; 1: 67–76
   Google Scholar
• Warnick J. E., Albuquerque E. X., Onur R., Jansson S.-E., Daly J., Tokuyama T., Witkop B. The pharmacology of batrachotoxin. VII. Structure-activity relationships and the effects of pH. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 1975; 193: 232–245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warnick J. E., Albuquerque E. X., Sansone F. M. The pharmacology of batrachotoxin. I. Effects on the contractile mechanism and on neuromuscular transmission of mammalian skeletal muscle. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 1971; 176: 497–510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wennogle L. P., Oswald R., Saitoh T., Changeux J.-P. Dissection of the 66000-Dalton subunit of the acetylcholine receptor. Biochemistry 1981; 20: 2492–2496
   Google Scholar
• West G. J., Catterall W. A. Selection of variant neuroblastoma clones with missing or altered sodium channels. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 1979; 76: 4136–4140
   Google Scholar
• Witzemann V., Raftery M. Ligand binding sites and subunit interactions of Torpedo, californica acetylcholine receptor. Biochemistry 1978; 17: 3598–3604
   Google Scholar
• Wu W. C.-S., Raftery M. A. Functional properties of acetylcholine receptor monomeric and dimeric forms in reconstituted membranes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1981; 99: 436–444
   Google Scholar